1
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Title
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Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
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This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
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The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
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1983-1993
Format
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journals (periodicals)
Language
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English
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Text
Dublin Core
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Title
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<em>Katúah Journal Index, 1983-1993</em>
Description
An account of the resource
This document is a topical index to all 38 issues of <em><a href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/items/browse?collection=79" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</a>. </em>
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians, </em> later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal, </em>was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.</em></p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Periodicals--Indexes
Sustainable living--Periodicals--Indexes
North Carolina, Western
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Creator
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Rob Messick
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1993
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Format
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periodical indexes
PDF
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
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<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Acid Deposition
Agriculture
Alternative Energy
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Bioregional Definitions
Black Bears
Book Reviews
Cherokees
Children's Page
Community
Death and Dying
Earth Energies
Ecological Peril
Economic Alternatives
Education
Electric Power Companies
European Immigration
Fire
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest History
Forest Issues
Forest Practice
Geography
Glossaries
Good Medicine
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Health
Hunting
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Permaculture
Pigeon River
Plants and Herbs
Poems
Politics
Radioactive Waste
Reading Resources
Recycling
Sacred Sites
Shelter
South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness)
Stories
Transportation Issues
Turtle Island
Villages
Water Quality
Western North Carolina Alliance
Wilderness
Women's Issues
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ISSUE
AUTUMN
NO. 1
1983
�BIOREGIONS :
"The Trail To Home"
FROM ULSTER TO CAROLINA :
(The Scotch-Irish Migration To N. Carolina)
1
3
(""!
N
4
PERHACULTURE PRACTICES
A Story
MOSHKA & LAKIMA
N
By
Snow Bear
<
z
H
,.J
0
''Wind Rose" By George Ellison
MAP MEDITATIONS
6
8
OLD TIME APPLES
POETRY
......
co
The Katuah Bioregion
9
10
i:x:
<
u
::c
f-1
i:x:
MOUNTAIN GUIDES
A Resource Bibliography
i.2
BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES
14
ALTERNATIVES TO ECONOMICS
17
FINDING KATUAH
0
z
19
A Bioregional Questionnaire
FALL CAL EN l}\R
21
CREATIVE DISTRIBUTION
22
..
(""!
......
co
�"A TRAIL TO HOME": continued from page l
By W1frI of definition of this word, Peter Berg writes :
The teim refers both to a gecgrapti.cal terrain and a terrain of consciousness - to a place and the ideas that haVe
developed about how to live in that place. Within a bi.ore9ioo the oonditicns that influence l ife are slllli.lar, and
these in turn have influenced lunan ooc:upancy.
EDITORIAL STAFF:
Bonrue .CamJ;:bel.l
'1b:mas Rain Crowe
IDretta Rattler
Arrly Feinstin
Oluck Marsh
a:1 McNeil!
Olip Smith
Ida Mc:Neill
Mamie Muller
David Reed
Sam Sutker
Martha Tree
David Wheeler
A bimegioo can be detemined initially by the use of climatology, physiognqily, animal and pl.ant geogra?lY, natural history, and other descriptive natural sciences. The final
boundaries o f a bioregioo are best described by the people who
live within it, th:cough hunan rec:cgnitioo of the realities of
livin:;J-in-place.
All life al the planet is ocmected in a f&1 obvious ways, and
in many nme that are barely explora:i. But there is a distinct
resonance lllDl19 living things and the factors which influence
them that occurs specifically within each separate place al the
planet. Di.soovering and describing that resonance is a way to
describe a bioregion."
EDITORIAL OFFICE FOR THIS ISSUE:
Long Branch Environmental
~ducation Center
Route 2, Box 132
Leicester, N.C . 28748
PRINTING:
Sylva Herald Publishing Co.
Sylva, N.C.
ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO:
Kat.µab: Biorez1onal Joµrnal of the
Southern Appalachians
Box 873
Cullowhee, N.C. 28723
'lbe effects of seeing the world in this W1frI would be far-reaching.
WOUld our national policies be the sane if the land was seen as a
sacred being? WOUld our eoonanic:s be the sane if the <X>St to the
biosphere were reckoned into the price of production? WOUld our politics be the same if power over an area were in the hands of the
people who lived there? lllat if oak, bear, fox, and chickadee had a
voice in the decisial-lll!lking oouncils?
The key to this transitioo is in the spiritual realm, for
in disoovering the land as she is in the place \othere we
live, we di.soover ourselves in the izooess. 'DleJ:e is a necessary connecti.cn here, for the self we see axoum us is
not our own nature in metapx>r or reflection. I t is our
own aelf tJ:uly and actually. 'lbis is the mystical oonneotion that makes healing, knowl.edl;Je, and power all possible. If we make a gesture to the earth, the earth gestures
back - this is the source of the nagic.
'!!le geological fomations urx3erpinning the land, the sprinq
rains every year, the wims sweeping in f%an the west, the
tan;Jled uniergrowth of a rhoc!odermon slick, the juna>es
playing anong the forest trees - these are mcng the forces
that shape our bioregion and give it its unique character.
'lbese forces also shape the landscape of our own cxnscicus-
ness.
But our mind is a creative force as well, and the attuned
h1.1nan mind can be a power for encx:iuragi.ng the ecological
health of an area. 'lb:>se who see thEmlelves as sta.lards,
protectors, and healers will be uniting the power of their
minds to this task.
To these pe:>ple falls the responsibility of keeping the essential nature of the nountain area intact. 'lbe .A{pllac:bjans are the oldest irountains, and they are strong sources
o f power for the whole eastern half of TUrtle Island. This
is .iJttx>ssible to explain to those who do not already understand it fran their own experience. To them, this po-
....
-·.,,.-··
.
sition would seen reactionary and a::>unter-pr:oduc:tive, and
they cannot see why it is ultimately inportant to the
survival of us all.
we are here to make changes, but the biggest changes are
within ourselves. We are here to learn and grow and, like
the great trees of the forest, to develop roots and beo:rne part of this place.
In this way the process of transfomation begins. It is a
healing process, a voluntai:y marriage of ourselves to the
land. As we help the land to repair the damage done by a
careless humanity, so does she help us to repair the damage done within our hearts and minds by a bankrupt system.
By infomling our
vision and giving a a::>ntext to our work,
the idea of a bioregion can be a powerful tool in our
spiritual, ecxxanic, and political liberation. It can help
us to becane whole in our spirit, in our bodies , in the land,
and in our experience.
Prayer chant:
"Ancient M::>ther I Ancient M::>ther
You who have waited so l.alg,
You Wio have waited so lcn;J
For your children to return,
Your children are oow returned Here we are"
,
KATU1!.H - page 2
'lbe Blue Ridge M::>untains are under duress, but the area
still has a feeling of sacredness, an aura of power that
has protected it sanewhat fran the ravages of humankind.
we are lucky in the land that has been left to us. 'lbis
area is a prine location to hatch an ecologically sane
and healthy society - the no.mtains are equal to the task
if we are. We have an area that is relatively untraapled
and not overpopll.ated. Because of its inaccessibility, it
is econ::mically depressEd and therefore relatively \mindustrialized. Because of its isolation many of its p e o p l e ,
are unsqhlsticated and still feel close ties to the
mountains.
aubml 1983
�FROM ULSTER TO CAROLINA
The Migration Of The Scotch-Irish To Southwestern North Carolina
The study of migration is particularly valuable to Americans, for either in an
ancient past (for American Indians) or in more recent centuries, all Americans
are immigrants. To an amazing degree we have remained a migratory people,
profoundly mobile, moving from city to city, state to state. Alexis de Tocqueville
observed of early American society that the American "grows accustomed to
change." Once having moved, it was easier to move again and again.
Migration frequently leaves only a sketchy historical record. While the great
sweep of events might be clear, the details are often lost in the confusion of move·
ment. Many family histories remain incomplete and often even the names of those
who first came are lost. The problem of understanding and evaluating the ex·
perience of the Scotch-Irish is made more difficult by the eagerness with which
they threw over the culture of the Old World which might have identified them
as a group in America. Still, their presence surrounds us in the Southern Appalachians in the evidence o( family names, in the stamp they placed upon the
customs of the region and in lingering memories. A distinctive feature of the
Southern Appalachian region is that its relative isolation in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries has preserved a strong sense of a Scotch-Irish past.
At the close of the American Revolution, the territory west of the Blue Ridge
and Allegheny Mountains quickly opened to the first legal white immigra.nts.
Southwestern North Carolina was one of many regions across the new American
nation that received a flood of new people. For perhaps two decades before the
area was opened for settlement, it had been admired by the inhabitants of the
western Piedmont and Watauga who hunted there and fought with General
Rutherford against the Cherokee in 1776. In the last year~ of the Revolutionary
War, North Carolina passed legislation granting mountam lands to ve~erans of
the state's militia and the Continental Army - from 640 acres for pnvates to
12 ()()() for brigadier generals. For others, land was available throughout the period
fo; five and ten cents per acre plus fees. A series of treaties with the C~erokee
between 1785 and the 1830s progressively opened the land and kept tt cheap
and plentiful. Beginning in 1787, when the first grants were made on t~e Swan·
nanoa and French Broad Rivers, war veterans and settlers from the Piedmont
and Watauga, as well as a steady flow of people down the Great Wagon Road,
settled the mountain lands with surprising sp~. Although early census figures
are notorious for underestimating populations, the census of 1790 recorded 88
families some 559 souls already settled on Reems Creek, and a considerable settlement' to the south ~here Bee Tree Creek enters the Swannanoa River.
Between 1787 and 1840 the Old West Frontier passed through southwestern
North Carolina and a new society evolved. The census of 1840 recorded a population of approximately 34,000 people in that region west of the eastern boundary
of Buncombe County, divided at that time into Buncombe, Henderson, Hayw?°'1,
Macon and Cherokee counties. Like all frontiers, the region was never static or
isolated but constantly growing and changing. For many new settlers, western
North Carolina was only another temporary stop. There were people who grew
a few crops on land they never legally claimed and then pushed on either westward
into Tennessee and Kentucky, or southward to Georgia and Alabama. Some
raised children before seeking another home and still others stayed. ~os~ who
settled amongst and frequently displaced the Cherokee were of ~tverse
backgrounds: English, German, French, Black, Welsh as w_ell as Scotc~·lr1Sh: No
single ethnic group can claim an exclusive role in the creation of fr~~tte~ ~1ety,
but a careful examination of the family names in the new communmes md1cates
that the largest group among the early settlers was the Scotch-Irish.
aubm'l
1983
Mountain Agriculture
"I doubt not that those
(Scotch-Irish) pioneers who
came to the South and gave
all cheir strength and devotion
to the fabrication of such
civilization as we have were
grim and decermined and stiff.
necked and opinionated and
fearless people. le is probably
easier to admire chem than it
would have been pleasant to
live with chem. I spent my
earliest days amongst them
and I have no doubt that their
arrributes had been transmitted almost unmodified to them
by their ancestors for generation after generation. They
were and they are
undemonstrative, apparently
without affection and superficially cold. But they generally
have opinions, right or wrong,
and they are altogether willing,
if nor anxious, to stand by
their opinions to their last
breaths. I scarcely think our
government could have come
into being without them."}.
K. Hall on his Scotch-Irish
ancestors in North Carolina,
personal correspondence, 1941.
This large, mobile and adaptive group of immigrants brought to their new homes
a culture formed in Scotland and the north of Ireland and molded by migration.
Much of the Ulster legacy had been put aside for new ways with few signs of
regret. The Scotch-Irish brought a simple, practical and unadorned style of life,
but in at least two essential areas, religion and agriculture, thier mark upon mountain life still bears witness to their Ulster origins.
The other area besides religion where the Scotch-Irish left their mark upon
mountain life was their use of the land. The pattern of mixed farming which
they develop«P was one that they brought with them and which they found wellsuited to their new environment.
This mixed farming was appropriate for the mountains because it did not require enormous amounts of first-quality land and could in fact utilize unclaimed
"open range." Nor did it require the kind of capital that was needed to obtain
the best lands, so it was better suited to a people most of whom had left Ulster
with little material wealth. and it was appropriate to a heavily-forested and laborshort area.
This type of mixed farming is described in the wills and farm inventories of
the earliest settlers, such as those surviving for Haywood County. Grains were
the dominant crops with Indian corn far and away the leader, followed oy oats,
wheat and barley.- Plows are listed in most of the inventories, indicating that in
addition to hoe cultivation many fields were also being cleared and plowed as
agriculture moved out of the earliest pioneer phase. Other crops such as flax and
cotton were also grown, though in small amounts for local use.
This .t ype of agriculture, using slash and burn techniques to remove trees and
the hoe to cultivate around the stumps which were left, as well as the raising
of small numbers of animals, was a pattern which had been practiced in Ulster
in the infield-outfield system, and it was a pattern which the Scotch-Irish stamped
upon the mountains of western North Carolina.
James Patton, the weaver from County Derry, offers a valuable insight into
that.aspect of the frontier economy. In the Philadelphia area he had found various
employment as a casual laborer until he had accumulated enough money by 1789
to purchase a supply of·goods and set out for western North Carolina. His experiences in Pennsylvania indicate that in fact Patton knew little about farm work
and had no taste for it. This marked the beginning of his new career as a traveling merchant, taking trade goods south to the North Carolina mountains and
driving livestock north to the cities of Washington, Balti!Ilore, and Philadelphia.
His experiences give a good idea of what it took to prosper as.a merchant working
the Great Wagon Road and into western North Carolina. During his life, he
saw economic activity grow from the late 1780s, when there was little money
available in the mountains, to the 1830s when his inventories of trade goods reveal
a significant expansion of commerce. The primary "cash crop" that mountaineers
raised was livestock, whici1 according to Patton was driven out of the mountains
in large numbers, supplemented by furs, feathers, beeswax, and roots for medicine
such as gipseng and snake root. He observed:
... I settled in the upper part of North Carolina at that time the poorest part
of the country I ever saw to make property; but I do not entertain the same opi·
nion now. Changes and improvements have convinced me that there are few sections of country superior to the western part of North Carolina.
,
KAW.AH - page 3
�WHAT IS PERMACULTURE
" • • • Pe.Jtma.c.u.ltwr.e. -l6 ~ a c.oMdoU6ly duigne.d ag.Jtic.uli:WLe. .t>y.t>tem • ••
that c.ombinu land.6c.ape. duign wi;th pe11.e.nniai. pf.ant.6 a.nd a.nimai.6 to make a.
.t>a.6e. a.nd .6U6tainable. 11.uoWLc.e. 6011. town a.nd c.ou.ntluj• •a. :t.Jwly a.pp11.op.Jtia.te.
te.c.hnology giving h-i..gh yie.ld.6 6011. low e.ne.11.gy inpd.6, a.nd U.6.lng only hu.ma.n
.t>IUU and Welle.ct to a.c.hie.ve. a .t>table. ILe..l)oWLc.e 06 g11.e.a.t c.ompf.ex.lty and
.6tabil..ity•
• • • ( pe11.mac.u.ltwr.e.) -l6 a philo.t>ophy 06 woll.h.ing wi;th, 11.athell. than agaiMt
na.twr.e; 06 p11.otll.a.c.te.d a.nd thought6ul ob.6M.va.tion 11.athell. than p11.otll.a.cte.d and
thoughtlu.6 labo11.; and o~ looking a.t pf.a.nt.6 a.nd a.n.imal.6 in all the.ill.
6u.nc.tionli , Jta:the11. than tll.e.a.ting a.ny a.11.e.a. a..6 a. .t>ingle.-p11.odu.ct .t>y.t>tem."
---&ill. Molti..6on
a..6 quoted in AGAYULI , Pvuna.c.uli:WLe New6lette11.
THE CHICKENWIRE DAM
EVERY YEAR HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF TONS OF TOPSOIL
WASH OFF OF OUR AMERICAN LAND INTO THE OCEAN. SOIL IS
ONE OF OUR K>ST PRECIOUS RESOURCES . WITHOUT F!ln'I LE
SOIL. AGRICULTURE -THE FOUNDATION OF OUR CIVILI ZATI ONFAILS. THE LAND CAN NO LONGER SUPPO!n' BUMAN LIFE. THIS
HAS HAPPENED THROUGHOUT THE HISTORY OF OUR PLANET MANY
TIMES. IN FACT. MANY OF THE WORLD'S DESERTS ARE THE
DIRECT RESULT OF POOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND DE FORESTATION THAT LED TO SOIL LOSS THROUGH WIND AND WATER
EROSION.
PEBMACULTURE IS AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP AGRICULTURAL
SYSTEMS THAT ARE ECOLOGICALLY SOUND,PERMANENT.SUSTAINABLE AND ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSERVING. THE PRACTICE OF
PERMACULTURE DRAWS FROM THE BEST OF EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND COMBINES THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES TO CREATE CONSCIOUSLY DESIGNED, H!GH QUALITY LIFE
SUPPORT SYSTEMS. THE CllICKENWIRE DAM. WHICH WAS DISCOVERED QUITE BY ACCIDENT. CAN PROVIDE A USEFUL TOOL FOR
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION FOR SMALL STREAMS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PERMACULTURAL SYSTEMS.
THE CHICKENWIRE DAM, WHICH IS ESSENTIALLY A RUMANMADE BEAVER DAM, IS QUITE EASY TO BUILD. SET LOCUST POSTS
AT 4- FOOT INTERVALS ACROSS A SHALL STREAM BED AND UP THE
SIDESOF THE STREAM BANK TO THE TOP EDGES. SECURE THE TWO
END POSTS WITH GUY WIRES OR SOME OTHER BRACING SYSTP.M.
ATTACH 36" OR 48" HI GH, l " OR 2" MESH CHICKENWIRE TO THE
POST IN THE SAHE MANNER AS IF YOU WERE FENCING A CHICKEN
YARD. IN FACT THIS DAM CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO A CHICKEN ENCLOSURE. SECURE THE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE CHICKENWIRE
TO THE STREAM BOTTOM AND BANKS WITH PEGS OR ROCK. FLOAT
HAY, LEAVES. OR SIMILAR DEBRIS DOWN THE STREAM ABOVE THE
FENCING AND ALLOW IT TO BUILD UP ON THE FENCING AND GRADUALLY SEAL ON THE MESH .
WATER WILL BEGIN TO DAM UP BEHIND THE DEBRIS-CLOGGED
FENCING, WHILE SOME WATER ~LL CONTINUE TO PASS THROUGH
AND OVER THE DAM.
THIS STEP WILL HAVE TO BE REPEATED SEVERAL TIMES TO
INCREASE THE HEIGHT OF THE DAM, AS DEBRIS PROGRESSIVELY
BUILDS UP HIGHER AND HIGHER ON THE FENCING. EVEN THOUGH
AT FIRST THE DAM WILL LEAK COPIOUSLY, OVER TIME THE DEBRIS
WILL SEAL MORE TIGHTLY AGAINST THE CHICKENWIRE.
THE CHICKENWIRE DAM HAS MANY POTENTIAL PERMACULTURAL
APPLICATIONS. THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE SYSTEM'S VIRTUES AND USES. IF YOU CAN COME UP WITH ANY MORE, PLEASE
LET ME KNOW.
1. THE DAM IS INEXPENSIVE AND QUICK AND EASY TO
CONSTRUCT. OTHER MATERIAL THAN CHICKENWIRE. SUCH AS
WOVEN CANE OR BRUSH SECURED IN THE CREEK BEAVERDAM
FASHION COULD BE USED.
2. THE DAM IS FLOOD PROOF. WATER JUST FLOWS THROUGH
THE DAM OR OVER THE CHICKENWIRE CLOGGED WITH DEBRIS.
IN FACT. FLOODS CAN ACTUALLY MAKE THE DAM POND DEEPER
BY ADDING DEBRIS HIGHER UP ON THE DAM FENCING.
J. THE DAM SLOWS WATER LFAVING THE PROPERTY AND
INCREASES THE WATER' S POTENTIAL USES.
4. THE DAM ACTS TO COLLECT SILT AND SOIL BEING
CARRIED DOWNSTREAM. THUS REDUCING A PROPERTY'S SOIL
LOSS AND PROVIDING A SOURCE OF RIGH QUALITY , EASILY
COLLECTED SOIL FOR RETURNING TO FIELDS AND GARDENS.
THESE DAMS CAN BE PLACED IN A SERIES ALONG A STREAM
FOR EVEN GREATER SOIL CONSERVATION AND COLLECTION.
THE SILT THAT EVENTUALLY WOULD FILL THE AREA BEHIND
THE DAM COULD BE USED FOR STREAMSIDE GROWING AREAS
FOR SUCH PLANTS AS WILD RICE. CATTAILS, SAGITTARIA,
CREEK MINT AND .OTHER AQUATIC PLANTS.
5. PONDS SO CREATED MAKE "
GREAT POULTRY WATERING
HOLES AND HABITAT FOR DOCKS . GEESE, FROGS , CRAYFISH,
AND OTHER WILDLIFE OR DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
6. THE DAMS. IF PLACED NEAR CULTIVATED AREAS.
CAN BE USED FOR IRRIGATION PONDS FOR FLOOD. GRAVITY
OR PUMP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS .
By: Chuck Marsh , Bountiful Gardens ,
P.O . Box 509 , Dillsboro, NC 28725
(70 4) 586- 5186
,
I<ATlWI - page
4
autum 1983
�SCOTCH-IRISH MIGRATION
a-/fer ]uia,
b°'J'
t:lt &atlt
continued from page 3
ij nf
aJ4 :J }J,..lt Ml 1'.W\li:
~ HtAo""J ,,., k tu tfD.," ;,,, ft""' JJAilu.re1.
'JI JA°'rt:f wilh ,,,_ i1j c/,eu,., wa.h1J1
"These mountains /of North
Caro/ma/ begin ro be
populated rapidly. The salubri·
ry of rhe air, rhe excellence of
rhc warcr, and more especially
rhe pasrurage of rhese wild
peas for the carrle, are so
many causes char induce new
inhabiranrs ro serrle rhere.
"Esrares of rhe first class are
sold at rhe rare of two dollars,
and rhe raxes are nor more
rhan a half.penny per acre. In·
dian corn, whear, rye, oats,
and peach rrees, are the sold
ob1ecr of culrure.
"The inhabitants of these
mountains are famed for being
excel/enc hunters. Towards the
middle of aurumn mosr of
chem go in pursuir of bears, of
which rhey sell rhe skins, and
rhe flesh, which is very good,
sttves chem in sr:.ear measure
for food during that season.
They prefer ir ro al/ ocher
kinds of meat, and look upon
it as the only thing rhey can
ear wirhour being indisposed
by it. They make also of their
hind legs the most delicious
hams ... They hunt chem
wirh great dogs, which,
wirhouc going near chem,
bar/c, cease, and oblige chem
to climb up a rree, when rhe
hunter kills chem wirh a car·
bine." F. A. Michaux, Travels
il nulu.r11 "'Y jDUl.
'); luJJ 1"I i.IO!Jf f/,I J4ih If rtpl ihidi"f
/w ilj oi.m JIM.
gtt~ 1~"f1' :J fA1Ut ~11WfA- ttltcYJ
A~ j/u.""'1j #f iWAUJJ f
:J f•r M tvf/, fo,. 11¥ &.rlJ, ij wilA. Mes
Llj ~hl.a.inj w ilj JIA)
ihtj fJ!mflJrl ~.
0, fta1 &ulJ,,, ym M je1 tl ""1«~vd
i,. ilcl ~ '1f Mj tMM-~) I
'-n filt1J, ""f 1'1i1Wi ,.,jlJi. n111t..l#ttj ~
""°'!
1-ttJ MY 14JO!HJI,.
jur1ly lit# iur 41'11 IJ,,e J'4j4,.j
;Mil
..n
lite
l4YJ If
fo/1""'
Ml
,,.r Zift
uJ :; 1c1>ZZ J.in
j,,,
The Drovers' Road through
North Carolina
connected rhe region ro
Charleston and Savannah. Ir
was a roure of serrlement in
che early 19th century as well
as rhe sire of rhe carrle and
swine drives char were so im·
porranc ro che regional
economy.
sourhwesr~
i
l!Je ha.vlf ef ih~
far1r1r-.
_,y,. 1if:
~J ~.u,. CJr41111
HOW THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS GOT THEIR NAME
- FROM A GUEST CONTRIBUTOR
It is worthv notice, that our mountaini; are not liOlitnn• and scattered
confusedlv o~er the face of the countrv; but that the~ c:ommcnce at
about 15~ miles from the sea-coast, are' disposed in ridges one behind
another, running nearly parallel with the sea-coast, though rather
approaching it as they advance north-eastwardly. To the south-west,
as the tract of countrv between the sea-coast and the ~l ississippi
becomes narrower, the ~1ountains converge into a single ridge, which.
as it appronches the Culph of :\lexico, subsides into plain countr~'· and
gives rise to some of the wilters of that ~ulph. and particularly to a
ri\'er called the Apillachicola, probably from tht- :\p;1l;1d1il'S, an Indian
nation formerh· n•sidin~ on it. Hence the mount.tins ~i\'in~ rise to that
river, and s~n from its various parts. ,,.l'rc e;1lll•d thl' :\p;1lachi;1n
mountains, being in fact the md or ll'rmination only uf tlw ~'feat rid~es
passing through the <.'Ontinl'llt. European gcograplwrs howc\'er l'Xtended the name northwardlv ns far as the mountoins extended; some
giving it, after their separation into different ridges, to the Blue ridge,
others to the North mountain, others to the Alleghaney, others to the
Laurel ridge, as may he seen in their different maps. But the fact I
believe is, that none of these ridges were e,·er lmo\\11 by that name
to the inh;1bitants, either nati\'e or emigrant, but a~ tht>y saw them liO
called in European maps. In the same dir<.'C'tion ~t·1wr;11l\' are the \'t>ins
of limcstmll'. coal. and other minerals hitherto 1lisl~l\'t•rt•tl : :incl so range
the foils of our ~rt·at ri\'ers.
-TllOM.\S jEFt'Ell.>;OS
Xotc1 0 11 tl1c State nf \ 'ir::,i11ia. 1781-82
West of the Alleghania,
1802.
Two fundamental features of the early Scotch-Irish do stand out. The first is
the cultural interaction they experienced with people around them throughout
their migrations. They never settled in isolation from others. The second is their
readiness to change and adopt new ideas and practices. Perhaps their most per·
sistent trait as settlers on the American frontier was their way of using the land,
evolved in the uplands of Scotland and Ireland and ideally suited to the frontier
that unfolded south and west of Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Their familiarity, even contentment, with this way of life drew them to the fron·
tier and invited them ever onward in search of plentiful land and game. And
here too their preference for the single family farm over the village community
sustained their strong spirit of individuality and the importance of family and
self-sufficiency. This is where their greatest influence lies - in the kind of land .
use and social organization they brought to much of the South. The open range
system in which crops were fenced and livestock roamed free prevailed across
much of the South into .t he 20th century and is an important element in the
shaping of Southern history.
Southwestern North Carolina had by the mid-19th century created a society
that was a synthesis of cultures and peoples reacting to their new environment.
This new Appalachian culture was shaped by forces distinct to the region. Ethnicity
was largely submerged by regional conflicts within the state; by new economic
activities such as logging, mining, and tourism; by the intervention of the federal
government in land policies and development projects; and by continuing in·
and out-migration as the Southern Appalachians became increasingly differentiated from surrounding regions. Those who would understand modern Appalachia would be right to pursue these themes; but a true understanding of the
traditions of the region and its sense of itself still calls us to back to the ethnic
heritages the first settlers brought.
~
Migration of rhe Scocch·lrish People
A Comprehensive Ex hibition Produced By
Mounrain Heritage Center of Western Carolina University
Sam Gray: Project Director
Curtis Wood and Tykr Blethen: Hntorical
autum 1983
R~arch
and Writing
'
I<ATUAH - page
s
�MOSHKA. t LAKlMA
The. moon .6m.U.e.d Jted .thJr.ough the. ne.u a:t the. edge
06 the meadow. TJr.Unk, bMnc.h a.nd lea6 .6ha.dOW.6 .6netc.hed a.c.Jr.0.6.6 a. JLlppUng .6ea 06 the. t:a.ll gMUU a.nd wil..d6loWelL6 belong.lng to Ealith Mathe.Jr.' .6 late .6wnmeJt. Ro.6e.
c.oloJted ha.Jr.vut moonU.ght .6lowly ga.ve. wa.y to .6h.,i.n,lng
.6il.ve.1r., a.nd a..6 the. nee .6ha.do1Al6 .6hMnk, the. .li..ght 6eU
upon the. two 6ox pup.6 pe.1r.c.he.d upon the. ta.ll.., .6mooth,
Jr.Ound gMnlle. boulde.Jr. ,ln the. VeJL':f c.e.n.te.Jr. 06 the.
meadow.
A STORY BY SNOW BEAR
Mo.6hka. a.nd La.IWna. 6eU the a.nc.ient powe.Jr. 06 .tha:t
Jr.Oc.k .6.lng.lng thJr.Ough them, c.oUIL6ing ~d.6 th/Lough
the pa.d6 06 the.iJr. plW6. But the.iJr. ga.ze tAn-6 6.bc.e.d upon
the meadow; .6lowly .the.iJr. .6.talr.e. c»r.c.J.e.d .it., taJUng bt
the. bowa:ty 06 ti6e tha..t .tlvt.ive.d on that JUc.h, bla.c.k
.60il. and the plant.6 a.nd wec.U tha..t gJte:w on a.nd w.lthbt. The.iJr. e.alt.6 c.a.u.ght .the. c.on.tented IWmbl.lng 6Jr.Om .the
bla.c.k beaJL '.6 thJr.Oa..t a..6 .6he. e.66oltt,lu.6lq lti.pped open
.the Jr.Otten hemlock tha..t ha.d 6a.Ueninto .the. me.a.drxu. She
.6a..t on he.Jr. hau.nc.hu, tic.k.lng 6Jr.Om he.Jr. pa.w the. wh.U:e.
g.ltl.Lb.6 tha:t ha.d lived w.i.tkin the. log. HeJt c.ub poked
a.nd .6c.Jr.a..tc.he.d a..t .the. .6o6t wood, 6incllng he.Jr. own 6ood .
Clo.6eJt .to .the. a.nc.ie.n.t Jr.Och .the. wh.ue. 6la..6h 06 the
.6kunk '.6 .6.tJU.pu dlr.w .the..ilt a.tte.n.tlon. A6 .they wa-tc.he.d
he. .6c.Jr.a..tc.he.d a. hole. ,ln the. .6oil., Jte.a.c.hing down wLth
one pa.w a.nd wlth.dJr..aw.in a. gJtea..t p.(.nk ri.igh.t CltaWleJr..
Then .tluwr. lz.e.e.n eyu caught the. UniJ Jtu.6.tting 06
gM.6.6 a..6 the. 6,le.ld mou.6e. Mn thJr.Ough hi.6 tunnel, c.otte.c.U.ng 6a.Ue.n .6e.e.d. They .6e.n.6e.d hi.6 6eaJL a..6 he. 6Jr.Oze.
when the. .6ha.dow pa.ue.d ave.Jr. hi.6 ba.c.lz.. Vown-!Wrlne.d
6ea..the.lr..6 mu.66te.d the. .6ound 06 the. gJtea..t ho1tned owl' .6
6.li..ght a..6 .it. .6WOOped bt a..t gM.6.6 top level. to ha.Jr.vut
IJU a.no.their. /,i..e.ld 110U6e. The. .6p.iJLlt6 06 the. boo young
6oxu .6oa.Jted upon the. .6ong.6 06 the. night: .the. c.hiltp
0 6 the. c.Jr.ic.lz.e.t.6, the. wlU.6 pelt 0 6 the. glta.6.6 e.6 tha..t
ntaltke.d .the. pa.u.i.ng 06 .the tung .6nake., the. .tJt.iLllng 06
the. nee. 6Jr.Og.6, the. yipp.i.ng a.nd how.U.ng o 6 the c.oyotu,
.the. de.e.p-.tlvr.oa..te.d hooting 06 .the owl.
But then, 6Jr.Om the. wut, ca.me. a. ha.Jr..6h Jr.Oa.!Llng .tha:t
dlr.owne.d out the .6ong.6 06 .the night. Mo.6hlz.a. a.nd LalWna.
tultned a.nd IAJ!Lin.k,l.e.d theAJr. nw.LZzlU a..t the. .6meU a.nd
.6ound 06 da.nge.1r. .tha..t wa..6he.d oveJt them. They c.Jr.Ouc.he.d
down tow, pltU.6.ing the.tn.6e.l.uu a.ga.in.6t the. gMnlle. be.neath, gJr.Owt..i.ng a..t the. btv.l6ible. .thltea..t ,ln .the. w. A.nd
.then, a..6 the. Jr.Oa.!Llng gJtw unbea.Mbly loud, .they .6a.w .it.
c.oming ! A. bU.teJt, ove.1r.powe.Jt.lng w.ind bUIL6.t upon .the.
va.Uey, .6na.pp.lng wea.lz. tJr.e.e..top.6, upending .6ha.Uow Jtoote.d
nee tltunk.6 and 6la.tte.ning .the deU.c.a..te. meadow gJta.uu.
It .6la.ppe.d the. two 6oxu, nybtg to tea.Jr. them aJAJa.':f 6Jr.Om
.the a.nc.ient .6.tone., but they hehl on w.it.h a.U the.iJr.
.6ne.ngth. Ic.y 6.ingell.6 cfug be.neath theAJr. .61z.bt; .the.Vt
ha.c.lz.lu we.1r.e. M.l6ed, .theAJr. ha.iJt .6t.ood on end. And then,
a..6 .6wi6tty a..6 .it. ha.d c.ome., .it. pa.ue.d on. They looked
up bt we to .6 ee. .tha..t teM.lble. w.ind Jtoa.!Llng down the.
vall.ey, .6 na.ppi.ng ne.u a.nd 6latte.n.i.ng gM.6.6 u a..6 .it.
went.
The. wind ha.d le.6.t; .it..6 biting c.hilt wU:hbt .them; the.
on the.iJr. ne.c.lz..6 .6til.t .6tood out, the.iJr. eyu we.Jte
wide. a.nd gla..6.6y with teJr.Jr.OJt. Looking a..t the. meadow they
.6a.w d.tvtk .6ha.dowy c.la.IAl6 a.nd teeth Jr.U6hing a:t them. The.
moonUgh.t 6-lU.e.d .the. .6pa.cu be.tween the .6ha.dow c.la.IAl6
with gho.6.tly .6il.ve1t .6ha.pu .tha..t CltaWle.d a.long .the. e.dgu
06 the 6ie.td. The. moon .it..6e.l.6 Wd.6 .tro.l6.te.d in.to a. .6c.owl.lng huma.n 6a.c.e.. PaiJr.6 06 a.ngJty Jte.d eyu .6t.alr.e.d a:t .them
ha,iJr.
KATOAR - page 6
autlm1 1983
�6Jtom wltkin .the g.11.a.uu thlr.eate.ning .to pou.nc.e and claw
and b.lte. F1tom a.U. cU/r.e.c;tion6 came kideou.6 AntL'Ll.6 g1towl6
and Al.U:he.Jt.ing noi6u .
'
Pa.n.i.c made. .them dlUJw down w.ltJWt .them6elvu 6rwthe.1t
and 6WLtheJL; .they e.a.c.h. weJLe. 4b.6otu.telq alone., 601tgo.tten
to ea.ch o.theJL. They coul.d onhj hu.nc.h oveJL and Ah..i.veJL.
r.t l.00.6 Lak..ima. who 6.irralt.lJ ga.the11.ed the. 1tenw.Uning 4.tl!.e.ngth
06 hi6 Ahltin#Ung .6p.iltU and .in an .i.Jvr.u..Uta.bte. bu;t .6.U.e.nt
vo.i.c.e. Aa..id, " Mo.6hka, took at me.I Look .into my e.yu l "
She. twr.ned he.It he.ad and looked .in.to he.It bJto.the.Jt '.6 e.yu.
A4 .the»r. eyu met, a Apalr.k l.00.6 tu..ndled. The tonge.Jt they
looked, the AtltongeJL .the 6lame 61tOm .that Apalr.k g1te.w,
until. .the 6.i.Jte 06 Ap.ilt.lt bl.a.zed .in .the.ilr. .6ou.l.6, rn.<.nd4 and
bod.i.u. That IAJtVUnth .6plle.a.d .thJtOu.ghou;t to dutltoy .the cold
6e.a.Jt .that had COn6u.med .th~.
When .the l.tu.t .tlutcu 06 6e.4Jt we.1te. gone, they bltOke
.the.ilr. gaze upon ea.ch o.the.1t. They looked to the E44.t .into
.the n,ight .that ha.d Awai.towed .that cold, powe.1t6u.l wlnd
and .they .6en6ed a Ao6t Jtu.4.t.Ung 6.tow.i.ng up .the. valley.
A '4Wlm, gentle bJte.eze moved .the .tl!.eu .into a Jthy.thmic.,
.614.tly.i.ng danc.e. It U6.ted up .the gll.444e6 .that had been
p1r.u.6ed 6la.t and ILi.ppt.ed them gently, 44 .i.6 .the meadow
l.00.6 the 4u.Jt6ace. 06 a AIWrrneJL.i.ng lake. The. &«1IUll iAJind
calte.6.6 ed the.iJr. 6aCe6, and played wUh .the.i.Jt 6u.Jt 44 .lt
had wUh .the. gJUZUe.6, JUppLi.llg .lt .in IAllVe.6 06 lted,
white and black. Then .they 6elt .lt pa.u .in.to .the Wut,
Jtutolt.i.ng eve11.rJ-th.i.ng .to .the calm .that had been be601te
.the. cold wlnd lt4vaged .the. va.U.e.y. Once. 494.i.n .the meadow
l.00.6 a pt.ace 06 be.a.u;ty .that frilled them IAllth Aong. The
Aong came 6oltth ucaping .in.to .the. cte.a.Jt n.ight aAJr. and
l.00.6 dJuuAwt .in.to .the he.a.Jtt 06 e.veJLy Uv.ing .th.i.ng .in .that
pt.ace.
Exha.u.6ted, .they padded Atowl.q and 40(,t.l.y u.p .the. Vlt.i.p
Spll.i.ng Hollow and cLimbed .the. hA..U to .the. ltOck owt:Cltopping .that hel.d .the.ilr. home.. S.i..tt.i.ng .in a c.i.Jtcte .in 61tont
06 .the. den we11.e. Tlt..i.4hka and Ka.lwn4, .the.ilr. mo.the.It and
6athe11., and w.i.4e. old W44hte., the IUlcoon. The1te we.Jte
.6.tlutnge du,i.gn6 .6CIUltched .into .the e.a.Jtth be601te. .them;
they Aat .touch.i.ng ea.ch o.the11. '.6 paW6 and A.i.ng.i.ng .i.n a
la.ngu.a.ge .the young 6oxu had neve.Jt he.a.ltd be60Jt.e.
When .they dlr.e.w clo4 e, fAl44hte looked u.p and 44.i.d,
" Thi6 n.i.ght you. have 6ou.ght tong and luvtd wUh an
enemy 6e.w Me able .to conqu.e.Jt. FoJt you. have conqu.e11.ed
the Sp.(Jt.lt 06 Fe.a.It and though .lt mtL1J 4444u.lt you. o6ten,
you. wlU a.l.wa.y.6 be .lt4 ma.6.tell.. The. powe.Jt 06 .the. love
.i.n you. that m44.te.Jted .lt wlU g1tow .6.tl!.onge.Jt .in .the
1Je.a.lt4 ahe.a.d. We .thJtee have 14Nltc.hed you. g1tow, r..m..tJUng
.the Path 06 TIW.th, and knew you Welte 1te.a.dy .to 6ac.e
.thi6 tJUal.. r.t l.00.6 we Jto Ae.nt .that Sp.(Jt.lt 06 Fe4Jt
upon you., .to .6.tl!.e.ng.then you. and 40 you. m,i.ght know .the
powe.Jt .that h44 601t Ao tong AptVr.k.t.ed wl.th.in you.Jt eyu.
F1t0m .tw day on, you. have. w.ltJWt you.Jt Ap.i.Jr..lt .the
c.hih.llten you. we.1te, bwt we wlU .tl!.U6t you. 44 ou.Jt .tJtu.ebJto.the.Jt and .t1we-.6i4.te.1t. But now, .into .the den
wUh you.. "
When .they CltaWled wl.th.i.n .the. 11.oc.k.6, be.6 011.e. .them a
6eJU.t l.00.6 la.id ou;t 06 a.U. .the.i.Jt 6avolt.lte. 6Jtu..lt4 06 the.
meadow: bla.c.kbeNtq, .6br.awbeM.y, ll.44pbeM.IJ, and pe!t4..innon,
all luvtvu.ted and dlr..i.ed .in .the. ti.me. 06 the.i.Jt Jt.i.pene.6.6.
They ate glt4.te6u.lty, .then la..i.d down .in ne.w, .606.t bed.6
06 pu!Li6y.ing c.e.dalr. bou.gh.4 and went glt4Ce.6u.lty .in.to
.the IA10lthJ. 06 dlr.e.am.6~
autmn 1983
Snow Bear is a teacher and herbalist of traditional
alternatives for children and adults. He and his
wife Khalisa are founders and directors of the
Pepper land Farm Camp in Farner, Tenn.
~ - page 7
�In the North Carolina mountains,
people have developed an appreciation
for a variety of apples because apples
were used in so many ways. In the old
days, apples were not an occasional
treat. They were a staple food. From
the planning of the home orchard to the
drying of the apple slices, every way
possible was used to extend the apple
season and preserve the fruit. In the
absence of modern refrigeration, various
kinds of apples came to be known not
only for their taste but also for their
rate of ripening and their capacity for
preservation. Each apple had its specific
season and purpose. Some apples are
early apples and some are better late
in the season. Some are for drying ,
some are best suited for sauce while
others are best for canning. There are
juicy ones for cider and hard ones for
storing and, of course, there are plain
And who knows how the Leatherman,
old eating apples.
the Milam, ~he Democrat and the
During the season, some of the best
Knotley Pea got their names. Many
by Dou;J Elliott
old-time eating apples are Crow's Eggs,
of the apple varieties I mention
Bellflowers, Black Hoovers, Virginia
here are found only in a particular
Beauties, and Spice apples. The small
area, perhaps as small as a portion
yellow Spice apples actually have a
Just about anyone who's been raised of the county. And some names might
distinctive wintergreen-mint flavor .
be a local name for a widespread
in·· the mountains or who's looked at
Some eating apples will keep for months,
variety. For example , Theron showed
apples in the western part of our
while others might be right for eating
me what he called a "No-rthern Spice
State has come cross Winter Johns or
during only a few weeks of the season.
Apple" that looked suspiciously
some of the other old and almost
Theron showed me a little apple called
like a common New England breed
forgotten varieties of apples. Until
a Stripey. Early in the season the apple
called "Northern Spy . "
recently, an apple was just an apple
has a crisp, tangy, white flesh; but if
One of the great proponents of prefor me. That was before I started
it gets too ripe or you let it sit around
serving the many varieties of apples
ranging the hills and hollows with
the house too long, sometimes even for a
was L.H . Bailey whose 1922 book, The
Jheron Edwards, a sharp-eyed mountain
few days, its crisp texture turns mealy.
Apple Tree, lamented that of the more
man from Yancey County raised in the
"It'll almost choke you," says Theron of
mountain tradition of self-sufficiency than 800 varieties listed in nurseryits sawdust-like texture. As good as this
men's catalogues in 1892, not more
and well in touch with much of the
delicious morsel is fresh from the tree,
than a hundred were available at the
old-time wisdom and ways . After a
you'll never find it in the suppermarket.
time of book's publication.
couple of seasons of seeing apples
Sauce apples and canning apples each
'
through Theron's eyes, I felt like
have different properties; they aren't
someone who had been shown a rainjust labeled as cooking apples . Good
bow in full color after seeing only
canning apples are firm-fruited and won't
black and white.
turn brown while a whole panful is peeled
The fact is, there's an incredible
andsliced. The slices hold their shape as
variety of apples in the mountains of
they are exposed to the rigors of home
North Carolina. And by biting into a
canning. Some good canning apples are
few of these old-time apples we can
Winter Johns, Pippins, Milams, Sweet
tap the richness of a rapidly distA~
Russets, Knotley Peas, and Spitzbergens.
appearing culture and life style.
Although it is possible to make sauce out
When I asked Theron how many types
a,
of almost any apple, the best have a soft
of apples he knew, he rattled off a
texture that will break down into sauce
list of more than 20 varieties . Just
with little cooking. Bellflowers and
the names of these almost forgotten
Stripeys are ideal for sauce-making. Juicy
breeds left my head reeling with deapples like Winesaps and Sheep's Nose lend
light. Some were named for what they
themselves well to cider-making. Pippins
resembled, like the elongated, lopand Crow's Eggs are favorite pie apples.
sided Sheep's Nose apple, the oval
The large Stripped Ben Davis is a favorite
Crow's Egg, and the yellow Bellflower.
"Why do we need so many kinds of
baking apple.
Others took people's names, presumapples?" Mr . Bailey asks. "Because
Good canning apples are usually good
ably the ones who developed the
there are so many folks," he says.
drying apples because of their firm flesh.
variety or who first brought it into
"A person has a right to gratify his
Apple-drying was an important home industry
the area. So there's Stark Apples,
legitimate taste. If he wants twenty or in many parts of North Carolina . Itinerant
Betsy Deatons, Black Hoovers, Stripforty kinds of apples for his personal
merchants traveled back country buying or
ed Ben Davis's and Ducketts. Still
use, running from Early Harvest to
trading dried apples. Theron tells of
Others, like the Winesap, Sweet
Roxbury Russett, he should be accorded
peeling and slicing basket after basket
Russet, Stripey and Spice apple are
the privilege. There is merit in
of apples which were dried on racks over
named for their distinctive tastes,
variety itself . It provides more
the cookstove . In some areas the apples wer
color patterns or both. The
contacts with life, and leads away
cored and sliced into rings which were drie
_ Spitzbergen and the Virginia Beauty
from uniformity and monotony."
by stringing the slices on a pole . Drying
refer tn their place of origin; the
Today, according to the North
is one of the simplest and, if you have a
Horse apple is so big and sour that
Carolina Agricultural Extension Service wood stove, one of the most efficient ways
it is considered fit only as feed
90% of the State's co11DDercial apple
to preserve apples. Just slice the apples
for horses; the Limbertwig was
crop is made up of only their varieties thinly and spread them on window screens
named for the distinctive shape and
Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and
CONTINUED ON
flexible limbs of
arent tree.
Rome Beaut •
aubml 1983
KMUAH - paqe 8
,,
=1nd by bitin.y into
a few of tAese
old-time apples
we can ttLf
rtc/in,ess '?f
:ap tdl_y dts°i'feartTtj cutture and
lifestyle.''
�...- :·
. ~,.
. •>...,, .
--
· _ _
..,.....a
-
.-
-~---~
for B, a geopolitical song as emblem,
in this 22nd year of heavenly deadlock
"The bastard wilde Popple is called ••••• in English winde Rose •• ••• "
Gerarde, Herbal (II, lxx 301), 1597
"In those days, even though ancient astronomers had learned to divide the circle mathematically, directions were not
marked by degrees, but in terms of winds • Every experienced seaman, however untutored, knew his winds. They meant more
to him than any number 0 to 360. Since the ancients recognized 12 primary winds, at first the medieval compass cards
were circles divided into 12 directional points •• ••• And the way they were drawn, often with artistic flair, reminded
sailors of a 32-petaled flower. Hence the compass cards became known as wind roses. To this day the Portugese call the
compass card a rosa dos ventos, a wind rose, and any modern cartographer wishing to affect an old chart places in one
corner an elaborate and full- blown wind rose."
John Noble Wilford, The Mapmakers, 1981
Finally, of course, there are oo naps, oo c:arpasses, oo
destinations.
No plans . No yesterdays. No tarorrows. Just place.
The only lodestar is your heart.
Switchbacking
fran the cul-de-sac above the shade
we pass through air so still
it is a balm
but we can see that sure breeze
jagging treelight
on the crestline
& when we get there, love, I pranise you
it will swirl us into pattern
up the main ridge to CliJ'9'1BllS
(passi1'¥3 over the JUdge's eyrie at Sharp Top
we' 11 raven-croak in unison into his solanness)
& sail us Cbwn the high divde to Silers Bald & 'lhurderhead
& on & on & on
devouring the upgrades & laurel hells with the sheer ease
of flight
(the ridges west in Tennessee are negligible
but eyeing the other incline
we'll tick off
Forney Welch Jenkins Twenty Mile & IDI¥3 Hun;p:y
&you&I
will spy the threads in this tapestry glinting in the
norni1'¥3 sun
Peachtree Noland Forney Hazel
for this is our
&
Eagle
range)
till the downdraft shelves to Fontana
& ~ering back through the old river valley
finds us
wieldil'¥3 these walkID]sticks
tryi1'¥3 to get a little higher
on the slope
together •
.
..• .
... . ;,.,·
autl:lm 1983
KAnfAH - page 9
�......
"I WAS VRIVING BACK ON 1-40 FROM RALEIGH, AMV I
STARTEV TO GET THIS EXCITEV FEELING AS I VROVE INTO
THE FOOTHILLS. I BEGAN TO FEEL THAT CERTAIN FEELING
OF BEING IN THE MOUNTAINS AGAIN AS I STARTEV TO
CLIMB, ANV I KNEW I WAS COMING HOME.
THE MOUNTAINS WERE IN FRONT OF ME, LOOKING MAGNIFICENT. YOU KN(XJJ THE WAY THEY ARE SOMETIMES, WITH l
BIG CLOUDS GATHEREV ALL AROUMV THE TOPS ANV THE SUNLIGfT SLANTING THROUGI, LIKE GOV WAS SAYING, 'THESE ~
ARE MY MOUNTAINS, KEEP THEM HOLY'."
THE APPALACHIAN BIOREGION,
LIKE THE LAND ANYWHERE, IS AN
EXPERIENCE. IT IS THE BEING
THERE, THE WORKING , THE EXPLORING, THE COMING TO GRIPS
WITH ITS MYSTERIES THAT ULTIMATELY .PROVIDES OUR PHYSICAL
SUBSISTENCE AND OUR SPIRITUAL STRENGTH.
WRITINGS AND MAPS CAN NEVER
SUBSTITUTE FOR THIS EXPERIENCE. THERE IS A SPECIAL INTENSITY IN STANDING AT THE
TOP OF A STEEP MOUNTAIN
RIDGE LOOKING OUR OVER FORESTED VALLEYS OR IN ARISING
AT DAYBREAK ABOVE ROLLING
BANKS OF CLOUDS THAT ISOLATE
THE MOUNTAINTOPS LIKE ISLANDS
IN A GRAY OCEAN. THERE IS A
PERVADCNG SENSE OF ALIVENESS """
AND AWARENESS IN A FOREST OF
TALL TREES THAT AWAKENS THE
MIND TO THE NATURAL SURROUNDINGS AND REVEALS A SPECIAL
SENSE OF PRESENCE.
BUT WORDS AND PICTURES CAN BE
GUIDES TO POINT THE WAY. IT
IS PLAIN TO SEE ON THE LAND
SURFACE MAP OF THE EASTERN
RALF OF THE CONTINENT, TURTLE
ISLAND, THAT THERE IS AN APEX
OF INTENSE ENERGY: THE BLUE
RIDGE AND SURROUNDING MOUNTAINS, WITH THE GREAT SMOKY
MOUNTAINS AS THE ENERGY CENTER.
FROM THAT CENI'ER, THE ENERGY FLOWS OUT, RADIATING IN ALL
DIRECTIONS. JUST AS IRON FILINGS WILL DELINEATE THE INVISIBLE FLOWS OF MAGNETIC FORCE, THE LINES OF THE RIVERS ON THE
MAP SHOW THE ENERGY PATHS RADIATING OUTWARD.
THE RIVERS ARE BORN IN THE MOUNTAINS. TREY FLOW OUTWARD IN
ALL DIRECTIONS: EAST TO THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD; SOUTH INTO
THE PALMETTO COUNTRY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA; INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO THROUGH THE ALABAMA LOWLANDS OR
BY WAY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE WEST; EVEN NORTH TO
THE GREAT LAKES. THE POWER OF THE EARTH SPIRIT FLOWS OUT
OVER ALL THE LANDS
THERE ARE BOUNDARIES TO THE MOUNTAIN REGION; BUT THEY ARE
"SOFT" BOUNDARIES. NATURE DOES NOT LEND HERSELF TO HARDAND-FAST LINES, BUT RATHER TO TENCENCIES. NIGHT MOVES INTO
DAY, WINTER MOVES INTO SPRING - THE DIFFERENCES ARE APPAI<A1lJAH - page 10
RENT, BUT THE PRECISE POINT WHERE THE TRANSITION TAKES
PLACE IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEFINE. SO IT IS WITH THE LAND. AS
ONE TYPE OF CLIMATE, VEGETATION, OR TERRAIN MERGES INTO
ANOTHER, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MARK THE PRECISE CROSSOVER
POINT.
/
t<ATUAH: THE CENTER
"ON CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS, THEY FREQUENTLY SPEAK OF
THEMSELVES AS "ANI-KITUHWAGI" OR "PEOPLE OF KITUWHA", AN ANCIENT SITTLEMENT ON THE TUCKASEGEE RIVER
ANV APPARENTLY THE ORIGINAL NUCLEUS OF THE TRIBE."
- Jamu Mooney, My.th.6 06 .the. CheJr.Oke.e.
~
THIS NAME, KATUAH, APPEARING IN A VARIETY OF PHONETIC SPELLINGS, REFERRED TO THE CHEROKEE VILLAGE LOCATED JUST BELOW
THE JUNCTION OF THE TUCKASEGEE AND OCONOLUFTEE RIVERS IN
autmin 1983
�WHAT IS NOW CALLED SWAIN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. THIS VILLAGE DOMINATED THE "MIDDLE TOWNS" OF THE CHEROKEE NATION,
THOSE VILLAGES LYING ALONG THE TUCKASEGEE AND THE UPPER
PART OF THE LITTLE TENNESSEE RIVER, AND THAT AREA WAS FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO AS KATfiAH.
..
THE MEANING OF THE WORD KATUAH HAS BEEN LOST, BUT IT IS ONE
OF THOSE WORDS THAT CARRIES A SIGNIFICANCE DEEPER THAN ITS
DEFINITION. THE WORD WAS USED WITH DEEP RESPECT, AND, ACCORDING TO MOONEY, WAS "FREQUENTLY EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE
WHOLE TRIBE".
...
THESE RANGES PERHAPS RELATE MORE TO THEIR LOCAL ENVIRONS
THAN TO THE APPALACHIAN SYSTEM AS A WHOLE.
ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE APPALACHIAN CHAIN, THE PIEDMONT
PLATEAU FOLLOWS THW MOUNTAINS SERVING AS A TRANSITION AREA
BETWEEN THE HEIGHTS AND THE COASTAL PLAIN •
APPALACHIA IS BOUNDED ON THE WEST BY THE TERRITORY DEFINED
BY THE OHIO, CUNBERLAND, AND TENNESSEE RIVER DRAINAGES.
TO THE SOUTH, THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM DIMINISHES IN NORTH
GEORGIA AND NORTHEAST ALABAMA UNTIL IT CEASES ALTOGETHER IN
,
THE VICINITY OF THE GREAT ETOWAH MOUND NEAR MARIETTA, GEORINDEED, IT CAN BE SEEN ON THE MAP THAT KATtl-·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . , GIA.
AH IS THE GEOGRAPHICAL CENTER OF THE CBER<r
KEE TERRITORY, AS TH.§ INDIANS APPARENTLY
ECONOMICALLY , THE CITY OF ATLANTA , ORIWERE WELL AWARE . KATUAH ALSO COINCIDES WITH
GINALLY THE OLD RAILROAD JUNCTION,
THE ENERGY CENTER FOR THE EASTERN HALF OF
FACES AWAY FROM THE HIGHLANDS TOWARDS
THE TURTLE ISLAND CONTINENT. IT IS FROM
THE PROFITABLE COMMERCE OF THE SOUTHTHIS CENTEJ WE BORROW THE NAME FOR OUR PR<r
EASTERN FLATLANDS. YET .THE MOUNVINCE, l<ATUAH. AND '!T IS THROUGH THE NAME
TAINS ARE ALWAYS THERE, SENDING
KATLJAH WE HOPE IN OUR MODERN CONTEXT TO REOUT THEIR INFLUENCE, AND STILL
AWAKEN THE SPIRITUAL IDENTITY THIS AREA HAS
HAVE A HOLD ON THE HEARTS OF MANY
HAD IN THE PAST.
OF THE CITY'S PEOPLE.
THIS PROVINCE, THE FOCUS OF OUR ENERGIES
THE APPALACHIANS ARE THE OLDEST
AND OUR OWN BIOGEOGRAPHICAL NICHE, ROUGHLY
MOUNTAINS ON THE CONTINENT. IN THE
COINCIDES WITH THE ORIGINAL AREA OF CHER<r
EONS OF THEIR YOUTH, IT IS HYPOTHEKEE SETTLEMENT IN PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES.
SIZED THAT THEY STOOD AS TALL AS THE
THIS AREA IS ALSO LARGELY COINCIDENTAL WITH
HIMALAYAS. NOW, ROUNDED AND WORN WITH
"OLD APPALACHIA", THE GEOLOGICAL NAME FOR
AGE, THEY ARE A DEEP STORE OF WISDOM,
THE EARLIER FORMATIONS OF THE APPALACHIAN
STRENGTH, AND ENDURANCE. THEY ARE THE
CHAIN - THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS, THE UNAKA
ELDERS OF THE LAND, AND THEIR ENERRANGE, AND THE TRANSVERSE RANGES BETWEEN
GIES ARE MORE SUBTLE AND DEMAND MORE
THEM .
~""" d.e. "'-.P
ATTUNEMENT THAN THE RAW PRIDE OF THE
Tll f.: CllJ:;HOJ<EI·:
MOUNTAINS TO THE WEST GLORYING IN
THEIR PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
THE APPALACHIAN CHAIN WAS FORMED IN TWO
DISTINCT STAGES. "THE GREAT APPALACHIAN
.JAMl':S :-.100.N t-:\"
THE POWER OF THE APPALACHIANS IS A
11:)00
VALLEY" - THE TENNESSEE AND SHENANDOAH
STRONG FORCE IN THE LIVES OF ALL
RIVER VALLEYS SEEN AS ONE - DIVIDES
@dui-rft..J K~ ..t~ site.
THE PEOPLE UNDER THEIR INFLUENCE.
"OLD APPALACHIA" FROM "NEW APPALACHIA" ~
.__ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __.THEY STAND STRONG ABOVE THE RUSH OF
THE ALLEGHENIES AND THE CUMBERLAND
THE COASTAL POPULATION CENTERS.
MOUNTAINS, YOUNGER RANGES THAT CONTAIN THE MASSIVE COAL DECALM, IMPASSIVE, ENDURING, THEY GROUND AND BALANCE THE
POSITS SO CHARACTERISTIC OF APPALACHIA JN MANY PEOPLE'S
l'KENETIC ENERGIES OF THE PROFIT-SEEKERS AND THOSE TOO
MINDS.
ABSORBED IN SIMPLY MEETING THE BILLS ON THEIR LIVES TO
NOTICE WHERE THEY ARE OR THE WORLD OF LIFE AROUND THEM.
THE MOUNTAINS ARE IN MANY WAYS SIMILAR THROUGHOUT, BUT THE
MINING OF COAL HAS PERMEATED THE HISTORY, CULTURE, ECONOLIKE THE MOUNTAINS' POSITIVE BENEFITS, THE CHANGES THAT
MICS, AND CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE PEOPLE OF "NEW APPALACHIA"
WOULD COME ABOUT IF THEIR INFLUENCE WERE DIMINISHED BY
TO SUCH AN EXTENT THAT ENTIRELY DIFFERENT CONDITIONS HAVE
THE MISTAKES AND EXCESSES OF HUMANKIND WOULD ALSO BE
BEEN CREATED BETWEEN THE TWO HALVES OF THE APPALACHIAN
SUBTLE AND FAR-REACHING. IN WHAT MANNER THESE CHANGES
CHAIN. HOPEFULLY, THESE WILL BE RESOLVED IN THE COURSE OF
WOULD APPEAR IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY, BUT THEY WOULD
POST-INDUSTRIAL HISTORY, BUT IT WILL TAKE TIME.
SURELY aE DESTRUCTIVE AND WOULD LESSEN THE VITALITY OF
THE HUMAN SPECIES AND OUR POTENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL.
APPALACHIA: O SIORE&lON
UR
THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS FROM EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA TO THEIR
SOUTHERN LIMITS IN NORTHERN GEORGIA AND ALABAMA COMPRISE OUR
COMPLETE BIOREGION.
PROTECTING AND MAINTAINING THE LIFE OF THE MOUNTAINS
IS A VERY PRACTICAL SORT OF WISDOM, FOR OUR WELL-BEING
AND THE SPIRITUAL HEALTH OF THE LAND ARE INTIMATELY
LINKED.
CLWTINUED ON PAG£ tO
GEOLOGICALLY, THE APPALACHIAN CHAIN PICKS UP AGAIN TO THE
NORTH AS THE CATSKILL AND ADIRONDACK MOUNTAiNS IN NEW YORK
STATE AND THE GREEN AND WHITE MOUNTAINS IN NEW ENGLAND. BUT
aut\ml 1983
r
KATlWl - page 11
�A RESOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR KATUAH AREA
THE BIOREGION IVEA
AKWESASNE NOTES. A BASIC CALL TO CONSCIOUSNESS: THE RAV DENO SAU NEE ADDRESS TO
THE WESTERN WORLD. AKWESASNE NOTES, PUBLISHER-cJo MOHAWK NATION, ROOSEVELTOWN, NY 1368~e bioregional ethic as lived by the Iroquois Nation from
Paleolithic era to the present and the attack upon it by European colonialism.
BERG, PETER, ed. REINHABITING ! SEPARATE COUNTRY. PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION, BOX 31251,
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94131. 1978. The bioregional experience, Northern California as example.
BERRY, WENDELL. THE UNSETTLING OF AMERICA. SIERRA CLUB,
LAND. NORTH POINT PRESS,
SNYDER, GARY . EARTH HOUSE.ti:OLD. NEW DIRECTIONS; THE OLD WAYS. CITY LIGHTS; THE
REAL WORK. NEW DIRECTIONS; TURTLE ISLAND. NEW DIRECTIONS. Bioregional
classics - poems and essays of respect to Gaia and the "real work", getting
in touch with ourselves and nature.
TUKEL, GEORGE. TOWARD! BIOREGIONAL MODEL ; BERG, PETER. t?IGURES OF REGULATION;
TODD, JOHN & TUKE~. GEORGE. REINHABITING CITIES AND TOWNS. PLANET DRUM
FOUNDATION, publisher. Some of the publications from Planet DrlDD which
give a good overall $ense of designing for sustainability.
periodicals:
AKWESASNE NOTES. c/o MOhAWK NATION, ROOSEVELTOWN, NY 13683. Official publication
of the Mohawk Nation; Best statemect of the traditional Native viewpoint
on modern problems .
CoEVOLUTION QUARTERLY (CEQ). "WATERSHE!'JS" ISSUE. WINTER, 1976-77. published t;y
the Whole Earth Catalog, Box 428, Sausalito, CA 94966.
CoEVOLUTION QUARTERLY. "BIOREGIONS" ISS!.iE . no . 32 WINTER 1981. published oy tile:
Whole Earth Catalog .
RAISE 7HE STAKES.PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION, Box 31251, Sa& Francisco, CA 94~31.
- - Tri-annual publication dedicated to "deve:!.oping, analyzing <i-:ld communicating the concept of a bioregion". Interested in developing an exchange
among individuals and groups "tnat are exploring cultural, environmental
anci economic forms appropriate to L:he places they live in".
GEOLOG'I
ROGERS, JOHN. THE TECTONICS OF THE APPALACHIANS. WILEY-INTERSCIENCE, 1970.
NATURAL HISTORY
Use any good field identification books ( The A~dubon Field Guides
good) plus the following of special regional interest:
BROOKS, MORRIS. THE APPALACHIANS.
~re
particularly
Natural History textbook.
CAMPBELL, HUTSON, SHARPE. GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAIN WILDFLOWERS . UNIVERSITY OF TN PRESS.
CHILTOSKEY, .'1ARY & HAMEL, PAUL . CHEROKEE PLANTS. HERALD PUBLISHING, 1975. Syl va, NC
ELLIOTT, DOUG. ROOTS. CHATHAM PRESS . Exceller.t 5uide to r:ne underground world of
medicinal and othe::vide useful plant rhizomes.
GRAY, SAM. HAZEL CREEK: PATTERNS OF LIFE ON AN APPALACHIAN WATERSHED. MOUNTAIN
HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY, CULLOWHEE, NC.
HESLER, L. R•. ' MUSHROOMS OF THE GREAT SMOKIES.
KROCHMAL, ARNOLD AND CONNIE. GUIDE TO MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES . QUADRANGLE PRESS. Experts on Appalachian plant life.
KATUAH - page 12
autunn 1983
�LINZEY, ALICIA AND DONALD. MAMMALS OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK.
UNIVERSITY OF TN PRESS.
STUPKA, ARTHUR. NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK;
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK.
One of the best-k. lwn naturalists specializing on this area.
STUPKA, ARTHUR AND HUHEEY, JAMES. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GREAT SMOKY
MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK. The Smokies are known for the varieties of
amphibious creatures.
BARTRAM, WILLIAM. THE TRAVELS OF WILLIAM BARTRAM. BARNES & NOBLE. One of the
first whites into the area, Bartram wrote of the land and the Indians
in almost an untouched state.
TIME-LIFE. THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS . TIME-LIFE BOOKS AND JEROME DOOLITTLE, 1975.
NATIVE INHABITANTS
There are a lot of books on the Cherokees, but it is hard to find information
about their traditional ways. Mooney is the best source.
MOONEY, JAMES. MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE AND SACRED FORMULAS OF THE CHEROKEE.
CHARLES ELDER, BOOKSELLER.
GRAY, SAM. MYTHIC MAPS: CHEROKEE LEGENDS OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. MOUNTAIN
HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN CAROLINA UNIVERSITY.
ULMER, MARY AND BECK, SAMUEL. CHEROKEE COOKLORE . PUBLISHED BY MARY AND GOINGBACK
CHILTOSKY, 1951. MUSEUM OF CHEROKEE INDIAN.
JOURNAL OF THE CHEROKEE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. CHEROKEE, NC 28719 . Periodical .
Sometimes interesting, sometimes boring accounts of Cherokee life and
history, almost always by white academics.
WHITE SETTLERS: HISTORY ANO CU L
TURE
CAMPBELL, JOHN C. THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDER AND HIS HOMELAND. UNIVERSITY PRESS OF
KENTUCKY .
KEPHART, HORACE. OUR SOUTHERN HIGHLANDERS . UNIVERSITY OF TN PRESS
LOVINS, CLIFFORD R. OUR MOUNTAIN HERITAGE. MOUNTAIN HERITAGE CENTER, WESTERN
CAROLINA UNIVERSITY.
PARRIS, JOHN. ROAMING THE MOUNTAINS ; MY MOUNTAINEERS, MY PEOPLE; THESE STORIED
MOUNTAINS. A good storyteller and knowledgeable"""'ibout the mountains, if
you can get through his descriptive verbiage .
VAN NOPPEN, JOHN AND INA. WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. APPALACHIAN
CONSORTIUM PRESS.
WIGGINTON, ELIOT, ed. THE FOXFIRE BOOK and FOXFIRE 2-6. ANCHOR PRESS/DOUBLEDAY.
The famous interview series on mountain culture.
SEEING
BERRY, WENDELL. THE WHEEL (poems) ; FARMING:~ HANDBOOK : THE COUNTRY OF
MARRIAGE
CARTER, FORREST. THE EDUCATION OF LITTLE TREE. DELACORTE PRESS.
A young boy learns from his Cherokee grandparents in East Tennessee.
DILLARD, ANNIE. PILGRIM AT TINKER CREEK. HARPER'S MAGAZINE PRESS.
PORTER, ELIOT (PHOTOS) AND ABBEY, EDWARD (TEXT). APPALACHIAN WILDERNESS .
BALLANTINE BOOKS. NEW YORK, 1973.
POLITICS
ASKINS, JOHNSON, LEWIS, editors . COLONIALISM IN MODERN AMERICA: THE APPALACHIAN
CASE.
EMERGING 810REGIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN RESOURCE CATALOG. PUBLISHED 1980-82 . AVAILABLE NOW
IN LIBRARIES OF WNC AREA.
autunn 1983
�FOLKS IN THE OZARKS HAVE BEEN MEETING AS
A BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS EACH YEAR FOR THE
LAST THREE YEARS. OTHER BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES AROUND OUR CONTINENT ARE BEGINNING TO CONVENE AS WELL. IN FACT, THERE
IS EVEN GOING TO BE A NORTH AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS IN SPRING OF 1984 TO
BRING TOGETHER ALL OF THESE CONGRESSES.
WHY ARE THESE CONGRESSES HAPPENING AND
WHAT ARE THEY ABOUT? WELL, FIRST OF ALL,
BIOREGIONAL BOUNDARIES ARE CLEARLY DIFFERENT THAN POLITICAL BOUNDARIES.WHEN YOU
BEGIN TO THINK BIOREGIONALLY, YOU BEGIN
TO HONOR WHOLE PROCESSES THAT SURROUND
YOU. YOU CANNOT CUT OFF A MOUNTAIN RANGE
JUST BECAUSE IT HAPPENS TO EXTEND INTO
ANOTHER STATE; NOR CAN YOU SAY THAT YOU
CAN FORGET WHAT HAPPENS DOWN RIVER BECAUSE IT HAPPENS TO BE UNDER OTHER'POLITICAL JURISDICTION'. IN OTHER WORDS,
BIOREGIONAL BOUNDARIES INCLUDE "WHOLE
SYSTEMS" AND HONOR THE NATURAL, ECOLOGICAL "LEGAL" SYSTEM THAT IS ALREADY
FUNCTIONING.
BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES A.lIB INFORMAL LEGISLATIVE BODIES WHICH HAVE 'CROPPED UP',
SO TO SPEAK, WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE BIOREGIONS. A MAIN PURPOSE OF A BIOREGIONAL
CONGRESS IS TO REFLECT WITHIN THE HUMAN
CONSCIOUSNESS/CULTURE THE WIDER "BIOLEGAL" STRUCTURE THAT EXISTS IN THAT BIOREGION; IN OTHER WORDS, TO TRANSLATE INTO HUMAN TERMS THE ECOLOGICAL LEGAL SYSTEM WHICH IS ALREADY FUNCTIONING IN THAT
BIOREGION.
ANOTHER PURPOSE OF A BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS
IS TO FACILITATE THE ADAPTATION--INTEGRATION--INTER-FACING OF THE HUMAN CULTURE
INTO THE WIDER BIO-SYSTEM. HERE THE EMPHASIS IS ON "SUSTAINABILITY". ARE HUMAN
PRACTICES THERE --ECONOMIC, SPIRITUAL,
SOCIAL,ETC.-- ALLOWING FOR OR CONTRIBUTING TO THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BIOREG- ION.
THE FOLKS IN THE OZARKS WHO CONVENE EACH
YEAR AS THE OZARK AREA COMMUNITY CONGRESS
(O.A.C.C.) HAVE BEGUN TO EVOLVE A VIABLE
PROCESS FOR "CONGRESSING". THEY HAVE FIRST
IDENTIFIED ALL THE VARIOUS ASPECTS IN THE
BIOREGION WHICH THEY CONSIDER TO BE SIGNIFICANT. HAVING IDENTIFIED THESE ASPECTS,
THEY , THEN, HAVE SET UP ELEVEN PERMANENT
STANDING COMMITTEES TO ADDRESS THESE INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS AND TO CAUCUS DURING
EACH CONGRESS. THE ELEVEN COMMITTEES ARE
AS FOLLOWS : APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL
COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS
COMMUNITIES/ALTERNATIVE LAND TENU
AGRICULTURE/DIRECT MARKETING
BIOREGIONAL/ECOLOGICAL POLITICS
ENERGY/RENEWABLE RESOURCES
HEALTH
EDUCATION/NETWORKING/COMMUNICATION
PEACE/HUMAN RIGHTS
SAFE ENERGY
KAT6AH -
page 14
autunn 1983
�EACH REPRESENTATIVE ATTENDING THE CONGRESS
IS ASKED TO JOIN ONE OF THE ELEVEN STANDING
COMMITTEES AND TO CAUCUS WITH THAT COMMITTEE DURING THE CONGRESSIONAL SESSION. THE
COMMITTEES MEET SEVERAL TIMES DURING THE
FOUR-DAY SESSION OF THE CONGRESS --DOING
INTENSIVE NETWORKING, INFORMATION-SHARING,
AND PLANNING WHAT THEY WILL DO AS A GROUP
FOR THE COMING YEAR.
A MAJOR FUNCTION FOR EACH STANDING COMMITTEE IS TO DRAFT A SET OF RESOLUTIONS -WHICH ACT AS A PERMANENT GUlDELINE FOR
THAT COMMITTEE'S DIRECTION. TOWARDS THE
END OF THE CONGRESSIONAL SESSION , THE RESOLUTIONS ARE THEN BROUGHT TO THE FULL CONGRESS IN PLENARY SESS ION AND ARE REVIEWED
AND RATIFIED . TAKEN AS A WHOLE THE BODY OF
RESOLUTIONS FROM THE ELEVEN MAJOR COMMITTEES THEN FORMS THE CONSTITUTION/MISSION
STATEMENT FOR THE CONGRESS.
THROUGH ITS CONSTITUTION , THE CONGRESS-BY IDENTIFYING THE MAJOR AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BIOREGION -- HOPES TO PROVIDE
A "ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE" TO THE ACTUAL
BIOREGION, IN ORDER TO ACKNOWLEDGE ITS COMPLEXITY AND INTERWOVENESS AND, THEREFORE,
TO CONSCIOUSLY PLAN FOR ITS SUSTAINABILITY.
IN OTHER WORDS , THE CONGRESS HOPES TO
"MIRROR" THE BIOREGION.
THE REPRESENTATIVES WHO ATTEND THE CONGRESS
ARE MAINLY PEOPLE FROM THE BIOREGION WHO
ARE ALREADY INVOLVED IN THE "SUSTAINABILITY" OF THE BIOREGION IN SOME WAY --EITHER
THROUGH THE ARTS, THE ENVIRONMENT, THE
REGIONAL ECONOMY,ETC . THE CONGRESS IS NOT
"JUST ONE MORE THING TO DO" -- IT IS A WAY
OF LETTING PEOPLE WHO ARE ALREADY WORKING
ON PARTICULAR ISSUES OR IN SPECIFIC AREAS
SEE HOW THEY ' FIT IN' TO THE WIDER PICTURE
OF SUSTAINING THE BIOREGION AND TO RENEW
THEIR SENSE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR PERSONAL ACTION .
IN THE YEAR BETWEEN CONGRESSES, THE STANDING COMMITTEES MAY MEET PHYSICALLY , OR JUST
MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN MEMBERS , OR
DO NOTHING AT ALL. THEIR DEGREE OF ORGANIZATION IS ENTIRELY SELF-DETERMINING AND DEVELOPS OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS. O.A.C.C.
FEELS THAT IT IS KEY THAT THE CONGRESS DEVELOP IN A NON-FORCED, ORGANIC WAY -- THAT
THERE NOT BE STRONG EXPECTATIONS LAID ON
THE CONGRESS OR ITS COMMITTEES IN ITS FIRST
YEARS. THE METAPHOR IS THAT OF Ni\TURAL
AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES: LET IT UNFOLD,
REMEMBERING THAT THE BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS
MODEL IS NOT BASED ON "HUMAN LAW" AND
HUMAN PRIORITIES BUT RATHER ON THE WIDER
RHYTHMS.
THE VARIOUS BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES ON
THIS CONTINENT AND THOSE BEGINNING IN
EUROPE ARE EMERGING BECAUSE THE STANDARD
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES, BOTH REGIONALLY
AND NATIONALLY, ARE NOT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THIS REALITY OF WHOLE, INTERDEPENDENT SYSTEMS NOR ARE THEY TAKING ON THE
TASK OF SUSTAINING OUR ECOLOGICAL, CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE. THESE EMERGING BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES ARE PROVIDING A MEANS
FOR HEALING AND RE-NEWING THE BODY POLITIC,
IN ITS TRUE SENSE. THROUGH THESE CONGRESSES,
WE HUMANS CAN AGAIN ALIGN OURSELVES WITH
THE FORCES THAT ALLOW THIS PLANET TO
EXIST.
dltawn 61Wm c.onveJt6a..Uon6 wlth Vav.ld Hae.nke.
HERE IS A LIST OF BIOREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,
BOTH EXISTING ONES AND THOSE IN FORMATION:
OZARK AREA COMMUNITY CONGRESS , O.A.C.C. O.A. C. C., Box 129, Drury, Missouri 65638. Thia Congress meets in the fall of each year. Bioregionaliata from other areas are welcome to attend. O.A. C.C.
is also spearheading t he co-ordination of the upcOIDing North Amer ican Bioregional Congress .
THE GREAT LAKES BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS G.L.B.C. , Box 24 , Old Mission, Michigan 49673. Thia
Congress is now being formed and plans to hold its
first congress in October ('83).
OCOOH AREA COHMUNITY CONGRESS OCOOH, c/o Spark Burwiaater, Rt.l, Box 77A, Chaseburg
Wisconsin 54621. This Congress is now organizing and
may hold a Congress this fall ('83).
NEW YORK STATE BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS -
c/o Alan Casline/ROOTDRINKER, Box 864, Sarasota
Springs , New York 12866. Thia Congress is now
forming and is planning for a Congress to be held
July 4, 1984.
KANSAS AREA WATERSHED COUNCIL, KAW KAW, 816 Mississippi St, Lawrence, Kansas 66044.
Thia Congress formed in Kay, 1982. A Congress is
scheduled for tbJ.s fall ( '83).
O. S.INTERIOR PACIFIC NORTHWEST c/o Michael Pilarski, Friends of the Trees Society
Box 1064, Tonasket, Washington 98855 . A bioregional gathering is being planned for this winter ('83).
SOUTHERN APPALACHIA BIOREGION c/o KATUAH, Rt . 2 Box 132, Leicester, NC 28748.
A strong bioregional consciousness is coming out
of this area. A new bioregional journal KATUAH
will be published quarterly, beginning i~
fall ('83). There is also interest in forming a
Congress for the area .
U.S.SOOTHEAST c/o Southern Onity Network/Renewable Energy Projects (SUNREP) P.O.Box 10121, Knoxville,TN 37919 .
SUNR!P organized the Southeastern Connections Conference which was held in August '82 and was cosponsored by over 77 organizations in the Southeast. This conference included vorbhops on bioregional organizing. SUNREP offers to help facilitate people in the Southeast to s et up bioregional organizations in their area.
COLORADO PLATEAU Southwest Bioregional Congress, 227 Eas t Coronado,
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 . A Southwest Bioregional Congress is in the process of being formed. A
Congress was scheduled for fall ' 83, but has been
postponed.
OHIO RIVER BASIN Ohio River Basin Information Service (ORBIS) c/o
Sunrock Farm, 103 Gibson Lane, Wilder, KY 41076.
The Ohio River Basin Information Service has been
formed to facilitate bioregional awareness in this
vast watershed .
TENNESSEE BIOREGIONS c/o Louise Gorenflo, editor , Tennessee Organic Growe r, Route 6 Box 526, Crossville, TN 38555. Bioregional consciousness is being developed in this area
and a bioregional gathering is being planned.
INTERNATIONAL
THAMES VALLEY BIOREGION c/o Mark ltinzley, 7 Gayshaa Avenue, Cants Hill ,
Ilford, Essex IG2 6TB England. A bioregional
organization is beginning to form in London.
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IM LEARNING
MORE ABOUT BIOREGIONAL CONGRESSES
OR IN HELPING TO FORM A CONGRESS
FOR OUR SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIOREGION, PLEASE CONTACT:
Marnie Mulle r c/o KATUAH
Rt.2 Box 132, Leicester,NC 28748
RNIE MULLER
autum 1983
KATdtw -
page 15 '
�" TheJte. ne.e.d.6 to be. Continent Con91tu6
that the.
occ.upa~
6.inai.1.tj become
60
06 Nollth Ame.JU.ca can
.inhabUa~
LEARN TO BUILV A LCXll-COST, FUEL-EFFICIENT
FINNISH MA.SONRV WOOV-HEATER
and frind out
whVte the.IJ Me.•• Th-U ti.me Con91tu6 iA
a veJtb •.. Cong1tu6, come togetheJt. Come
togetheJt with the continent. "
- PeteJt Be.Ilg, 7976
THE NORTH AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL
CONGRESS ( NABC ) IS SCHEDULED TO
BE HELD IN MAY, 1984 IN THE NORTHERN OZARKS. IT WILL
BE THE FIRST MAJOR CONVENING OF THE CONTINENTAL BIOREGIONALIST MOVEMENT AND WILL INCLUDE THOSE WORJ<ING
IN 'GREEN POLITICS' AND FOR SUSTAINABILITY, IN GENERAL,AS WELL AS NATIVE TRIBES AND ORGANIZATIONS.
A HANDS-ON
CONSTRUCTION
WORKSHOP wU:h
an in-depth 1teview 06
it.6 contJt.a-ntow duign
pll.inciptu
SEPT.16-18, 1983
Workshop leader:
Tom Trout
FOR THE EXPERIENCED
AND INEXPERIENCED
SINCE 1981 WHEN A RESOLUTION WAS PASSED BY O.A.C.C.II
ALIKE
(OZARK AREA COMMUNITY CONGRESS) CALLING FOR A NORTH
AMERICAN BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS, INDIVIDUALS AND ORGAN- Thi6 week-end wo1tfuhop
IZATIONS HAVE BEEN WORJ<ING TOWARDS CO-ORDINATING THIS
6e.atWle both a
CONGRESS.
1tev.lew 06 the F.lnn.i.6h
Ma.6onlllj He.ateJt du.lgn
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN YOUR ORGANIZATION BECOMING
A CO-SPONSOR FOR THIS CONGRESS OR IF YOU WANT TO PART- M well. M the hand.6on con.6.tlw.ct.ion 06 it
ICIPATE IN CO-ORDINATING THIS CONGRESS, CONTACT:
---at Long Bllanch EnTHE BIOREGIONAL PROJECT/N.A.B.C.
v.i.Jr.onmentai. Education
BOX 129
CenteJt.
DRURY, MO 65638
rwt
--~:::c;;:CCI
P.-.-n--.:::=~-
I.ONG BRANCH
t:N\?IRONMl:NTAl
t:OUCATJON
Cf:NTt:R
Rl'ul.z 2. Box 132
1..ek:es\er. N .C . 28748
INFORMATION
683-3662
PLANET DRUM BOOKS
Planet Drum Foundation is dedicated to the vision
of communities living within the natural cycles and
energy flows of their particular bioregion-in the city
or in the country-as conscious participants in the biosphere. Many people and a growingnumberofcommunities have adopted a bioregional stan~-they
retnhabit their regions, they choose to Uve-inplace and intend to restore and maintain that
place in the planetary web of life.
HOW ABOUT YOU?
We foster and report the bioregional
movement. and relate It to devolution,
Native American issues and dec:entralism
in Raile tlw Stoia, a trl-annual review.
We network amon1 emerpnt bioreg·
Iona I sroups to provide needed information. reference to expertise and contacts with potential memben and other groups.
Planet Drum Foundation memben
set Roi# tlw Stalra.
Planet/ Drum "Bundle1"
and publications from Planet Drum Books. We
respond to requests for information and
contacts. and consider memben as
bioresional correspondents. Membership
also helps support our efforts to achieve recognition for bioregions and create a reinhabitory society.
Yearly Membenldp/115
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We invite you to join the Planet Drum circle.
D S15 regular membership (one year)
Help us help your bioregional ettorts
Name ··- _ _
-~
Addn·'~
(1!\
Zip
BOX 31251 SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA. 94131 USA
• Rrlnhabiling a Srparatr
Country: A Bloregional Anthol·
OJ.!!/ of Northern California.
editt'<i hy Peter Berg. 220 pages.
E~ay,, natural history, biographies, poem~ and stories re\·ealing Northern Co&lifomia as a di.~
tinct area of the planetary biosphere. SS postpaid.
• Devolutionary Note1 by
Michael Zwerln. 64 pages. A fir~t
hand account or European M>parati~t movements today. S3.50
postpaid.
• Eco-Derf'ntrali.st Dmgn: A 3.
,·olume set including Figura of
Regulation: Guides for Re-Bala ncing Society with Thr Biosphere by Peter Berg; Toward a
Bioregional Model: Clearing
Ground for Watershed Planning
by George Tukel; and Reinhabiting Cities and Towns: Delignlng
for Swtainability by John Todd
with Geori~e Tukel. 98 pages
complete. Critical preliminary
readings for intentional bioregional planning. $10 postpaid.
• Bloreglons: Winter l 981 / 2,
issue 132 or CoEvolution Quar·
terly. Guest edited by Peter Bertt
and Stephanie Mills. 144 pages.
Murra)' Bookchin on social ecology, Jan Morris, Gary Snyder,
and Peter Berg with essays on
de\'olution and the Fourth
World. Jerry Mandt>r. Winona
La Dukt•, \\'t"' Jac-kson and Paul
I la" kt•n art' amon2 othl'f'i "ho
l'ontrih11tt• tu thi' il'.,•1t·. R<·1l<1rt'
on tlw South"t"t. Gre:.11 Plain\.
'1:11rtl1 \\ 11e11k ,111d :\la,k.t in tht•
l ' ~.A. ~4 l''"tpaid
BUNDLES
• Rur l..lm111 Tiie Rm kir\. A \IX·
p.ut l\11ndl1· of l"-\a\·s. p0t•m,.
j1111rnak c·alt·ndar' and prnpmah
ahout tht• fral!ilt Rock' ~toun
tain,. $4 po\lllaid.
PLEASE CUT AND MAIL IN TODAYi .
.
~
- page 16
autam 1983
�ALTERNATJVES
TO ECONOMJCS
SUSTAINABILITY OF OUR BIOREGION IS INTIMATELY BOUNV TO
OUR ABILITY TO RE-CONCEPTUALIZE OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM. WE
AS A CULTURE NEEV JO GET OURSELVES BACK ON AN EVEN KEEL
WITH OUR ENVIRONMENT BY FIGURING OUT HOW TO INTEGRATE
OUR HUMAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM INTO THE WIVER 'PRIMARY ECONOMIC SYSTEM' OF THE BIOSPHERE. RIGHT NOW OUR HUMAN
ECONOMIC SYSTEM IS OPERATING OFF-BALANCE BECAUSE IT
VOES NOT REFLECT THE ACTUAL ENERGY INPUT-OUTPUT THAT
IS OCCURING ANV BECAUSE IT EXTERNALIZES A PORTION OF
ITS BASIC COSTS OUTSIVE OF ITS BUVGETING SYSTEM.
A GOOV TEXT TO REAV ON THIS SUBJECT IS HAZEL HENVERSON'S
THE POLITICS OF THE SOLAR AGE: ALTERNATIVES TO ECONOMICS
(Ancho~ Book'6~, 1981). THIS VERY REAVABLE BOOi<°IS ACTUALLY A TREATISE ON REFORMULATING ECONOMICS --HlXAJ TO SHIFT
"FROM ECONOMIES THAT MAXIMIZE PROVUCTION ANV ARE BASEV
ON NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES, TO ECONOMIES THAT MINIMIZE
WASTE, RECYCLE EVERYTHING, MAXIMIZE RENEWABLE RESOURCES,
ANV ARE MANAGE'O FOR SUSTAINEV-YIELV PROVUCTIVITY".(p. 81
HENVERSON APPROACHES THE QUESTION OF RE-CONCEPTUALIZING
ECONOMICS FROM A PLANETARY PERSPECTIVE, BUT HER "MEASURING STICKS" CAN WORK ON A BIOREGIONAL LEVEL, AS WELL.
FOR OUR BIOREGION, WE CAN BEGIN TO ASK THESE KEY QUESTIONS:
If the economic system in the bioregion is considered to be efficient/beneficial/productive, FOR
WHOM is it efficient/beneficial/productive and OVER
WHAT PERIOD OF TIME is this being judged?
-Since no system is value-free, what are the
VALUES inherent in our EXISTING economic system?
In terms of scale, what is the best scale to
use when the variables of RENEWABLE ENERGY, FULL EMPLOYMENT and ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY are being
considered?
RE-CONCEPTUALIZING ECONOMICS FOR OUR BIOREGION MEANS
THAT WE BEGIN TO KEENLY EXAMINE THE PRACTICES OF OUR
CULTURE TO SEE IF THEY REFLECT OUR TRUE VALUES ANV TO
SEE IF THEY ARE IN SYNCHRONICITY WITH THE WIVER ECOSYSTEM. WE NEEV TO STUVY A WIVE VARIETY OF PRACTICES
INCLUVING: BANKING PRACTICES; BUILVING COVES; FOOVPROVUCTION; TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS; SOIL ANV WATER
CONSERVATION; HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS; RESEARCH SECTOR;
MARKffiNG SYSTEMS; GOVERNMENTAL BUVGET PRIORITIES;
ANV SO ON.
,,
KATUAH WOULO LIKE TO PROVIVE A FORUM FOR THOSE OF
US IN THIS AREA WHO ARE PARTICULARLY INTERESTEV IN
RE-CONCEPTUALIZING ECONOMICS FOR OUR AREA. IF YOU
ARE INTERESTEV IN RESEARCHING A SPECIFIC AREA OF
THIS ISSUE OR IN WRITING AN ARTICLE OR IN SHARING
IVEAS, PLEASE LET US KNOOJ.~
- MARNIE MULLER, A..lteJtna;t,lve Econom.i.C.6
,,
EditoJr.
KATUAH, Rt. 2 Box. 132, LeicuteJL, NC
FROM POLITICS OF THE SOLAR AGE:
ALTERNATIVES TO ECONOMICS
Hazel Henderson • • ••••. • • • ••
'
v ..
'
. .
'~ -. ··
'
•.
l!n··
. ff il
~.
"The task for all of us committed to these
social-change movements (human rights, corporate accountability, economic justice, ~onsumer
and environmental protection, holistic health,
appropriate technologies and those promoting
stmple living, personal growth, and greater
awareness of the interdependence of the human
family on this blue planet) is to see that
we a.te. 011e. coa.Lltlort in the larger politics of
reconceptualization . Together we must demystify today's counterfeit priesthood of •puppet•
leaders, and map and align our own energies
with these larger-field forces and the energies
that, in reality, drive our planet: the daily
solar flux, which in turn drives our planetary
weather system; the cycles of oxygen, of nitrogen, and of hydrogen, and the plant photosyntbeais that is our ~ e.collOm.i.c 4114tem•••••••••
• • • we can see ourselves and our diverse socialchange activities as part of a living orchestration, generating larger patterns, out of which
grow new paradigms of knowledge, policy, and
personal behavior.•
• •• For many of us, activities in various movements for social change have helped us understand our own and each other's inner space and
to tap the deeply coded knowledge of the creation. This inner/outer search provides a base
for healing the body politic. Some of us, in
the environmental movement for example, began
with the objective manifestations of human
pathology or, as in my case, with diagnosing
the pathology of economics . Now we are coming
together in a growing coalition with the potential for 'wholing' ourselves 111td recycling our
culture.•
"Farmers have always understood what
sustained-yield productivity means -now we have to teach it to economists."
"When asked for advice by the U.S.State
Department concerning the formulas that
economics might develop, my response was
that the economic method was entirely
inappropriate, since economic models do
not take account of bio-productivity,
the requirement for diversity in ecosystems. the widely differing approaches
to production and consumption in each
culture and value system as lte.60WtCe.6 ••• "
28748
autmJn
1983
f
KA'lUNI - page 17
\
�CONTIMIED FROM PAc.£ 8
(preferably nylon screens) suspended a few
The apple tree, like most of us who call
ourselves American, is not native to the
feet above your wopd stove or oth~r heat
source. The drying usually takes three days
Americas. Some crab apples are an exception,
to a week. During warm, dry weather
but the apple tree actually originated in
(a rarity in the Appalachains) apples can
Persia although it had been cultivated in
Europe for at least 2000 years before it
be sun-dried, but they must be taken inside
every night to protect them from the dew.
was brought to the New World. Despite its
Traditionally, people who were preparing
foreign origins, no tree has contributed
more to America than the apple tree . Besides
apples for the market peeled them to make
the vinegars and tonics , it's given us apple
a more refinerl product. However. this is not
necessar y, especially if the apples have not
jack, apple brandy, apple wine and apple
been sprayed.
cider ; there's apple jelly, apple sauce,
The art of preserving fresh-eating apples
apple butter, apple cake and pie; and
l\'\Cr't-,
nowadays has been relegated to the relm of
don't forget apple leather (broiled and
horticultural science and refrigeration
dried apples), candy apples, baked apples,
engineering. Modern storage houses are vaporscalloped apples, apple grunter and apple crisp
sealed and have massive refrigeration systems
that maintain a constant temperature of 31 F.
and a relative humidity of at least 85% .
However, the-old-time methods of storing
apples are still worth knowing, not only
because they may be of use to those who
might like to store a few bushels of apples
for home use but also because they demonstrate
a creative relationship with the enviornment
app~.
and a sensitivity to nature that is disappearing from our modern world.
Eor· th~ person versed in the art of applestoring, the first thing to consider is the
hase of the moon. As Theron tells it ,"keeping"
apples are best picked on the "down side"
of the moon (yhen it is waning). During this
phase, any bruises that occur will most likely
dry up and not ruin the apple. However, if
you make hard cider or home brew, you'd best
make it during the "comin' up" of the moon,
since things "work" or ferment better as the
on is waxing.
Next you must choose a good keepingapple variety. Winter Johns and HardThere are apple toys like apple-faced
enings are the favorites in our area .
dolls and apple games like bobbing for
The apples are picked carefully, each
apples. Appl e wood is prized wherever
apple lifted upward to snap off the
a hard, fine- gr a ined wood i s called for.
stem. If it is pulled so that the stem
In colonial days, it was used for marips out of the apple , decay can soon
chinery, particularly cogs, wheels and
ruin it. In colonial days two men, a
shuttles. Even the apple tree bark can
picker and a packer, harvested each tree
be used as a vegetable dye to give vivid
with gloved hands . The picker handed
golds and yellows.
two apples at a time down to the packer
Jonathan Chapman, better known as
who carefully laid the apples in straw
Johnny Appleseed, said, " Nothing gives
on a sled. (A sled juggled and bumped
more yet asks less in r eturn than a tree,
less than a wagon or a wheelbarrow.)
particularly the appl e."
When loaded, the sled was skidded over
Whenever you roam the hills and the
hay to the packing cellar.
hollows of the Appalachians and come upon
The apples were then stored in cellars .
an apple tree, stop and look around . You
In Vermont and Connecticut where there
will probably see others as well and
was ready access to quarries, some apple
perhaps some ancient rose bushes, lilacs
cellars actually had marble shelves to
or other cultivated plants. Nearby, you
keep the fruit cold and dry. Sometimes
may see the ruins of an old cabin, perhaps
they even had windmills that operated
no more than the fallen chimney and a
fans inside them to keep the air moving.
depression i n the ground that marks the
Noah Webster recommended packing apples
cellar where many an apple was stored.
in heat-dried sand . Others used grain
Living in the space age, it is difficult
pr dry straw. Sometimes really special
_
for most of us to understand the richness
apples were hung "by their tails" (stems) ~-~ ~- 7 -~
as well as the hardships of that kind of
from the cellar 's rafters. One favorite ~ -:::;../
l lfe. Other than reading a little history,
down-home Appalachian apple sot rehouse
~'=:--:::;-~ - "
listening to the music and the s tories of
is a hollow chestnut stump. It is cleaned
the old-timers, there aren't many ways for
out, lined with dry leaves, filled with
us to get a flavor of the old times-unless
apples, covered with more dry leaves and
it's through the flavor of old-time apples.
some slabs of bark to shed the rain .
Theron has also piled apples on the ground
and then covered them with a thick layer
Voug Elliott iA c.uJrJr.enti.y Uvi.ng i.n
of "loose blade fodder"-dried corn leaves8UIUt6 ville, N. C. • He iA well.-known
tied in bundles. This insulates the apples
i.n :the mounta..LM a.6 an heJLbai.iA:t a.nd
from severe cold, yet allows plenty of
a. hil.alti..olLA i,tolltj:telle.JL. He -l6 :the
air circulation. "They'll keep all winter,"
au:tholl 06 a. book, Root.6: An UndeJr.Theron says.
gJr.Ound Follag eJL' .s GUlde.
'Not~i" ~i'ffll,S
fet
lt7j
a7K7
m rtlur111
pdtrtt.<,tki~ r.!f
,,
tfw;
~
KA1UAH - page 18
autmn 1983
�WHAT IS THE ELEVATION OF THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE
WHAT IS THE GEOLOGICAL UNVERPINNINGS OF YOUR PLACE
?
?
HOW WAS IT FORMEV
?
TRACE THE ROUTE OF WATER FLOW FROM YOUR HOUSE TO THE OCEAN - -TRACE THE PATH OF THE ENERGY THAT POWERS YOUR HOME FROM ITS SOURCE TO YOU --FROM WHICH VIRECTIONS ARE THE SEASONAL PREVAILING WINVS IN YOUR AREA
?
NAME SEVEN COMMON TREES IN YOUR AREA --NAME SEVEN COMMON WILV ANIMALS IN YOUR AREA --NAME SEVEN VARIETIES OF BIRVS COMMON TO YOUR AREA - ARE THEY WINTER OR SUMMER
RESIVENTS ?
VO YOU TALK TO TREES
?
PLANTS
?
LIST FIVE CRITICAL ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN YOUR AREA ---
· ·~ ~;;%;:.
.
~~~I!~~~
WHAT ANV WHERE IS THE CLOSEST NUCLEAR FACILITY TO YOU
?
WHAT ANV WHERE ARE THE LARGE INVUSTRIES NEAR YOU ?
A.) WHAT ARE THEIR WASTE PROVUCTS ? HOW ARE THEY TREATEV ?
8.) VO THEY SELL WITHIN OR OUTSIVE OUR BIOREGION, OR BOTH ?
WHAT IS THE POLICY OF YOUR LOCAL VUMP ON SALVAGE ANV RECYCLING
?
WHAT IS THE STORY BEHINV THE NAME OF YOUR LIVING PLACE ( cove, CJteek, town, etc. ) ?
We woui.d Uk.e yowr. JLupon.6 e and po.6.6-i.ble .6k.e.tchu t.o the tJAJO qu.ution.6
below. Plea.6 e mail. to: Katuah, P.O.Box 873, Cu.Uotdtee, N.C. 28723.
WHAT IS THE TOTEM CREATURE FOR OUR REGION ? ( That -U, the CJtea.twr.e that
by at; wU.qu.enu.6, at; ,impo!Lta.nce to the na:tu.lta.l ecology, oil at; pJLevalence
but expJLU.6U the. .6p.i.Jr1;t 06 owr. aJLea - example.: Pac-i..6-i.c. Nold.hwut - .6a.lmon I
WHAT IS THE TOTEM PLANT FOR OUR REGION
? (
example.: Ozallk. Mou.nta-i..n6 - oak )
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _l_ _ _I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
......... ,,,.•
A..
.....
I
-=-
I
~ ~
........
11.....
•
lll&P..."llli
....1p•11•u-1. , :"°'.
--
I
I
I
111111.'llll
...........
~-Wmrpml belt representin3 the fonnation of the Il:oquoian League with design meaning "one heart for all the nations. n
--------------------------------------------
autumn 1983
IOOU'AH _ page 19
/
�_Q:O:oo~®.oQ....oc.Qo_~_.o-~.oo-or~
REmIABITATIOO
••• IT IS TI ME TO RETURN HOME . .. TO LI VE AS ~
NATIVE PEOPLES OF THIS AREA, MAKING OUR LIVING BY SKI LL ANV ~
ATTUNEMENT TO THIS PLACE, AJJIARE ANV SENSITIVE TO ITS
CHANGES, LIVING SO ITS CHANGES REALLY MATTER ..• RATHER THAN
LIVING IN ONE PLACE ANV SUPPORTING OURSELVES BY EXPLOITING
J:l
THE RESOURCES OF SOMEWHERE ELSE, IT IS TIME TO ROOT OUR
~
LIVES HERE ••• TO SHARE THI~ PLACE WITH TffE LIVING BEINGS
1--J
WHO SHARE IT WITH US...
~
SUSTAINABILITY
... THE LEVEL AT WHICH A BIOREGION CAN
CONTINUE TO PROVUCE WITH INTEGRITY ... MEETING OUR FOOV, WATER ANV ENERGY VEMANVS FROM WITHIN OUR OWN AREA BY TECHNIQUES APPROPRIATE TO THAT AREA ... SHAPING OUR VE
MANVS TO THE
ABILITY OF OUR REGION TO PROVIVE .•. "LIVING FOR THE SEVENTH
GENERATION OF OUR CHILVREN'S CHILVREN"...
g
JJ:
tl
Li
D
~
P.
••• "A VOMICILE ••• LJALLS OF HILLS OR MOUNTAINS, A
FLOOR OF A RIVER OR A LAKE, A ROOF OF RAINCLOUVS . .. CLOUVS ~ ·
PART WITH RAIN WHICH FALLS ANV EROVES THE WALLS INTO THE
AQUEOUS FLOOR WHICH EVAPORATES BACK INTO THE CLOUV R OF ...
O
THE WATER CIRCLE/CYCLE FORMS A BIO-SPHERE"...
N
(Pe.tell Wa11..6ha.U.)
l'1
WATEBSHED
0
ECOLOGICAL LA/JI OF THE BIOSPHERE AS
~
EXPRESSEV IN THE FORCE OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS - EARTH, WATER, ~
FIRE, ANV AIR - IN MOTION ••• THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THESE
ELEMENTS VEFINEV AS LIFE-FORMS , OF WHICH THE HUMAN SPECIES IS ONLY ONE AMONG MANY .•. GREEN LA/JI: BEAUTIFUL, VISPASSIONATE, INEXORABLE, RUTHLESS, ANV TOTALLY JUST...
~
"GREEN IM"
••• THE
~
••• A COUNCIL MEETING OF THE BIOTIC
~
A GOVERNMENT, BUT ITS NATURAL ALTERNATIVE •••
HERE ALL ARE REPRESENTEV, BE THEY CLOUVS, ROCK, SOIL,
PLANTS , ANIMALS, TREES, OR PEOPLE ... WHERE CONSENSUS IS
SOUGHT ON THE ECOLOGICAL LAJJIS OF THE LANV AS WE REAV THEM
IN THE BIOREGION ANV THE LIFE THAT SURROUNVS US . .. WHERE
THE STEWARVS ANV CARETAVERS OF THE LANV VEVELOP STRATEGIES TO VEFENV AN1J PROTECT THE NATURAL ECOLOGY ANV TO
STRENGTHEN THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NATURAL WORLV ...
BIOREX;IOOAL
COMMUNITY ... NOT
~
•• •"ALL THE THINGS OF THE WORLV ARE REAL, MATERIAL THINGS. THE CREATION IS A TRUE, MATERIAL PHENOMENON,
ANV THE CREATION MANIFESTS ITSELF THROUGH REALITY •.. THE
SPIRITUAL UNIVERSE, THEN, IS MANIFEST TO HUMANS AS THE
CREATION .. . (64om the Invoca.tion)
Appalachian Physiographic Provinces
MA? ME.D\TAT\ONS -- c.oNT!NUEO FROM PA•E II
LAND/LIFE/FORMS
WE CAN NEVER COMPREHENV HER, BUT WE CAN KN()il HER. VEEP
IN OUR EVERY CELL, VEEP IN THE SOUL O~ OUR BEING, THERE
CAN AJJIAKEN AN AFFINITY FOR THE LANV SO THAT ONE MOVES
INSTINCTIVELY TO HER RHYTHMS, KNOWS WHERE TO FINV VEER
OR GINSENG, KNOWS WHEN IT WILL RAIN, KNOWS HOW TO
SPEAK TO MOUNTAINS.
••• OUR MOTHER GAIA, THE EARTH, SINGS TO US ••.
IN EVERY PLACE THE SONG IS VIFFERENT: BE IT STEEP, FORESTEV
MOUNTAINS: WIVE, FLAT PLAINS; OR PALM TREE BEACHES ... EACH
EXPRESSION IS UNIQUE ANV REQUIRES A UNIQUE RESPONSE IN THE
THIS IS NATIVENESS. THIS CAN COME FROM GENERATIONS OF
ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, ANV SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THOSE HUMANS
LIVING IN THE SAME AREA, OR IT CAN BE CULTIVATEV BY
WHO ARE LISTENING ... THE PLACE, THE SONG, THE RESPONSE:
~ CONSCIOUSNESS ANV AWARENESS OF OUR RELATIONSHIP TO THE
THE BIOREGION...
~ LAN1J ANV HER WAYS ANV HOW WE LIFE OUR VAILY LIVES IN
HER PRESENCE .
BIOREGION
..n... cs-cro.QtrcJLL>®..o~_o:o_p_g_ :o:o::.o..~
a
''THE IDEA OF A BIOREGIONAL IS CULTURAL. IT DEFINES
BOTH A PLACE AND ADAPTIVE IDEAS ABOUT LIVING IN THAT
PLACE," SAYS PETER BERG OF THE PLANET DRUM FOUNDATION.
THE BIOREGION, AS WELL AS BEIN D
G EFINED B THE LAY OF
Y
THE LAND AND THE FORCE-FLOWS OF THE ELEMENTS, IS ALSO
IN THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF ITS PEOPLE.
IN THE FINAL ANALYSIS, THOSE WHO LOOK TO THE MOUNTAINS TO SEE BEAUTY, THOSE WHO LOOK TO THE MOUNTAINS
FOR STRENGTH AND INSPIRATION, THOSE WHO DEFINE THEMSELVES IN THE MOUNTAINS' TERMS ARE ALL RIGHT THERE IN
THE MOUNTAIN BIOREGION.
THE BIOREGION DOES NOT HAVE TO BE ORGANIZED OR PROCLAIMED. IT IS ALREADY THERE, WAITING FOR US TO DISCOVER IT. IT IS A PROCESS BEGUN LONG AGO, WAITING
ONLY FOR US TO PLUNGE INTO ITS STREAM.
,P'
autum 1983
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FOR TH E I DEAS AND INFoRMATioN !.!il.:!;!: 1!¥.!!m;::~:~~
ABOUT BIOREGIONAL CONSCIENCE
ll{17:~;;tt;.1~~u~~tl~!~~:1
•t1•·-r1 Jt--ffll.,... -~.
THAT WE ARE TRYING TO BRING
~·!!ll~·1r~:rr~:.:.:!r:l:.~
FORTH IN KATt1AH TO BE SPREAD
~tfu~~j~;~:filf.4il~!fJ
FAR AND WIDE WITHIN THE REG:Ujtilf~JHl~~riE~:~}).!.j~
ION, WE NEED THE JOURNAL TO
~iif,lt;1m=.-1~~~-ni';tr.~1J
..... (1:•·l- ·-··l~:·.hl ...~
REACH AS WIDE A GROUP OF PEO- ~:.m!u;~~)jmi!;h.!.:::.i.:.;:
~ ... .!~~m1 1 !L!;!a:!:Cct:\r1
PLE AS POSSIBLE.
:!r.:;!;:t!,~:i~1!~!J·~~~rn~!•
: •r···~t"·J··~1~· , ... ,r
SEEKING THE ,;,~-ur.-·:li:ta :7!,Ji;~.!r~~
TO THIS END WE ARE
·
1 ~:~:;n...:....!-:;,·1:1t':;i.;;
SUPPORT OF OUR READERS IN DE- :~..t-~~:ti!:\!~j!~~!llj~?5i
VELOPING A REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. IF YOU ARE INTER-mi.=ifoil~Bi:"..;~~~::
··· ··:t··-:::?l!~!f~:S.~t·
1
h;!§nil~filH;~ilii'!lli-
ESTED IN HELPING TO DISTRIBUTE
THIS JOURNAL IN YOUR AREA
,
BY
ILLING
PLEASE CONTACT us
F
... ,,..,·,,.,f, ..oi
r..:.F.f!i':!a-r• OUT T HE FORM BELOr.T
'".
· · ....... ·
:w.~~:~m;r.i.lli:!..~tn~:=
~m!;as;.·?~..!<~~:i !;-~hi
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...::,n,-.:--
[r.··f·'·ft~··· 1 c .......n . 1lt
':i;.~.{!i .• 1.~:.::~r~-:!~~
DISTRIBUTORS CONTRACT TO BUY THE JOURN~L AT THE
WHOLESALE PRICE. ALSO FOR EVERY 20 COPIES OF THE
JOURNAL THAT THEY SELL, DISTRIBUTORS GET ONE COPY
FREE TO SELL OR KEEP.
;t;j;
~.
~m·
1.?J
.. ,.
~ii
~-
THIS INCENTIVE IS TO ENCOURAGE DIRECT DISTRIBUTION :irt~
BECAUSE, AS WELL AS BEING A MEDIA COMMUNICATION,
THE JOURNAL IS A "TALKING TOOL" TO HELP INITIATE
DIALOGUE. IN FACT, IT WORKS BEST THAT WAY. THE
~~
STRONGEST CONNECTIONS ARE FACE-TO-FACE AND HEART- :J.::~j
fiiEl
;rn
···TO-HEART. PLAIN WORDS CARRY A STRONG MEANING THEN· ~ll!
PERHAPS YOU FEEL THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO KNOW MORE
ABOUT KATUAH AND THE BIOREGIONAL IDEA IN GENERAL
so AS TO FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE DIALOGUING AND
FIELDING QUESTIONS FROM YOUR NEIGHBORS OR PEOPLE
ON THE STREET.
THIS IS WHY WE PROPOSE LOCAL MEETING GROUPS. THESE
ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN EACH COUNTY OR CITY WHO
MEET TO TALK ABOUT BIOREGIONAL ISSUES IN GENERAL,
AND TO STUDY THEIR LOCAL HABITAT, IN PARTICULAR.
THEY GATHER STORIES OF UNIQUE PEOPLE AND PLACES IN
THEIR AREA AND SEND THEM TO THE JOURNAL. THEY
COALESCE INTO AN AFFINITY/ACTION GROUP IN CASE OF
AN ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY.
THIS IS WHY THERE ARE ONLY I MEMBERS' AND NO I SUBSCRIBERS. TO KATUAH. THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
THIS JOURNAL WILLHOPEFULLY GROW INTO A PROCESS A DYNAMIC PROCESS OF INTERACTION, OPENING, AND
CHANGING ON ALL SIDES THAT WILL FOSTER A GROWING
AWARENESS OF WHAT Is AT STAKE FOR OUR LIVES AND THE
LAND IN THE DAYS TO COME INTERESTED? WRITE US, AND WE'LL EXPLAIN THE DISTRIBUTION PROCEDURE AND HOOK YOU UP WITH OTHERS
NEAR YOU WHO WANT TO GET INVOLVED. THESE ARE THE
TIMES!
U1.{
#
•
#
~-' about KA""·~Ah and a u.<..uueJtulA. uny
-': ', A~.,.
~
0,
0
loofU.liln a:t and Uv,lng wl:t.h theliind, they might al.-60 C1VVr..IJ
·~
h
nO
a c.ameJul and maybe a. .6maU ta.pe /[.eC'.oltdeJt. At:, t: ey .tlr.a.v~,
they .talk wlth people about Ka..tU.a.h, note thw JtUpon.6U,
and pellha.p-6 take thU!t p.i.c.tu.11.e. Fii.om t/W, ,lnteJr.c.hange
c.omu mateJLial.. 60/[. the next .U.6ue 06 the j 0wr.na.l. -- the
c.a.nclld though.t.6 and 6ee.li.ng.6 06 oUJr. ne-i.ghboJUi .
... ""he -v'LU. ~-v ..... "OV"" """"~-vAo,,,.~ ~ -v.. ""he ,...,"""- '\A.In ""'d agni"', .o\.l'i
.. ,... +e "":-e ~·
""L.elj
tW ""........,,
leaJLn the te.Jr.JIJU.n. They Lind .6topning "'""c.u: .the homu
06 new 61Llend6 wheJte they ft.ind a :;;;i.C'.c:;- whetheJr. 6Ji.om
old mountai.n 6olk.6, new age homuteade.JU,, 0/[. .60cia.l.
o.ct.lv.Uu Uv.ing ,ln a ~ a""'""'"... ent.
,,;-1-..
~...,..,,,
The ,,;,.A .. : .,. ,,.;d,, .. /··~01..,,,.~ IM.Q\...
..J:.,.,OV"" n""' mou~""ni .....:0.1_
~...., ..~ .....
'""-1',-v ....
,IA._... ~
0 An-'· nnd 6 ;.,.d "Ov"• "nd .. idgn• .,.L.A.,. •oon be"ome 0°-'
u.o """
"""'' '- ~ ""'
~ ""-nuA... ""
'-'.
Ao
• : .,. ""h
·
LJLle.nu.o. The Vta.v~M.6 J[.e.tuJul to V;(..6-v\.. ""- em '\.,. :- and aga..ut.
A,111e
o
Pe!Lha.fl6 they w.ill be 91Llded onto l.lttte-U.6ed tJw.il..6 that
they Vi.ample down and wlden by thw c.ontinued pa.6.611gU
.60 that t:hey }[.ema.in M r.ooi.fUng }[.OutU 60/[. othell.6 to 60.U.Ow
on thw own joUJr.netj.6 ,ln lateJr. ti.mu when people w.iU
enjoy r.ooi.ki..ng to the,Vr. du.ti.na.ti.on-6.
V.UVUbu:ti.ng KatUo.h c.ould be a new uny to .6ee OWl land
and heJL. people ClMe up.
AnotheJr. .6C'.ene: A 6am-U.y ta.ku Ka:t&.a.h to the c.ornrnunay
At:,
t hey CJVVr..y t he.
WO'W
0
'V ..
.(..U.
'V..
""""
.(..U..
'V\..
potlllc.k and .6eU up a ta.bte to hell. the joWtniJ..l to the.ilt
61Llend6 and ne,ighboJUi. "HeJte, ta.ke a. look. 16 you like U,
you c.a.n. butj .lt. )U.6t don, t .6p.i.U a.ny o6 tha:t g1U1vy on a,
now. Tell. me what you th..i.nk."
::µ:
~~
Olt p.i.dWte th,U,: The .60und 06 dlr.wn6 WU OVVl the bU.6tte
and din 06 the mountain 6a.ilt OJ[. CJLa6t .6how. People W.6t
ii~.~-_: OVeJt to a b!Li.gh:tty C'.Olo}[.ed booth ba.c.ked by a l<Vtge map 06
-··
the Ka,tilah mountai.n Me.a. TheJte they jo,ln people al.Jr.eady
i~~ da.nc..ing to the ciJw.m6 and c.hanting vo,lc.u, "Ka-tu-ah.
*~ Ka-tu-ah. II The .6ound6 JtLLn up and down thw .6p.i.nu,
~ij~; M.ng,lng deeply, open-ing .6e.cJLet pla.c.u c.lo.6ed by c.en.tWLiu
~ht: o6 c..i.v.illza:t..Um.
Hii±~ Then the mU-6,l('. -6.top.6 and .6omeone .6pe.a.k.6 b1Lle6ly .06 a bio~nm 11.eg,lonal 6u.tUJr.e ,ln KatJ.a.h. Thvr.e Me quu.tion-6 and an.6we!L6,
~·f\'{f. and .6ome n_innau'..nu Me .6old. The mU-6.lc. c.ontinuu. A .6eed
:..~!·-·!,n.
-:i
d -·--' b ·
.,.
_ • 06 ®Wi.enU.6 and c.omrrun.lttJ .U pla.nte u.na eg-<..n-6 "-o g}[.ow.
t~·~
~ij~ AnotheJr. ..<.de.a: Young people U.6ed to peddle nW6papeJL6 on
~&T ,,;-1-,, .6:t.1Leet.6 to make a Li.;t;Ue ex.tlul money. Tho.6e da.tj.6 may
f.!t~ b;bac.k, but now U' .6 .in the wl.de c.oMA..doJUi 06 hhopping
i:E~ rnali.li, a:t the c..i.v,lc. c.enteJt on c.onc.eJtt rr-ight, 0/[. maybe a:t
H~ a c.oun:tluj da.nc.e. 16 you know .60me !fOung 60.t.k.6 tha-t would
j~!?. .Uke to make ~ome money 6oJt them6e1.vu, Ka:tUa.h wil.t .6upply
~~~g the mga.z.i.nu.
!"(•--·
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t1~.•~!>.1.,,~., ,.,,~!~r!E!i:·~ ,· ···;J"····,~l.fl·,,,, .:.:!..!J. ····,···.' ·.!~:;! ......:.,.. !H.~ •• ,.......J ......, ',,· •!ll~•• ·;tr.. , , ......
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":!.
YES, I AM INTERESTED IN FINqING OUT
.:-cm.~~:
MORE ABOUT DISTRIBUTING KATUAH. I
·•·r··~~,1
UNDERSTAND THAT I CAN RECEIVE COPIES
•:,:-~:~.o.:
OF KATUAH AT THE WHOLESALE PRICE OF
r-Jfu-t~'.
$1.10 AND CAN SELL THEM AT THE RETAIL {~¥~ki~
PRICE OF $1. 50. I ALSO UNDERSTAND THAT .;!:m;i~
NO PAYMENT IS DUE UNTIL THE COPIES ARE r:.u··:t:~
i~~h!~
SOLD •
''-''·~~~:::.
:.r;,m::iii
PHONE--------
~
RETURN TO:
KATUAH
P.O.BOX 873
CULLOWHEE,NC 2 8 7 2 3
KMUAl:I - page 22
autmn 1983
�WMATTO 8JUN<t t
SCHEPULE:
10 - 12:30 - Discussion of bi oregional
concerns, issues, and directions for
future gr owth
12 : 30 - 2:00 - POT-LUCK LUNCH
2:00 - 5:00 - Tradin', pl ayin ', socializin ' , and interest group meetings
-Covered dish and utensils for the
whole family
-Items for trade , barter, sale (plant s,
craft s , produce, canned goods)
-Information to share : issues, topics ,
interesting folks , organization
bioregional happenings
-Hope , good humor, and ideal ism
OCTOBER 29
at DEEP CREEK CAMPGROUND
GREAT SMOKY MTN . NATIONAL PARK
Driving : Go to Bryson City, N.C. and follow signs
to " ~ ep Creek Campgrounds"
EVERYONE WELCOME!
For more information , contact:
paqe 23
�ISSUE
NO . l
AUTUMN
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1983
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1n the beginning, we we/le told that t he human
being.6 that IAXli.h.. abou..t on :the Ecvvth have been
g
pMvided with all the thing.6 nec.Ul>aJl.y f,011.. li6e ..E!
We we/le ..i.n.6.tJw.eted to C'.aJl.ll..y a love. f,011.. one.
~
arto.thell, and to l>how a 11..upeet f,011. all the be- g
ing.6 of, thl.6 EaM:h. We aJi.e L>hown that ouJL li6e ~
exi-6.t.6 with the .tll.ee Uf,e, -that oWt we.U-being ~
depe.nd.6 on the wei...t-being of, :the. vegetable.
g
Uf,e, that we. a11.e. the. c1.o.6e. 11.e.f.ativu of, the.
~
6oWt-legged being.6. In OW!. VXJ.lj.6, .6p,i.Jt,(;twi£
~
c.on.6eioU.6nU.6 i.6 the. highut f,oJun of, poUt-i.c6 .
g
OW!..6 i.6 a v.xi.y of, Uf,e. . We. believe. that all
Uving thing.6 aJl.e. .6 pi!U:tua..f. be.ing.6 . S pVU;t-6
~ c.an be exp11.u.6ed M e.nellgy f,Oll.1116 manif,uted
i= ,(.n mat.tell. A biade ofi gJt.aM i.6 an ene11.gy f,011..m
manif,ute.d in rna:ltell - gJt.aM m
atte.11... The
~ .6 pilU:t 0 6 the gll..a.6.6 ,(A that U.n.6 een f,011.c.e whic.h
f3 p11.odl.1.c.u the. .6 peciu ofi gll.M .6 , and it i.6
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~ U.6 :thMu.gh 11..e.af.it.y. Th e. .6 p,i.Jt,(;tual u.nivelll> e.,
o then, i.6 man-i.Lu t t o man M the. Cll..eation, the
~ Cll..eation wh..i..c.h i,u.ppoJtt.6 Li6e. . We believe that
e man i.6 11..ea.l, a paJtt o6 C11..e.at.lo n, and that
g hi.6 du..ty i.6 to .t>u.ppoll.:t Uf,e. in c.onju.netion
with o.t:heJr. be.inQ' •
Oo
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o The 011..igina.f. 1n.6.tJw.etion <Li.Jr.eet that
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who
v.xi..f.k abou..t on the Ea.11.:th a.11.e to e.xp11.u.6 a
g11.e.at 11.upe.et, and a6f,e.etion, and a g.Jta.t..ltu.de
toVXJ.Jt.d all the .t>p.i.Jr.i,t.6 wh.i..c.h c.11.e.ate. and .6u.ppoll.:t Uf,e. . We give. a g11..eeting and a tha.nkl>giving to the many .6u.ppoll.:tell.6 of, ou.11.. own Uvu the c.011..n, the. bean.6, :the .t>qu.a..6h, :the wind.6,
.the i,u.n. When people c.eMe :to 11.upe.et and explle.6.6 glLD.t:-i;tude f, 011. :thue many :thing.6, then
all Uf,e. wlU be dutll.oyed, and human Uf,e
on thi.6 pl.a.net will. c.ome to an end.
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we have a g.11.e.at love 6011. ou.11. c.ou.n:tll.y, f,011. ou.11.
e fWtthpl.a.c.e i.6 the/le . The. .6oil i.6 11..ic.h f,11.0m :the.
g bonu of, thou.L>and.6 of, ou.11. g.e.nellation.6. Eac.h 06
~ U.6 VXJ..6 c.11.e.ate.d in :tho.6 e .f.a.nd.6, and i:t AA Ou.IL
~ dl.1.ty to take. c.a11.e. of, them, bec.a.u.L>e 611.om thue.
g
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I ~~~~e.~~~~~ri11!e.t~~~~~~f~~~~
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.6ac.11.ed pl.ac.e...
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p---
address of the Hau De No Sau Nee
to the western world (presented
to the United Nations, Conference
of Non-governmental Organizations;
Geneva, Switzerland, 1977)
9
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1
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"The land is sacred," the Indians told the European ool onists.
It is only in this generation, un:ier the threat of nmaway uraniml,
runaway in:iustrialization, and the ravages of EX>isol'OlS sprays am
waste-EX>llutants that we are CDning to realize the true depth and
meaning of these words. Now we have rediscovered the web of life,
called "the ecology" am the spirit of the lam, "the envirorment."
cnly now, alm::lst 500 years after Colurbls, refugees fran the invading irdustrial society are anbarking on amther voyage of exploration into the New World. We are looking at the lam with new eyes to
fin:i space, subsistence, am meaning for our lives. Ia:>king arourXi,
we see a different world, alive and p.tlsating, a spiritual being.
OUr planet seen in this way, we call GAI A. a living organism with a
will and an intelligence of her own. She dances to her own time,
and it is to our own peril i f we do oot follow her lead.
'lhe ancient name of this continent we inhabit is TURTLE 1SLANV.
0
"Turtle Island - the old/ new name for the continent based
on many creation myths of the people who have been living
here for rnillenia, and rea.pplied by sane of than to "North
.America" in recent years. Also, ari idea fourxi world-wide,
o f the earth, or the cosnos even, sustained by a great
turtle or serpent-of-eternity.
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name: that we may see ourse lves 11Dre accurately on this
continent of watersheds and life-camnmities - plant zones,
piysiograpri.c provinces, culture areas; following nat\Jral
boundaries. 'lhe "U.S.A"and its states and oounties are arbitrary and inaccurate inp::>sitions on what is really here."
- Gary Snyder
A
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speak of the world 11Dre accurately, to speak of the world that is
really here instead of the arbitrary ploitical boun3aries, we speak
of BIOREG!ONS.
TO
0
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autum 1983
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,</em> Issue 1, Autumn 1983
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Apples--Varieties--North Carolina, Western
Apples--Storage
Traditional Farming--United States--Appalachian Region, Southern
Alternative agriculture--Appalachian Region, Southern
Permaculture--Appalachian Region, Southern
Animals--Folklore
Appalachians (People)--History
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Description
An account of the resource
The first issue of <em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, published in the fall of 1983, sets the platform of the publication which expresses and overall tone of respect and stewardship of the land and all life in it. Topics in this issue include Katúah and its meaning, the world as bioregions, the migration of Ulster Scots to North Carolina, and sustainable practices. Authors and artists in this issue include: Chuck Marsh, Thomas Rain Crowe, Sam Gray, Curtis Wood, Tyler Blethen, Snow Bear, Doug Elliott, George Ellison, and Marnie Muller.<br /><br />Beginning with Issue 19, Spring 1988, the journal title was shortened to <em>Katúah Journal</em>. The journal was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. <br /><br />
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
Bioregions: "The Trail to Home".......1<br /><br />From Ulster to Carolina : <br />(The Scotch-Irish Migration to N. Carolina).......3<br /><br />Permaculture Practices.......4 <br /><br />Moshka & Lakima : A Story By Snow Bear.......6 <br /><br />Old Time Apples.......8 <br /><br />Poetry : "Wind Rose" by George Ellison.......9 <br /><br />Map Meditations : The Katuah Bioregion.......10 <br /><br />Mountain Guides : A Resource Bibliography.......12<br /><br />Bioregional Congresses.......14<br /><br />Alternatives to Economics.......17 <br /><br />Finding Katuah : A Bioregional Questionnaire.......22 <br /><br />Fall Calendar........21 <br /><br />Creative Distribution.......22<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Agriculture
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Bioregional Definitions
Economic Alternatives
European Immigration
Geography
Glossaries
Katúah
Permaculture
Poems
Reading Resources
Stories
Turtle Island
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/0af6f876cd851df118a0e27b06bd6952.pdf
5453315bc90cf3f65463f81f56c5674a
PDF Text
Text
�����������������������������
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians,</em> Issue 2, Winter 1983-1984
Description
An account of the resource
The second issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on various topics such as black bears, the Pigeon River pollution, effective political involvement, and bioregional citizenship. Authors and artists in this issue include: Martha Tree, J. Linn Mackey, Snow Bear, Marnie Muller, Chuck Marsh, Kathryn Stripling Byer, Sharyn Jayne Hyatt, Gayle Knox, Chip Smith, Van Wormer, and Joseph Chapman.<br><br>
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1984
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Black bear--Appalachian Region, Southern
Water--Pollution--North Carolina--Pigeon River
Political participation--Appalachian Region, Southern
Pigeon River (N.C. and Tenn.)
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
<p>Paradise Polluted<br /> The Pigeon River Story.......3<br /><br />Charlie & Russell<br /> Bear Hunters.......4<br /><br />There is Another Way<br /> by Snow Bear.......5<br /><br />Katúah Under the Drill<br /> Western North Carolina Alliance.......6<br /><br />Good Medicine<br /> Spiritual Warriors.......8 <br /><br />How the Humans Came to Be.......9 <br /><br />Council Meeting.......11 <br /><br />Our Mountain Woodlands.......13 <br /><br />Alma <br /> Poems - by Kathryn Byer.......14 <br /><br />On Becoming Politically Effective<br /> on Bioregional Level.......20<br /><br /><em><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em><br /></em></p>
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Bioregional Definitions
Black Bears
Geography
Good Medicine
Katúah
Permaculture
Pigeon River
Politics
Stories
Turtle Island
Western North Carolina Alliance
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/2548901c8e81db0f1dc689fd56cb5e8b.pdf
491885735eda5ab93680a5efa814bbe1
PDF Text
Text
���������������������������������
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
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1983-1993
Format
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journals (periodicals)
Language
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English
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Text
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<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, Issue 4, Summer 1984
Description
An account of the resource
The fourth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on topics such as water quality, hydropower, forest management, the 1984 Cherokee reunion in Tennessee, and the 1984 solar eclipse. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robin Williamson, Michael Heron, Thomas J. Harshbarger, Jerry West, Margaret Kerr, Thomas Rain Crowe, Bennie Lee Sinclair, Clyde Hollifield, Paul Gallimore, Richard Hotaling, Avram Friedman, Jody Segal-Friedman, Jim Wayne Miller, Marnie Muller, J. Mackey, Chuck Marsh, and Robert Zahner. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1984
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
The Waterdrum by Sam Gray.......1 <br /><br />Living Trout: Living Water.......3 <br /><br />Trout An Article by Jerry West.......4 <br /><br />Streamwatch.......6 <br /><br />The Annular Eclipse of the Sun.......8 <br /><br />"Lord of Springs" poetry by Bennie L. Sinclair.......9 <br /><br />Waterpower.......10 <br /><br />Homemade Electricity.......11 <br /><br />Clearcutting Part II by Robert Zahner.......12 <br /><br />Living with Kudzu.......14 <br /><br />"Shapes" by Jim Wayne Miller.......16 <br /><br />Good Medicine: Going to Water.......18 <br /><br />Voice of the Turtle: N.A.B.C. Report.......20<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
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Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Water quality--Appalachian Region, Southern
Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern
Small scale hydropower
Kudzu
Cherokee Indians--History--20th century
Solar eclipses--1984
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
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English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
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<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
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PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Agriculture
Alternative Energy
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Bioregional Definitions
Cherokees
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest History
Forest Issues
Forest Practice
Geography
Good Medicine
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Poems
Reading Resources
Stories
Water Quality
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/962957d2fbc58ba3d1a81a382fb3c3bc.pdf
cc384e642678c5ef0ae41167bc6ca93f
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, Issue 8, Summer 1985
Description
An account of the resource
The eighth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on the theme of celebration of life and community. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Dan Pittillo, Bill Oldham, Hilda Downer, Donna Obrecht, Barbara Reimensnyder, B.J. Bach, Jay Wentworth, Lowell Hayes, and Thomas Rain Crowe. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1985
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
<p>Celebration: Way of Life.......1<br /><br />Katúah 18,000 Years Ago.......3<br /><br />Poetry by Hilda Downer.......6<br /><br />Cherokee Heritage Center.......7<br /><br />Farmers Ball.......9<br /><br />Celebrating Folk Arts in the Schools.......10<br /><br />The Simple Tools of Healing.......12<br /><br />Paintings by Lowell Hayes<br />Poetry by Jay Wentworth.......13<br /><br />Good Medicine: "Summer Solstice".......14<br /><br />Sacred Sites Project.......15<br /><br />Sun Cycle, Moon Cycle (Centerfold).......16<br /><br />Wild Turkey Part 2.......18<br /><br />Natural News Update.......20<br /><br />A Children's Page.......23<br /><br />Reviews: Minstral of the Appalachians<br /> Who Owns Appalachia?.......24<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em></p>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Cherokee art
Turkey Hunting--North Carolina, Western
Folklore and education--North Carolina, Western
Cherokee Indians--History
Appalachians (People)--History
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Book Reviews
Cherokees
Children's Page
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest Issues
Geography
Good Medicine
Habitat
Health
Hunting
Katúah
Poems
Radioactive Waste
Sacred Sites
Turtle Island
Water Quality
Wilderness
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/e7f01928de6c753c09827e4dfd0aace1.pdf
ef599a4389ecc1498b620fa99229c8b9
PDF Text
Text
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ATUAH
ISSUE XVI
SUMMER1987
Coming of Age
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INTERVIEW: HELEN WAITE. .............................................................3
POEM : "VISIONS IN A GARDEN"....................................................5
THE VISION QlJEST............................................................................6
FIRST FLOW .........................................................................................8
THOUGHTS ON INITIATION.............................................................9
ARCHETYPES OF MALE INITIATION.............................................9
LEARNING IN THE WILDERNESS................................................. 12
CHEROKEE CHALLENGE ..................................................................15
NATURAL WORLD NEWS................................................................16
VIEW FROM THE CORNERS: "VALUING TREf;:S"......................19
TURTLE ISLAND TALKING ............................................................20
YOUNG PEOPLE'S PAGE..................................................................25
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ATUAH
ISSUE XVI
SUMMER 1987
f'om time immemorial,
aJ the onset of sexual maturity
the young peopk would leave
the tribe and go out, each one
alone, into the world to meet
the elements, be tested a11d
taught, and find out who they
really were.
They would make a bond,
often expressed in the form of
an animal spirit ally, with their
homeland that would be a
foundation for their adulthood
and a continuing source of
strength. Thereafter, for all
their lives, they would know
with a deep and certain
awareness that the waves from
their every gesture rippled to
the farthest reaches of creation
and that the power that flowed
through them was the force of
the all of life.
These expeditions into the
wild te"ain of the soul were
ritualized and became an
important part of community
life. The community was
revitalized and the social bonds
were strengthened as the old
ones offered their wisdom to
the young, and the young ones
dedicated their exuberant life
energy to the continuance of the
tribe and the life ofthe world.
In our times, the continuity
has been broken.
The land is still there • all
knowledge lies just outside our
doorway, just off the side of the
road - and life continues to
pulse in the bodies of the young
ones coming of age. But that
crucial connection in which
these were joined is largely
missing. Today we must drill
into our intelkctual minds the
message that was aJ one time a
matter of cellular certainty:
KATIJAH - page l
that we are part of a wider
community of life, and we need
to take responsibility for our
participation in the Earth
family.
But that urge to seek
ourselves in the wild and to
touch the wild in ourselves is
instinctive and deep, and there
are yet those willing to bring
the young ones to the threshold
of the world, to the edge of
their own being, and say, "You
must take the next step alone,
but I will be here. I will wait
for you, and I will be
watching."
Even without the benefit of
the old traditions, these leaders
of the coming generation are
woking for new forms and new
guidance to re-establish the old
continuity and reunite the two
circles, the circle of the world
and the cyc/,e of our lives, and
make them once more single
and whole.
In this issue of KatUah.
some of these teachers and
guides speak to us ofhow they
are bringing young p eople out
from civilization to meet the
world and some of the lessons
that are there lo be learned. In
speaking of these things, they
offer to us the same challenge
that each young person meets
when they stand on the brink of
adulthood: to open to the
world, to kt iJflow through the
body into the soul, to feel its
power, and by following that
power back to its source, to
once again come upon the
essential nature of our
existence and touch our deepest
roots.
Summer 1987
�H
EDITORIAL STAFF nus ISSUE:
Snow Bear
Scott Bird
Julie Gaunt
Judith Hallock
Rob Messick
Mamie Muller
Michael Red Fox
Chip Smith
Brad Stanback
Manha Tree
David Wheeler
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE:
Sylvia Fox
Than.le you again, Kathleen!
Special lhanks 10 Bob Wiesclman
EDITORIAL OFFICE
nus ISSUE:
Asheville, NC
PRINTED BY:
Sylva Herald
Publishing Co.
Sylva, NC
WRITE US AT:
Katiiab
Box638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
TELEPHONE:
(704) 683-1414
COVER: "One must become chaos, ro give binh ro a dancing
star....." (Picasso) - by Manha Tree
Diversity is an important element of biorcgional ecology, both
natural and social. In line with this principle, lWWib cries IO serve as a
forum for discussion ol rcgiooal issues. Signed articles express ooly the
opinioo or the authors and are n<ll oecessarily the opinions of the
KaWab ediLOrS or Stlff.
The Internal Revenue Service has declared Klu.Wih a non-profit
organization under section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. A II
coniributions IO KA1UWi are deductible from personal income tax.
CORRECTION
We apologize to Milo Guthrie and to our readers for
neglecting to put his name as author of the excellent article
''The Promise of Biosexuality" on page 12 of KruYfil! #15.
'Ult{VOC~TWN
lHE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIOREGION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS
Statement of Purpose
Here in the sowhem-most heanland ofthe Appalachian
mountains, the oldest mountain range on our continent,
Tunle Island, a small bw growing group has begun to talce
on a sense of responsibility for the implications of that
geographical and cultural heritage. Tlris sense of
responsibility centers on the concept of living within the
natural scale and balance ofuniversal systems and laws. We
begin by invoking the Cherokee name "KatfLah" as the
old/new name for this area of the mountains and for its
journal as well.
The editorial priorities for us are to collect and
disseminate information and energy which pertains
specifically to this area, and to foster the awareness that the
land is a living being deserving of our love and respect.
Living in this manner is the only way to ensure the
sustainability of our biosphere and a lasting place for
ourselves in itS continuing evolutionary process.
We seem ro have reached thefulcrwnpoinrof a "do or
dieH sirnarion in terms ofa continued qU111iry standard of life
on this planet. lt is the aim ofthis journal ro do itS part in the
re-inhabitation and re-culturation ofthe Kamah province of
the Somhern Appalachians. This province is indicated by its
natural boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to tlte north,
the foothills ofthe piedmont area to the east,· Yona Mottntain
and the Georgia hills to the sourh; and the Tennessee River
Valley 10 the west.
Humbly, as self-appointed stewards with sacred
instructions as "new natives" to protect and preserve its
sacredness, we advocate a centered approach to the concept
of decentralization and hope to become a support system for
those accepting the challenge of sustainability and the
creation of harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this
plaa.
We are nourished by OUT Mother the Eanhfrom whom
all life springs. We must understand OUT dependence, and
protect her with our love, respect, and ceremonies.
The natural law says that the Eanh belongs ro our
children seven generations in the future, and we are the
caretakers wJw must understand, respect, and protect
E Te No Ha for all life.
The faces ofthe future generations are looking up to us
from the Eanh, and we step with great care not to disturb
OUT grandchildren.
from a mes.rage to the Unittd Nations
GtMral Assemblyfrom the
Navajo-Hopi
Traditional Circle ofElders,
August, 1982
KATUAH - page 2
We welcome all correspondence, criticism, pertinent
inforrnaJion, articles, ariwork, etc. with hopes that Kmflah
will grow to serve the best interestS of this region and all its
living, breathing family members.
- The Editors
With the next issue, the K.WAh journal will be changing
from a tabloid format to a magazine format. This will mean
better quality paper and more durability, as welJ as a
two-color cover. We're looking forward to the shift and we
hope you will be pleased with it. Coincidentally, this
upcoming issue, Autumn '87, will also mark the fourth
anniversary since KfilYAh began publishing.
Summer 1987
�The Eagle has always represented the soaring
spirit.....
Of all the birds who fly between Heaven and Earth,
the Eagle ascends the highest.....
But even the Eagle, born to fly, hatches from the
egg into a nest .....
Now, on a bright day in the early summer of his
life, the young eaglet crouches on the edge of
the nest.....
Until this moment, the woven circle of sticks has
been the bounds of his world.....
Within the nest.food came; all the young bird had
to do was wait.
Within the nest, it was familiar; if the young bird
stayed, mother would always return.
Within the nest, it was always safe; all the young
bird had to do was not look outside.
Now.for the eaglet, hesitating there, the nest is a
center point in a much greater circle that
extends to the horizon in every direction unknown, dangerous, exciting, and free.
The young eagle spreads his wings and leaps into
the boundless sky.....
To the American Camp Association, Helen Waite is the
director of the Eagle's Nest Camp near Brevard, NC, an
accredited summer camp for boys and girls that is now
entering its sixtieth year ofoperation and its third generation
ofcampers.
But during the summer months, to the young people
attending Eagle's Nest Camp, Helen Waite is "Bending
GrassH, medicine woman of the camp tri~. a leader and a
~cher by virtue of the love and respect offered to her.
Helen Waite works confuJe111ly and capably on both levels
of her life, giving the young people who attend Eagle's Nest
an excellenl place in which to explore, grow, and change,
and then e111ering with them into that special place and rime to
help guide them through their changes.
Helen: One of the important clements we utilize in camp is
"myth-time". This is an underlying aspect of every camp
activity.
I see a summer camp experience as being about
relationships: relationships between the camp members,
relationships between ourselves and the Earth, relationships
between our split inner selves, etc. In order to learn from
anything or anybody, one must first acknowledge one's
inter-relationship with that other. Once this connection is
recognized. the relationship can be seen as the bonded space
between the two. The speed of learning is the quality of lhat
space. Camp is the connection field, and we put our attention
into creating quality bonding.
"Myth-time" is what makes this possible. It is "the time
before time", the beginning of lhings. By being aware of the
"myth-time" that always lies beneath the surface of our camp
activities and our relationships. we create a circle, a tribal
circle, within which our relauonships grow - honest, strong,
and deep.
We humans arc like gods and goddesses in that we can
create prodigious amounts of constructive effort or
prodigious amounts of chaos. I think we have to return to
"myth-time" to relearn lhe true nature of things and to
re-connect the two halves of our soul, before we can
undertake "initiation", which is talcing a big step "forward"
into the next stage of life.
~: How docs this sense of "myth-time" make itself
felt in the course of camp life?
Helen: "Myth-time" appears in some situations more
clearly than others. All the campers do routine ch.ores as part
of the camp flow. They learn to take care of themselves by
making their beds and taking care of their cabin areas, but
they also take part in camp maintainence, doing dishes,
making bread, carrying out the compost, tending the
gardens. These are tasks that simply need to be done, but
they also build relationships. The campers arc learning to
serve and to take care of others, and although they may not
realize it, they are going back to beginnings. By baking bread
they learn the basic nature of bread - the primary
relationships that exist before the plastic wrap goes on. The
gardens teach them that the Earth is a patient giver. By caring
for the animals, the campers come to know them and learn
the relationships between all species. By doing subsistence
work, the kids learn basic things about the world with the
right side of their minds, even as they are consciously
acquiring basic skills with the left side of their minds.
The presence of "myth-time" is more easily seen when we
do story-dramas in the evenings. We start from old Indian
tales, creation stories usually, but as the kids go from there
and create their own stories, these dramas begin to present in
mythic terms what is happening in the camp at the moment.
The kids write their own scripts and make their own
costumes. We encourage them to use natural music - drums,
flutes, and sometimes guitar - to emphasize the basic
relationship with the Earth.
Katiiah: One of the main driving forces of the adolescent
transformation is the awakening sexual energy. Do you deal
with that at the camp?
Helen: Very much so. First of all, groups are co-ed. We
want to have the boys and girls interacting together. We want
to encourage strong, natural relationships. In the greater
culture young people usually follow roles that on the one
hand deviously try to ensnare someone of the opposite sex,
and on the other band domincerin&lv try to ensnare someone
of the opposite sex.
At camp and on field trips the kids are involved in real
situations that often demand courage and physical stamina.
When everybody is pitching in on a difficult task or talking
openly together in a group circle, the sham tends to fall
away, and they deal with each other more as individuals and
allow each person to make their own, unique contributions.
- continued on page 4
KATUAH - page 3
Summer 1987
�• COlllim.aed fiom NC 3
Relationships arise that arc based on friendliness and arc
deep and enduring. We see big changes. The girls in
particular become more assertive.
Often in a group there is one girl, whom I call the
"goddess" or the "queen of beans", who takes an active role
in the other girls' lives and relationships.The "queen" takes
confessions from the other girls - I'm amazed sometimes
about how frank they are! - and negotiates relationships.
Sometimes she gives her blessing; other times it's "Off with
his head!"
We talk about siruations like this in the girls' circle, and I
ask them, "Do you like having her decide on your life and
decide whom you should like?"
Usually they say "No", but if they say "Yes", then it's out
in the open, and we set up basic ground rules about bow to
carry it on.
Another approach is to act out the
situation. I sometimes say, "Sarah, you
be Betty. Jane, you be Sue. Now what
would you say, if she came up and said
this: ..... " It's often very educational for
the kids to see how the others perceive
siruations they're all involved in.
There are also times when a boy will
do something like go into a girl's trunk
and snatch out her underwear, because
be thinks that that is a powerful act. But
it's actually an act of domination. The
girl has bad something that's close to
her, something very private and
personal, exposed against her will.
In a siruation like that, I might take
the ones involved apart from the group
and talk with them about the different
levels and the different meanings of the
word "rape", trying to be very frank
and open so it can be seen as something
manageable and not a dark sin someone
will be condemned for. I might express
it in terms of old stories of gods
abducting goddesses, or I might
suggest they act out parts of Troilius
and Cressida or another story like that something so that the basic relationships
are very clear to them.
These arc valuable experiences .....if
we confront them. So we always try to
confront them when they occur. We
spend a remarkable amount of time
doing that. Of course we do horseback
riding, swimming, and all the regular
camp things, but we spend a great deal
of ti.me in learning siruations like these.
But to be learning experiences, there
bas to always be someone there who is
aware and understands the implications
of the siruation in order to take advantage of it and bring it to
a satisfactory resolution.
In the evenings when we have our shows or
entertainment, the kids will let it all out, and we'll see them
really strut their stuff. That's great - that's up front and real,
and if a camper does have some attra.ction as an actor/actress
or a story-teller, that's quite valid. That's their real self
coming out
KllWlb: "Initiation" is used to mean peak moments that
mark stages in a process of transformation that is acrually
gradual and happening continuously. But at certain key
points one can stop the action and say, "A change is
happening here," by recognizing and celebrating the occasion
with a ceremony or ritual. Arc there cenain ways these
moments are recogniz.ed in camp life?
Helen: The first major initiation is for a camper to leave
home. This is "moving into the tribal circle". Our society is
so fragmented that this sometimes is a major growth-change
for a child and often the most important single event of the
camp experience.
KATUAH - page4
Every camper receives a camp name. I work with an
Indian lore group, which is a "tribe within the tribe". They
receive their names in a little ceremony which is held at a
small waterfall. Each camper has already chosen their name,
and they crawl through the waterfall into a small crevice
behind, getting completely wet in the process. They are then
called back out by their new name.
I start with the campers to whom this is a challenge of
medium proportions. This docs not make it seem like a light
thing of no consequence, but at the same time it encourages
those who are more afraid. Because the situation is a
ceremonial one, the lcids all go through with it, even though
it may be a big step for some. There is something about
ceremony and ritual that brings out the deepest and truest
aspects of people. The sense of "myth-time" gives meaning
to the situation.
There is also an element of sacrifice
in the ceremony. That is one reason it is
hard for some of the kids to go under
the waterfall. Beyond just thinking
about getting their clothes wet. there is a
part of them that realizes that they have
to give something up, that "something"
being their old identity, to receive a new
name and a new identity.
For the older kids, we have a
program called Hanre, which is roughly
analagous to the "walkabout" or other
ancient puberty rites in which the young
people went out to seek power and to
learn about themselves in the context of
the natural elements. But while young
people in ancient times who had grown
up in the circle of the tribe went off on
their own as individuals, our campers
go off in a group of kids their own age.
Hante challenges their physical abilities,
which gives them a feeling of
accomplishment; it gets them outside in
close touch with nature; and, not least
imponantly, it tires them out. They do
activities like rock-climbing, whitewater
kayaking,
making
a
mountains-to-the-sea bicycle trek, and
hiking. The "Odyessy Trek" is an
11-day, 100-mile walk along the
Appalachian Trail.
Being able to take care of yourself
completely is an important part of that
stage of life, and the Hante group
provides for itself totally: they live in
their own area, and they cook all their
own meals. That means if they come
back late from somewhere, and they
decide they want supper, they have to
decide to prepare it, too. They also
prepare and pack alJ their own food for the "Odyssey" hike.
We have two food dryers, which the campers built for
themselves, and they dry food and make "pemmican" (which
is actually my grandmother's fruitcake recipe with a lot more
fruit and nuts added) to take with them on the trail.
While they're hiking, each camper carries their own food
and equipment for the whole 11 days in a 45 pound pack on
their back. The group cooks supper together over a
communal fire, but each camper is responsible for their other
two meals each day. They have to ration their food for
themselves. If they cat it all up before the bike is over, then
it's gone.
The mountains and the woods have an effect on the
kids.The "Odyessy" is a journey back to our first home, the
wild places. These mountains are very special. They are
powerful teachers, and they will work on anyone who will
make the effon to get off into the backcountry.
Body movement itself is important Jusr the rhythm of
feet on the trail can set up a meditative state that changes the
kids' consciousness.
On the trail we always have a sunset ceremony each day.
We gather and pass a "talking feather" so that each camper
- continued on page 28
Summer 1987
�Visions in a Garden
A light green voice
lihs my eyes from the leaves:
the Goddess of Green Things
is approaching me.
Between okra and squash
and tomatoes she comes
smiling at the com rows
through the green song she hums.
She·s the mistress of mustard greens
an oracle of onions
proctor of pumpkins
serenader of squash.
She·s the governess of garlic
enchanter of eggplants
leading the lettuce
in a growing symphony.
With no written rhythms
of the cycles and seasons
she sings to tempt the turnips
and beguile the green beans.
With leafy green lyrics
highlighting sunshine and rain
she conducts the orchestra
of my garden and
fertilizes my brain.
Tat& Andres
�by Snow Bear
Conirary to what others may say, the
dominant culture has evolved cenain "rites
of passage" for young people. Drug,
alcohol, or toba.cco abuse; early sexual
relations; and the thrill of fast and reckless
driving are ways that our youth sometimes
signify to themselves and to their parents
that they are emerging into adulthood. These
things arc glorified by the television,
movies, and advertising that control the way
children of the dominant culture think.
I was initiated by my father into the
world of men when I recieved a gun from
him at the aic of twelve. This is still an
imponant moment for many young men
in this area. It is a statement of trust for
a father to place a gun, and therefore the
power of life or death, into his son's
hands. It is a major responsibility to
accept a gun, for if it is used carelessly,
a human life could be ta.lccn.
But hunting is also an excuse for
the father and son to go out i.nto the
woods together. It was a very
meaningful time to me. When one is
hunting, one is very quiet and sensitive
to the presence of other living things.
Of course there is the adrenalin rush of
squeezing the ttiggcr and ending a life,
but, for me, a large pan of the initiation
consisted of being alone with my father,
silent in the forest
Today, I have come to feel that
receiving a gun is not a good token of
maturity. Our forests arc small and
ovcrhuntcd. Where I live we can nor
afford to continue killing the few
remaining animals. I strongly believe
that today our young people need a
siitnificant emcrience i.n1Q. life; we
should not place such an emphasis on taking
life.
Before, when hunting was a way of
life among the native people, a successful
hunt was a matter of human survival;
hunters took the lives of their fellow
creatures with a spirit of thankfulness based
on revcrancc. Today the gun removes us
from panicipation in the life and death of the
animals we hunt. When someone shoots
down a buck from 100 yards away, they do
not have to know the animal as well as if
they had to get within bowshot. They arc
removed from the pain and terror in the
animal's eyes at the time of death.
I put down the gun at 14 years of age
when I discovered I would rather sec
squirrels jumping through the treetops, and
the deer grazing peacefully under massive
oaks.
HELPING TROUBLED TEENS
MAKE TIIE PASSAGE
Part of my family's work is to reach
out with understanding to youth at risk and
adjudicated youth. In our Second Home
Program we take young people into our
family (my wife Khalisa, Jody (14),
Leilana (6), Johanna (3), who is
handicapped). For two months to a year,
they arc part of our life and work. We tutor
them in all their school subjects; if they are
high school graduates, we do remedial work
and indepcndant academic study. They learn
agricultural and building skills, receive daily
counsel, and extend their physical and
emotional limits through wilderness
challenge activities - backpacking,
KATUAH - page 6
visioN
QU£ST
being self-centered to thinking of things
ouLSide themselves and providing for needs
other than their own.
Another challenge is to see that whatever task they are given is done well. The
kids that come to us often do the minimum
expected of them at home or in school and
make linle effon at personal achievement. In
school, when a student "fails", it is
assumed that they cannot do any better.
Usually they do not~ to do better. In our
one-on-one tutoring, we carefully go over
every mistake made, and the work is redone
correctly. The result of this has been that in
a four hour learning day, kids who were
labeled '1earning disabled" passed the
achievement level of their peers going to
school seven hours a day.
We are also, literally, a "second
family" to the kids. We live in a family
context, and we spend most of our time
at home. We grow food and make
meals together, clean house and cut
firewood together, and serve the people
who come to the school group
programs, seminars, and summer
camp. Teenagers from the city are used
to having school, the movies and
hangouts be the setting for their lives.
In our experience, the kids with the
least family life are the most messed up.
We give them membership in a family
that is physically together. There is a
feeling of having an extended family
built on a foundation of understanding
and acceptance, trust and love. It is
something solid to move out into the
world from, and a place to return to
when things get hard
TirE VISION QUEST
whitewater canoeing, horseback riding, and
primitive camping skills.
Most of these young people have
come from the urban culture and have been
damaged by negative "rites of passage".
We try to replace those negative rites with
positive qualities that will serve them
wherever they choose to live.
The first order of business is to
introduce them to the real world. Not the
"real world" as they thought of it • which
was largely concrete and fast action, but the
living world that sustains us.
Connectedness with the earth is healing to
human beings, no matter where they are
from or bow they grew up. When a person
is surrounded by the beauty of living things
and the songs of wind and water, the spirit
begins to heal. no matter how wounded it
is. I try to bring knowledge of the plants
and animals to these young people, because
it is easier to feel close to familiar things.
Along with this, we present them
with personal challenges: responsibilities
successfully fulfilled, communicating
honestly and openly, showing energy and
initiative in all their work. We extend our
trust to them unless they have betrayed it by
being dishonest with us.
Responsibilities successfully fulfilled
usually lead to a feeling of confidence and
strength. As teenagers become proficient at
handling responsibility, we tum over to
them more responsibility for their own
lives, and with that comes more freedom,
which is what they keenly desire.
A good beginning is taking care of the
horses. Keeping them watered, fed and
exercised takes a young person beyond
As a single rite of passage, the Vision
Quest is the form I most strongly relate to,
simply because of what it did for me and the
influence it had on my life. My
understanding of the Vision Quest is that it
is a time of solitude in the wilderness, of
fasting and prayer, of self examination; a
time of discovering one's beginning gifts
(strengths and virtues), and limitations,
one's medicine name, and how to be of
service to others.
Two of the teenagers with us in the
Second Home Program chose to go on
Vision Quests. One boy tried to do a
four-day quest fasting alone in the woods,
using only water and sage herb. When he
began, be thought it would be an easy thing
to accomplish, but he returned after a day
and a half in the woods. The fasting had
been bard, but the "aloneness" was what
had driven him back.
He said he had been scared of what I
would say, but I told him, "What I think
matters very little. The important thing is not
to be ashamed. The Vision Quest is a
teacher. You thought it would be easy to be
with yourself alone, and you found that it
was not so. You learned something about
yourself, and therefore the experience was
not a failure."
The other person to attempt the Vision
Quest was a woman 20 years old. She had
stayed with us when sh.e was 15, and had
been visiting us regularly ever since, so she
was truly "family" to us. She completed her
vision quest, in the course of it facing up to
some difficult things about herself, and
came through in a very strong way.
Nowadays few people pass directly
Summer 1987
�into adulthood from pubeny. I know that
was true for myself. My body was mature
quite awhile before I was, and I am still not
finished! I have had six people ask me to
help with their Vision QuesL Most of them
were in their twenties or thinies before they
began even asking the 4uestions that led
them to make the passage.
In the old days when a girl reached
the age of 13 or 14 it was time to begin
raising a family, and she had to be ready for
it. Now there are people in their fonies
looking for answers and feeling that they
have missed something. Whenever these
people ask me, I tell them that they have not
missed out, that this change does not come
at a set time for everyone, and that it is
never LOO late to go through the transition.
Those people who come to me
asking my help with their Vision Quest,
come because they k:now me, and they
know the effect my Vision Quest had on my
life. The first thing I tell them is that there
are other people who can help them better
than I could. Then, if they persist, I warn
them that, because we are not the Old
People, what worked for them in one way
may not work for us in the same way. I
warn them not to expect dramatic,
thunderous visions. Then, if they still want
the experience, I make sure that they
themselves choose the conditions of their
quest.
There are two main possibilities. One
is a quest for a personal vision to gain better
self-understanding and a purpose in life and
to find a beginning place on the world
medicine wheel. This is best helped by
fasting, personal prayer, song, and selfcxamination. The other possibility is to fast
for the benefit of all living beings. In this
fast I encourage people to make a medicine
wheel and walk, first LO the east where they
make a song or prayer, then back to the
center, and then to the south, where they
make a song or prayer, continuing in this
way around the medicine wheel for the
whole day, or as long as their strength holds
out. Several people have mixed the two
ways, doing the first for two days. and then
the second for two days more.
PREPARING FOR THE JOURNEY
We prepare for the Vision Quest first
by exploring the person's purpose in
choosing to do the quest, agreeing to the
conditions of it (how long, in what place)
and passing on any necessary instructions,
such as how to build a medicine wheel or
how to bless the Vision Quest site. Then we
go to the sweat lodge together with a few
carefully chosen friends to help us. In the
lodge we sing and pray to strengthen and
purify ourselves for the healing work ahead.
After the sweat lodge, we fill the prayer pipe
in a sacred manner. If the person has their
own, we fill it, seal it, and that person holds
that pipe every waking moment of their
quest. My prayer pipe is filled and scaled,
and every sunset during the Vision Quest I
hold it to make prayer and song to send my
power to them. Also at sunset I leave water
and sage for them at a place near the site of
their Vision Quest
At the end of their time I meet them,
carrying my prayer pipe. We do not say
anything until we have smoked in silence,
then the person relates what has happened
during the time of the Vision Quest.
Of panicular importance to me is to
KA TUAH - page 7
know what living things visited them in the
course of their fast and what they thought
and felt in the presence of these beings.
Even the smallest messengers of the spirit
arc imponant., and often they have very
strong powers. I tell people, "Until you can
receive a fly or an ant as one of your
relations, you won't be able to receive the
eagle or bear."
One woman was visited by a spider
that dangled just in front of her eyes. She
watched it for hours as it went about its
work. They became sisters and she learned
much.
drumming of
the woodpecker
echoing
always there
with the trees - yakking
laughing
i don't know where
a feeling
ifollow
i am the forest
around me
the activity
i am the creek
the mus
the violets
and the bees
i am the branches spreading
into the sky
the sun in your eyes
which vanishes suddenly
the clouds
birds come around
a rabbit
Only after we talk of these things do
the people tell me about their dreams. Even
on a Vision Quest, most people's dreams
that I have heard have been quite ordinary. I
am not a spiritual dream interpreter, but I do
give my thoughts and observations as a
fellow human being. Dreams arc valuable
because they arc often the battleground
where peop.lc contend with the fears,
doubts, and things they do not like about
themselves.
In consenting to aid people in their
Vision Quests, I am not trying to set myself
up as a teacher. I do this with people whom
I feel arc my. brothers or sisters. I do this
first as a friend. Today many people cannot
find elders who know the way of the Vision
Quest to aid them. Lacking thi.s , I consider
that for them to have this experience with
the help of a friend is better than not to have
it at all.
Everyone I know who has taken a
Vision Quest has returned from it
strcnghthcned, humbled, and deeply
moved. On the Vision Quest we come to
know ourselves and our world in a way
words cannot express.
they don't mind
the rain
somethingfallsfrom a tree
and lands with a thud
stay here long enough
and you will know
there are no secrets
i can't describe whaJ
i understand
the entire meaning
seems to be
almost here
coming
from
everywhere
a/la/once
i can't even see
guided by the wind
whispering in my ear
- Patrick Clark
Snow Bear has bun co·dirtctor of
Farm Camp with hU wife Kh.alisafor
niM years. lie is a naturalist, htrbologist. and
/
follower tf native Earth ways.
Pep~rland
Medicine s.h.i~ld by Snow Beu
Photo by Rob Mcuick
Summer 1987
�..
an experience that was hidden for them ...and where they can
pass onto her, my daughter, in an atmosphere of empowerment,
something that they will in a sense be giving to themselves that
they have learned in their own time. I love any and all
ceremonies.
Do you have any specifics as to how or where you'd
li ke to shar e this ceremony with your daughter? W h o
would you invite? Where will you hold your ceremony
?
Bonnie: When the event occurs, my daughter has requested that
she would like to go out with the family for a special dinner at her
favorite restaurant. We have quite a few younger daughtefll also
and I think it would be beneficial to them co be a part of this
celebration and to understand that this is a "big" day --their
sister's special day.
My daughter and I would then create within the following
few days a ceremony for her and some women friends, mutual
friends, and we would come together in our teepee.
How do you feel about this?
Hannah: A little strange...
Bonnie: What is strange? Do you think this ceremony will help
you to feel less strange?
Hannah: Probably
Do you feel this way because you know tha t other
girls your age do not have this type olf ceremony?
first flow
We are here today 10 ta.l k about something very special
Hannah: Yes
Do you want to gather together with other girls your
age?
10
a
Hannah: No, grownups, but not girls in my class.
Bonnie: Would you like to share with us an impression that you
woman --her initiation into womanhood. Two friends are here
got from the Amazon lndians?
with me .. .Bonnie Freed, mother and her daughter Hannah, 12
years old. We've come here to discuss the celebration for this
daughter's soon-to-come puberty.
Julie Gaunt , interviewing for .Katu.ah
Hannah: Yes, I watched this movie called Emerald Forest
about this boy who got lost in the Amazon and these Indians
kidnapped him and he grew up with them in their tribe and when
he got old enough, they put ants all over him and this made him
change into a man.
Bonnie: That was the symbol of his passing into adulthood.
What is it that has inspired you to want to celebr ate
your stepdaughter's coming into womanhood?
Would you like to go through that?
Bonnie: I read a wonderful article in Mothering magazine about
a community in California that celebrates the coming of age of the
young men and women in their community, boys when they tum
13 and girls when they experience their first menses. It just really
inspired me because I feel that whenever we put out or put in
front of us an intention, it draws to itself 'like energy'. ln other
words, if we choose to celebrate a certain time or coming of age
and we do it with an energy, we draw in real positive energy and
we give it emphasis. ln a loving and powerful way, my daughter
will gain some of that strength in her experience.
I believe that it is important, in whatever way we can, to
acknowledge and reconnect ourselves to the rhythms of our
bodies and also our Earth. These acknowledgements are
powerful for us as human beings. There is a rhythm to our lives,
our bodies, and to our planet . As a culture we have become very
disconnected from these rhythms. So it is very helpful for us to
create our own ceremonies from our own instinctive beingness
and to empower each other to enact them.
I felt very attracted to this particular ceremony as it is
presenting itself in my life--having a daughter who is coming
along very much into puberty. I feel this could be beneficial to all
of us. I want to say though that we do not have to follow any
certain ceremony. although we can draw from other ceremonies
and learn from them. We should go ahead and create out of our
hearts, our love, and our own instincts, ceremonies for passages
so that all of us feel connected to our deep inner rhythms.
I can re-affirm my own feminine wisdom, my own ageless
womanhood, and bring my daughter this celebration that will
create a groove..or a flow .. where her life can have a
direction... where other women will also come together and
affirm for themselves an experience that was difficult for them, or
KATUAH - page 8
Hannah: No. (laughter)
Bonnie: l think it's important to acknowledge that it is a bodily
symbol of passage into adulthood.
Hannah: It's scarey!
Bonnie: Why do you feel it's scarey?
Hannah: I don't know.
Bonnie: Do you feel it will be less scarey if you share with other
women about how they felt and what becoming a woman meant
to them?
Hannah: Yes.
What 's often scarey is the unknown. We a r e talking
abou t somethin g that you h ave not yet e:rcperi enced.
This is something you've never been through, so it's
na tural for you to be scar ed.
Bonnie: So many adolescents don't have an acknowledgement of
their passage and so they use other ways to try to establish it, like
rebellion and pushing the parents away. Nothing they do seems
right to them and they drive too fast, do drugs or whatever they
can. If we as parents take that opportunity to acknowledge this
passage, perhaps it will free them from these confusing times
where they are trying to prove they are adults--if we allow them
to become adults.
Resources: "Self.(jenerated Ceremonies", Foster, S. & Little, M. in
Molherlng. Winter 1986. The article is excerpted from an upcoming book
by Foster & Little entitled Crossjng !be Threshold; Contrnrnvrarv
7
Rites of Passage and lnjtjation at SjgniCicant Stages oC !.jCe.
Also Earth Wisdom, Dolores LaChapelle.
Summer 1987
�THOUGHTS ON INITIATION
In connection with the topic of initiations, I have been
having thoughts, particularly in relation to young people coming
of age, and, I agree, it's vital work. In the past year I've spent a
lot of time growing toward an understanding of what's lacking
for teenage kids these days and how to provide opportunities for
them to find and follow their own visions in a positive cultural
context.
Today's adolescents are the Pluto conjunct Uranus
generation born into the nuclear/mass media age of insanity and
deep global transformation.• They need to develop the inner
resources necessary to cope with the unbelievable stress built into
our social environment. They don't need more information. They
don't need dogma in any form. They need iniuanon mto their
own private, collective mysteries. There's a fierceness of spirit in
kids these days that demands to be grounded in timeless reality to
enable them to find strength, compassion, and clarity within,
while chaos and change rage unchecked about them.
What is initiation?
ft is a self- or group-induced experience that frees one to
encoun1er one's highest self, one's deepest truth, and one's most
expansive vision of reality.
What are the functions of such an experience?
To provide opportunities for people to find and trLtSt their
own myths to live by and to aid them in all life transitions by
leading them 10 their own connection with rhe Great Mystery.
. l~IJI
And ritual?
Ufe is a ritual, wherein we learn to bring feelings and ideas
into physical reality and to enjoy the process. Along the way, we
are all constantly being initiatied into greater awareness and
responsibilicy by every instant's dreams. Occasionally we take
the time to recognize the miracle of the moment and to honor it:
ritual.
We need more of those moments of recognition and
remembering. We need to do it for ourselves and for each other,
and a group ricual provides a structure and context in which it can
happen. It is exciting and comforting to be with others who are
also daring to get back to their essential selves. It confirms the
power, beauty, and reality of the experience we are all sharing.
Someday I wish to do initiation rituals with young
adolescents. I would ger them our into nature, let them go wild,
and then bring all that energy back to Earth in grounded group
mediui.tions. I would teach them how to focus all that fine cellular
energy in healing ways by channeling it through their hearts. I
would give them time, space, and encouragement to find their
own deep connections with both the Eanh and the Stars. We
would explore and share our discoveries through artwork,
poetry, music, and dance. The initiation would be into our
infinitely creative selves and into the healing power of love.
Rituals would grow out of each person's dreams and
awakenings, deaths and creations. The ri1uals would be each
person's narratives of reality as experienced both inwardly and
outwardly and would serve as bridges between the two.
Thank you for existing Maggie Schneider
ARCHETYPES OF MALE INITIATION
by Rob Messick
The first initiation of a human being into the world occurs
at binh. At this sacred time an infant instinctively needs to bond
with parents. As with other primates, this bond is made through
touch and is crucial to the healthy and associative development of
an individual throughout his or her life.
Due to the large skull and brain size of our species, we are
born somewhat prematurely, so that we can pass through the
pelvis. The infant is helpless for many months after birth and
must have support from parents or other adults for the survival
not only of the body, but also for the transmission of human
culture through language and other customs.
Likewise in human evolution, puberty has also become
premacure to the begetting of an adult into responsible life in a
community. We can reproduce before our highly structured
societies can accommodate the effect of this urge. Near puberty
we need a bond slightly different from that required at childbirth.
We seek relationships with other adults in the community and
with peers of both the SlL!lC and the opposite sex.
There are three basic themes in initiation rites of a youth
into adulthood: sepfJation from parents and siblings;
transformation of roles and attitudes; and integration into the
village or community through apprenticeship. The main purpose
of initiation practices for young men is to start them on paths into
the community, away from the influence of their immediate
families, yet still being in proximity to them. Many cultures of the
past, and some today, recognize this coming of age time as basic
to the health and longevity of a people. The industrial era, or
"civilii.ation" in general, has created an environment where these
essential bonds are easily jeopardized. It is deprivation at 1hese
important junctures that can lead to isolation or disinterest in the
cohesive contacts human beings need.
Adolescence is basically a result of our descent into
"civilization" and the hyper-industrialiw:I era which has created a
kind of extended dependency. This period starts after puberty and
can last into a young person's twenties. Through schools, jails,
factories, and military posts we have institutionalized the
spontaneity out of a boy's rite of passage until it hardly exists any
longer. Instead of a sudden initiation near puberty, the process is
dragged out over many years, which sets up obstacles that can
block an individual's ability to integrate into a meaningful role
within a community.
It is doubtful that we will ever be able to give up
adolescence and fully initiate young men into adult roles a1
puberty. There is much to be absorbed of what humans have
learned about Universe and our place in it. Yet the initiation
process must be started at or near the time of puberty t0 avoid
confusion. Some cultural event needs to happen, so that a boy
knows that be is accepted and that the other members of the
- continued on page 10
KATUAH - page 9
Summer 1987
�"Initiation is a critical time in
which the direction is set for the
next generation of humanity."
•
:..:- .J.'
J1.t;.'
... ~ - -- ----
._..!_;i.}..:...
lllusintion from a painting by Greg Smith
ARCHETYPES OF MALE INITIATION
corthJed flan precedlrG page
community are ready for him to change. It can be done through
tests or trials of strength or endurance, or through vision quests
in times of fasting and searching.
Initiation is a critical time in which the direction is set for
the next generation of humanity. Adults in a village or community
need to give great attention to young people going through these
changes because the time of cultural bonding can pass swiftly,
and for a youth the complexity of finding worth in the world is
already frustrating. In these times of great emotional intensity,
neglect is the root of misery for individuals and societies. The
effects may be delayed for a time, but the response, assistance or
abuse, that is offered to a human being in time of need shows the
true health or illness of a society. If we mishandle these
responsibilities, we cause suffering.
For the initiation process to fully flower, a boy must find a
role model or set of role models with which he can readily
identify. The archetypes, or pre-existing forms., that manifest in
these role models are basically those of the Warrior and the
Husbandman. Throughout all human systems these
complementary aspects exist
An individual becomes a miniature of the whole human
experience, re.fleeting into and being reflected by all that is good
and all that is bad in it. Each person has the capacity to give life
and to take life as well. We live out the full circle of our decision
to die with peace or with killing. Either path requires great
courage.
The Warrior is partially represented in the range of
de.~b1.lctive role models offered by the present dominant western
culture. Militarism is the primary culprit in this psychological
tragedy, not only in terms of wars fought among nations, but
also in communities, the family, and especially within a man's
soul. Militarism seeks to break the spirit and split the heart and
mind of an individual and then call these powers back in the
allegiance of a state or cause. This is done by manipulation
through fear and rupturing or perverting lhe ties with family,
peers, and community. There is a false discipline in this
alienation from deep human bonds, which ultimately denies a
sustentative initiation into life. Militarism also perpetuates the
myth that the only evil enemy is somewhere outside the self,
neglecting the necessary struggle to conquer the enemy within. A
real initiation should clearly teach that the potential for doing
wrong exists in everyone, but that the power of choice exists
also. It is only through self-examination that the faults of our
species can be clearly identified and transformed.
KATUAH- page 10
The personae that arise from a long-standing tradition of
militarism become deceptively enticing, and appear to offer roles
that are important and economically worthwhile to those on the
verge of initiation. These destructive male role models ultimately
weaken and often tear apart the social fabric of human beings and
the sacred web of life on this planet.
There is a need for strong, alternative male example in this
society. The archetype of Husbandman offers a vital option. The
practice of Husbandry is defined as male caretaking, not only in
helping to raise a family but also in tenns of growing food,
caring for other species, and being a contributing member in a
community. This involves a deep and spontaneous motion away
from the trodden paths of destructive male energies toward those
that plant good seed and provide a place for them to grow. Also
"Sensitivity and the ability to love
and be compassionate are essential
to human survival, as are the
qualities of being determined and
forceful."
involved in this creative process is the wisdom that recognizes the
generations to come. Planting for the future joins the human path
with other life in such a way that humans become a kind of
permaculture, adapting and innovating within a bioregion as an
interconnected yet distinct structure.
The Husbandman attempts to integrate and heal within the
human community. This does not mean that men should become
effeminate and passive. It means that the strength of male energy
can be expressed through beneficial roles within a community. It
is important for a male to be in balance with the female part of his
soul. Sensitivity and the ability to love and be compassionate are
essential to human survival, as are the qualities of being
determined and forceful The love within the heart of our species
can flourish when we respect our connectedness.
Initiation is a call to face the Wanior and the Husbandman.
This initiation rite should exist to allow a boy to listen to his inner
voice, with guidance and wisdom from elders, to determine what
path he must take. Initiation for a male is successful when it
evokes conscience even in the midst of fear; when it shows that
both archetypes exist within him.
Summer 1987
�Katuah Spring
Gathering
KATIJAH - page 11
Summer 1987
'( .,'.Lq • 111\U l IVI
�ADVENTURES IN THE REAL WORLD:
LEARNING IN THE WILDERNESS
SLICKROCK EXPEDmONS
and so perhaps our adolescent rites of
passage should be less specific and less
strucrured than in a deeply-rooted society.
On the trips I lead, our goal is to learn
about ourselves. I keep the groups small.
There are five boys or three father-and-son
pairs in each trip. The fathers and sons take
a siit-day trip, and the boys take an
eight-day trip, of which five are spent
hiking and three in canoes. I supply the
people taking part with everything except
their clothes.
The Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock
Wilderness Area is an ideal place for our
exploration because it is high, rugged
country and contains one of the largest
remaining stands of old-growth forest in the
Southern Appalachian Mountains. This is a
portion of the Appalachians that remains
unaltered, and with Lake Cheoah to the
north for canoeing, I feel that this area
offers a deep experience of the basic
elements of the natural world.
On the trips I emphasize survival
skills blended with experiences of naturt!. I
want the kids to learn how to make a camp,
how to cook, and how to clean the site so
that there is no trace of camp remaining. At
the same time, I want them to learn to
identify plants and animals and to know
which plants are useful to the camper.
complete the trip. After two or three days it
is as easy to continue up the mountain as it
is to go down, and each boy wants to keep
up with the others.
When we SW1 out, the boys have a
hard time concentrating on any one thing.
They are noisy, and their minds are going in
20 different directions at once. But when
they get out in the deep woods among the
mountains, there is a sobering effect. When
we are camping out on Stratton Bald, for
instance, which is a 5,000 foot high grassy
bald, there are miles of unbroken forest all
around us, and it gives a sense of the
enduring strength of these Southern
Appalachian Mountains. It is humbling to be
up there on your own resources, so far
away that the nearest town is just a small
glow on the horizon and overhead is all of
the immense, dark sky. lt makes one feel
not quite so gigantic in the world, but more
a part of the world.
I would also like the boys to gain a
sense of the world in and of itself. I hope
that more than once on every trip each boy
has an opportunity to forget aU about
himself in contemplating some aspec1 of
nature, whether it is a butterfly, a tiny
flower, or something as awesome and
frightening as being on top of a mountain
and seeing a thunderstorm come in at eye
level.
by Bun Kornegay
Burr Kornegay is an experienced
wilderness guide, having led trips since
1971 when he started taking people into the
Adirondack Mountains of New York Stace.
Now he takes groups of boys 11-16 years
ofage and f ather-a11d-son groups to explore
rile Slickrock Wilderness Area in Graham
County, NC.
We visited and talked wirh Bun, and
he told us how he brings boys to and
through a particular rite of passage. This
initiation helps the young adolescents to
discover and work with a new, mature
perspective.
There is nolhing that one could call an
"ideal initiation" as such. An initiation
implies a very definite idea of the status that
a person is being initiated into. There are
some very elaborate and enduring initiation
rites among tribal groups. The ceremony for
boys who are passing into manhood in the
Masai tribe of Kenya is an elaborate ritual
that lasts several days. The Masai have, in
the course of a long, unbroken tradition,
come to a very clear idea of what a man is,
and their initiation prepares the boys for
that. Perhaps for them that is an ideal
initiation, because it makes everything very
definite. The boys know exactly what they
are heading for, and are led there by a
carefully defined procedure.
The way our society is, I do not
believe we can have that sort of thing. And
perhaps it is not so desireable anymore to
know so clearly what a man or a woman is,
KATUAH- page 12
"Any kind of rite of
passage slwuld be a challenge
to the young people
involved. It should test them
to what they believe is their
utmost to utilize both their
mental and physical
endurance and to draw out of
them qualities that they did
not know they had."
At the end of the trip the boys will
know a way of camping that works. The
next time they go out, they can add their
own ideas and do things their own way, but
they always have the basic knowledge that
they can live well in lhe wild.
Any kind of rite of passage should be
a challenge to the young people involved. It
should test them to what they believe is their
utmost to utilize both their mental and
physical endurance and to draw out of them
qualities that they did not know they had.
While hiking, I have had boys say that they
were going to literally die right at that
moment at that very spot on the trail, but I
have never yet had a boy who did not
Summer 1987
�"It is humbling to be up there on your own
resources, so far away that the nearest town is
just a small glow on the horizon and overhead is
all of the immense, dark sky. It makes one feel
not quite so gigantic in the world, but more a
part of the world."
I want them to sense the age of these
mountains. That is another aspect of
learning their place in this world: to
remember how long these ridges have been
here.
Another thing I hope to bring to the
boys is some degree of organization and
self-discipline. This is an important aspect
of attaining adulthood, because another
name for a teenage boy is "disorganization".
Camping is literally an exercise in getting
one's life together for a time. Trips demand
a lot of attention to details, or else a boy
might find himself unable to locate that
poncho or that flashlight at a time when he
needs it.
When we are on the expeditions we
do everything as a group. The boys do not
carry their own rations or cook their own
meals.We rotate duties, and the meals are
packed so that in one package is everything
for a complete meal for the whole group.
I run a tight ship when we are in the
woods. I do not allow the boys to run off
this way and that, because that is taking a
chance that they would get bun or get lost.
The boys soon realize that they are going to
have to work and play together to be both
safe and comfortable in the woods.
When I am leading these groups of
boys I have to remember that I'm offering
myself as an example to them. When I was
young and in Scouts, I remember how I
looked up to my Scout leaders. It's a natural
thing. This is an imponant influence for a
young person's behavior. Out in the woods
I try to set an example of an "outdoorsman"
in the fullest and best sense of the word: one
who is not only a skilled camper, but
someone who sees nature as more than just
something to exploit
KATUAH - page 13
I have to be a teacher, a guide, and a
counselor, but sometimes I like to just be
one of the boys. I like to swim and play
"king of the mountain". I like to have fun
too.
J have had boys who were considered
"problem cases". One boy who came the
first summer had been diagnosed as
hyperactive and was on two or three
different types of medications. He had been
in a lot of trouble at school, and the
psychiatrist who was working with him
advised me to not accept him on the ttip.
He was an active fellow. It was hard
to wear him out, but there was not a mean
bone in his body. That first year, I saw he
took his medicine every day, but he was still
as hyperactive as any boy could be. It
appeared that the medicine was having no
effect at all
He came out again the next summer,
bringing all his medicines with him, but I
did not remind him about it, and he did not
take his medicine the whofo time we were
out. He was so much better! Calmer, mvre
responsible, much more pleasant to be
around.
I told his grandfather about this when
he came to pick the boy up. The boy's
mother later told me on the telephone that he
bad not been on any medication at all since
that trip. That was a kind of initiation weaning from Ritalin!
Many of today's outdoor recreation
activities reflect a desire to conquer or
dominate the world, a trait that runs deep
within our culture.
The world does naturally present us
with obstacles, and surmounting these
obstacles as they confront us is very
imponant to our development. But on my
expeditions I downplay external thrills.
There is a lot of challenge and adventure in
living outside and exploring rugged, wild
country. If someone goes out with the
purpose of dominating or overcoming
nature, they are using it to build up their
own ego. There is a big difference between
that and going out to humbly learn about
oneself.
For mQre information on Slickrock
Expeditions, wntact:
Burt Kornegay
P.O. Box 1129
Cullowhee, NC 28723
-recorded by Stephaen De/or, Didier Cuzange, and
David Whttkr
Summer 1987
�more
ADVENTURES IN THE REAL WORLD
WOLFCREEK Wll.DERNESS SCHOOL
by Curry Morris
Wolfcreek Wilderness School in
Blairsville, GA has been offering programs
for teenagers for 15 years.
The school recognizes the natural
environment as the ideal locale for
self-realization and offers a variety of
outdoor courses to promote self-reliance and
personal growth. The school also has
mountain heritage programs that teach
aspects of the land-based cultures of the
Cherokee Indians and the early white
setllers.
"I'd like to leave you with a little
thought I've been thinking about ..... it's
about finding the "rhythm of life" .... .'The
Rhythm oflife" is like truly good music: if
you have to ask what it is, you'll never
know. You and the people at Wolfcreek
showed me how to find my "rhythm of
life". Thank you." - C (Sclwol course)
One of the school's most specialized
offerings is a 26-day outdoor exploration
program for teenage boys in trouble with the
law. For many of the boys the program is a
last alternative to long jail sentences. The
program is not specifically therapeutic or
rehabilitory, but is based on the premise that
challenging experiences in contact with the
world of nature can put a boy in touch with
deeper and truer inner resources untapped in
life on the urban streets, that can serve as
the foundation for a new awareness of self
and can lead to a new relationship to
society.
During the summer one- to
three-week courses are open to individual
youths of all ages.
Wolfcreek Wilderness School
Rt. I, Box II90
Blairsville, GA 30512
KATUAH- page 14
OU1WARDBOUND
by Doug Silsbee
Outward Bound was conceived when
a British shipping magnate observed that, in
several instances when his ships were
torpedoed in the North Sea, it was often the
older, more seasoned sailors who survived
in the lifeboats, while younger, physically
stronger seamen perished.
Outward Bound founder Kurt Hahn
began the program as an experimental
approach to train younger seamen - not in
survival skills per se, but in fully utilizing
their own tenacity and inner resources in
difficult circumstances. The program was
continued in British private schools as a
training course for adolescents. Hahn's
vision was to strengthen society by
improving the individual's self-concept,
sense of responsibility to others, and
awareness of Lhe potential to achieve
seemingly impossible goals.
There are now 30 Outward Bound
schools in the world, one of which is
located on Table Rock Mountain, NC. The
North Carolina Outward Bound School runs
wilderness-based courses in a number of
places in Katiiah, from Linville Gorge and
Grandfather Mountain to Standing Indian
and the Chatooga River. The goal of the
school is to create powerful emotional and
spiritual experiences for the 2,000 students
that take part each year.
The programs offered by the organization
are personal growth and values oriented,
and wilderness is an important component
of the training experience. Participants,
many of whom have never slept outside in
their iives, spend from 4 to 23 days outside
with a group of 10 to 12 other students and
two instructors.
Courses take place in the wilderness
because of its inherent spiritual value, and
because it is a new and unfamiliar
environment for most of the participants,
and it is a much less complex emotional
environment than civilized society in which
to learn about oneself.
fears: of falling, of not looking good in
front of their peers, of being alone, of
failing. By dealing with the external
challenge of the activities, and the internal
challenge of their own fears and perceived
limitations, participants come to better know
themselves.
Other activities focus much more on
the group, and impel group members to
come to terms with conflict, to look hard at
their own decision-making processes, and
to find new and more effective ways to
work together towards a common goal
Outward Bound experiences are
different from most initiation rites in that
they do not occur at a set time in a person's
life, and are (usually) not proscribed by
someone else as a prerequisite for coming of
age. There are special c-0urses offered for
educators, adult women, people over age
55, corporate executives, alcoholics, and
cancer patients, but a majority of Outward
Bound participants are adolescents, and for
these the course provides a powerful and
meaningful "initiation rite" into adulthood.
NC OurwardBound School
121 N. Sterling St.
Morganton, NC 28679
,y/1
p
Course activities are designed to place
people under a manageable, yet significant,
degree of stress. Rock-climbing, a specially
designed ropes course, whitewater
canoeing, hiking. solitary time in the forest,
and runs on mountain roads and trails are
new and challenging experiences for most
of the participants. Many of the activities
require inctividuals to confront their own
Summer 1987
�adventure, education about the tribe's
cultural heritage, and community service.
In 1979 Gil Jackson, head of the
Family Services office on the Cherokee
Indian Reservation, and Earl Davis, a
former Peace Corps worker, began the
Cherokee Challenge program in response to
problems they saw among the youth of the
Eastern Band of the Cherokees.
"Most of the kids felt poorly about
themselves," said Davis, "and that feeling
arose specifically because they didn't feel
good about being Indians. Any time they
saw Indians portrayed, it was in a negative
way - the image they had was that Indians
were at best poor and slovenly and at worst
public drunks.
"Cherokee Challenge was begun
initially because the kids needed to know
that there was a lot in their Indian heritage
that they could be proud of. We want the
young people to feel good ~of who
they are, not in~ of who they arc.
"That was in 1979. Now the
organization's concept has broadened
somewhat, because we have found that
when the kids think better of themselves,
they do better in school, they're more fun to
be around, and, in general, they're bener,
healthier people."
The Challenge groups from each
township on the reservation and in
Robbinsville are organhed into gru ups
called"clans", after the fu~cient Cherokee
clan system. Participants arc 11-14 years of
age and mostly boys. One clan has a mixed
membership of boys and girls. The others
meet separately.
Cherokee Challenge activities stress
KATIJAH - page 15
All aspects of the Challenge program
are group oriented, and the canoeing,
rock-climbing, hiking, and caving
eitpeditions, said Davis, "help the group
members to learn about themselves and
about each other. The trips get the kids
outdoors, where they learn new skills and
learn how to get along with others."
On one caving expedition the group
went to cast Tennessee near Craighead
Caverns (now the tourist attraction Lost Sea
Caverns), which archeological excavations
have revealed was formerly used for council
meetings or ceremonies by the native
inhabitants.
'The group went into large caves near
there," Davis related, "so they could
experience the wonder of the caves and feel
the annospherc their ancestors felt 200 years
ago when they gathered there for an
initiation or a meeting."
Service work - picking up trash,
splitting wood for the elderly, visiting at the
old people's home, to name a few of the
activities - helps the children in getting along
with the community and points them toward
worthwhile ways to fit in. "It shows them
that they, too, have a role in the life of the
community," said Davis.
As a part of reclaiming pride in their
native heritage, the children have been doing
sweat lodge ceremonies under the tutelage
of Nora Montelongo and her son, who is a
pipe-carrier for the Cherokee nation. The
sweat lodge is a sacred rite of bodily and
spiritual purification that in fonncr times
was practiced before any important mission
was undertaken. In the lodge the children
learn chants and songs in the Cherokee
language, which otherwise is not widely
spoken among the young people on the
reservation.
In speaking of the ceremony, Davis
said that the young people are expected to
approach it seriously and that "they are
taught that the sweat lodge is a valid way to
communicate with God, the Great Spirit, the
Life Force, or whatever we want to call that
part of ourselves."
The Cherokee language has proven a
stumbling block, however, in the cuhural
preservation project "Fading Voices", which
is an interview program fun ded by a
foundation grant in which young people
from Cherokee Challenge were to go among
elders of the tribe to record their stories,
reminiscences, and details of the way tribal
life used to be.
"We haven't been able to get as much
participation by the kids as we had at first
hoped," explained Davis, "because the old
people are more comfortable speaking in
Cherokee. It is their native tongue, and they
can express themselves beuer in their native
language. Since so few of the kids know
Cherokee, many times they got left out of
the conversation.
"Since we have been under some
pressure to produce materials in order to
comply with the conditions of the grant,
much of the work has necessarily been
taken over by adults familiar with the
language. However, I hope that later on we
can turn the kids loose with tape recorders
to get interviews in the way they want to.
This oral history program is extremely
valuable - any time one of those old people
passes away, something irreplaceable is lost
- but it would also be valuable for the kids
to have the experience of communicating
with the ciders, even if we don't get a foot
of tape from it."
"We want the young people
to feel good because of who
they are, not in spite of who
they are."
Material from the "Fading Voices"
interviews will be printed in a special issue
of the Journal of Cherokee Studies
published by the Cherokee Historical
Museum.
Working on a shoestring budget and
relying largely on volunteer help from the
community, Cherokee Challenge has made
strong beginnings in the formidable job of
picking up the broken threads of Cherokee
tribal tradition and reweaving them into a
meaningful community life for the youth of
the tribe today.
/
Cherokee Challenge
P.O. Box507
Cherokee,NC 28719
Cheroue Challenge is a Mn·fJl'ofil organization.
Summer 1987
�NATURAL
WORLD
NEWS
THE BUTTERNUT IS DYING
by Clyde Osborne
The white walnut, another of
America's great nut and timber trees, seems
headed for extinction, says Bob Anderson,
a plant pathologist at the Southeastern
Forest Experiment Station near Asheville,
NC.
Better known as the butternut tree,
this walnut species has been hit by a fungus
disease known as the butternut canker.
"And no one is doing.anything about
it," Anderson said as he pointed out tree
after tree in the Bent Creek drainage basin
being devastated by the disease.
"There's not a single scientist in the
nation trying to find a solution to this
problem. A pathologist at the University of
Wisconsin worked on it for 10 years, but he
retired three years ago, and no one has taken
up his work," Anderson said.
The disease was first found in 1967
and has spread rapidly. In 1966 a survey in
North Carolina and Virginia found 7 .5
million butternut trees in the two states.
A new survey which has just been
finished found that there are only 2.5
million left, and almost all of them are
diseased.
Cankers spread around branches and
trunks, eventually killing the infected trees,
although each canker lasts for only one year
and then heals over. Eventually the trees are
girdled by canker after canker in the bark
and the cambium "right down to the wood",
according to Anderson.
The chestnut tree, decimated by a
blight disease, has continued to live because
it continually sprouts from the roots left in
the soil. But the butternut doesn't send up
sprouts from the roots.
And sadder yet is the fact that the nuts
of diseased butternut trees are not viable.
The disease puts the trees under extreme
stress. The nuts produced are useless for
propagation. "So unless some answers are
found by someone, it looks like the tree is a
goner," said Anderson.
A pathologist in Virginia told
Anderson that he had found a few butternuts
which seem to have some resistance to the
disease.
If these resistant trees could be
propagated, he said, they might be used to
restock forests where butternuts have been
eliminated or are being killed.
The butternut tree is basically a
northeastern American tree. Like many other
northeastern species, it grows in the
Appalachian mountains, but is uncommon
in other parts of North Carolina.
KATUAH-page 16
Butternut has been used for furniture,
cabinets, fine woodwork, and panelling. Its
wood is lighter than that of black walnut.
But it has been an economically valuable
tree just like its cousin over the years,
although it has never been as prevalent .
The black walnut seems to be
resistant to the butternut canker, Anderson
said, "although you can infect the tree
manually by intrOducing the fungus into it"
And occasionally, black walnut
saplings, if under stress, will show signs of
the disease. Still the disease does not seem
to be a threat to the black walnut.
Reprinted from the Asheville Ci1ill.l1 by
permission.
THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT
Nawral World News Seivice
The American Chestnut was the: most
generous tree in the forest., giving nutritious
nuts for humans, livestock, and wildlife.
The wood was lightweight, rot resistant,
and had a beautiful grain. The bark was an
excellent source of tannin. The native
chestnuts grew 30% faster than oaks, and
even surpassed the rate of growth of Tulip
Poplar. A mature American Chestnut tree
could be over 100 feet tall and have a
diameter of 10 feet or more. And
furthermore, the chestnut composed 25% of
the Appalachian forest trees, growing
everywhere from deep rich coves to dry acid
ridges.
The American Chestnut is now extinct
within its native range, except for the
shrubby sprouts that grow from the old root
systems. It is the victim of a fungus disease
called "the blight" that was accidentally
imported on some Chinese Chestnut trees
around the turn of the century. The blight
kills the trees by forming a canker just
underneath the bark, which spreads until it
eventually girdles the tree. The Cninese
trees evolved with the blight for thousands
of years, and are resistant to it, but the
American Chestnut had no resistance. The
root systems of the trees survive and
continue to send up new sprouts, but the
blight usually kills these before they grow
large enough to produce nuts.
Because of the American Chestnut's
generosity and dominance of the eastern
forests, its demise is considered the greatest
biological disaster in recorded history.
There have been many disappointing
attempts to bring the trees back, but it seems
that the time has finally come for a
breakthrough in blight-resistant American
Chestnut trees.
The Chinese Chestnut is
blight-resistant and produces large nuts, but
it is a cultivated orchard tree and could not
survive or reproduce in a wild forest
ecosystem.
The American Chestnut
Foundation is undertaking a "backcross"
breeding program that will result in a tree
with the blight resistance of the Chinese
Chestnut and the forest-type timber growth
of the American Chestnut. The initial step
in the backcross breeding program is to
cross a Chinese with an American chestnut.
This bas been done before, but the offspring
usually resemble the Chinese parent in their
growth pattern and only about half of them
are able to resist the blighL With backcross
breeding, the blight-resistant half of the
Chinese X American offspring are crossed
with a pure American Chestnut.
Approximately half of the hybrid offspring
of this cross are blight-resistant, but since
they are 3/4 American Chestnut, they will
exhibit more of a forest-type growth pattern.
Working with only the blight-resistant half
of each generation, the backcross step is
repeated to bring in more and more of the
American Chestnut growth pattern while
retaining the blight resistance acquired from
the original cross with the Chinese parent.
If the American Chestnut Foundation can
get the financial support it needs to continue
the backcross program for 20 years, we
should have a blight resistant chestnut tree
that is almost identical to the native
American Chestnut. (Then we'll have to get
out our hoedads and stan planting chestnut
trees on those Farce Service clearcuts.)
There is yet another ray of hope for
the American Chestnut. The blight, a
fungus disease, has become infected with a
virus disease in some areas of the country.
The infected blight is known as
hypovirulent, and even the non-resistant
chestnut trees are usually able to survive
infestation by bypovirulent blight. If the
hypovirulent blight spreads and replaces the
killing blight, then the old American
Chestnut root sprouts that are already here
in the forest will be able to grow to
Summer 1987
�maturity. The drawback to hypovirulence is
that there appear to be many different strains
of the blight fungus, and each strain of the
blight can only be affected by a compatible
strain of hypovirulent blight The American
Chesmut Foundation is sponsoring research
on hypovirulence aimed at isolating
hypovirulent strains that can spread
naturally through the forests.
The American Cllestnut Foundation
publishes an annual joumal and accepts
tax-deductible contributions. Contact:
Dr. David French, Treasurer
The American Chestnut Foundation
c/o Dept of Plant Palhology
University of MinllCSOla
St. Paul, MN 55108
For more information on chestnuts,
subscribe to:
Cheslllutworks
RL I, Box 341
Alachua, FL 32615
($10 per yenr - 2 issues)
NATIONAL FOREST PLAN:
CONTROVERSY CONTINUES
TIIB GYPSY MOTii COMETH
Nalllral World News Service
The "public input" meetings were
well attended, yet an eerie silence persisted
throughout. Most had already heard of the
millions of acres defoliated in the
northeastern states. Few came to debate or
question the proposed treatments. AU came
to find out just what was to take place.
At stake was the fate of 11,000 acres
of private and federal lands in Clay County,
NC. The Fires Creek watershed bad become
the site of a "spot infestation" of the feared
gypsy moth and had received a personalized
environmental impact statement and a
custom-made "eradication program".
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
L., was imponed into this country in 1869
in an attempt to create a silk-producing
moth. The rest is history. What the future
bolds for us here in Southern Appalachia
may come as a surprise, for the gypsy has
arrived.
The gypsy moth is more than an
out-of-state transplant. It is a symbol of our
mobile society. It is highly adaptable and
has no natural predators here. The larvae
spin silken threads and are carried by the
four winds. The adult moth lays eggs on
any object near at banct, thus hitching a ride
to faraway and exotic places.
Natunl World News Service
The 15-year management plan for the
Pisgah and Nantabala National Forests was
made official in April and immediately
elicited another storm of protest from both
local and national environmental watchdog
groups.
At issue were three points insened
into the plan in Washington after a
compromise draft plan was submitted from
the US Forest Service regional office. The
first point said that if timber demand
increases, the maximum acreage liable for
cutting could be raised from 586,000 to
846,420 acres. The new plan also called for
a study to assess that demand, although the
last study was completed only two years
ago. The new plan also called into question
the status of three areas declared as
wilderness in the draft plan. A brief
statement insened into the final document
said that wilderness designation for Craggy
Mountain, Lost Cove (Avery Co.), and
Harper Creek (Avery-Caldwell Co's.)
would be subject to review and "possible
modification by the Chief of the Forest
Service, the Secretary of Agriculture, and
the President."
The Western North Carolina Alliance
was already intending to appeal the plan
because of the high level of clearcutting
called for in the Pisgah and Nantahala
forests, but the Wilderness Society, a
national environmental group, said through
spokesman Ron Tipton that the insertion of
the three points into the plan would almost
cenainly result in an appeal from that group
as well. Tipton indicated that other
environmental groups might join in the
action.
Its food source is primarily the
foliage of oak trees, but it also feeds on
hickory, poplar, birch, and cherry leaves,
while a menu of 500 species of shrubs and
vines is also available. Fruit trees, some
nursery stock, and evergreens such as
spruces, helmlock, and pines are selected as
well by older larvae. The primary goal. of
the larvae is to eat, and after the first molnng
this becomes a twenty-four-hour-a-day
obsession.
The effects of defoliation are varied
and depend on several factors. Dry sites
with shallow soils seem to be more
susceptible than protected sites where
moisture and organic matter are adequate.
Yet, slow-growing trees may survive
repeated defoliation better than fast-growing
timber. Healthy trees can withstand one or
two consecutive defoliations while stressed
trees and evergreens succomb after one
attack. Even the healthiest tree will exhibit
dieback and a 30 to 50% reduction in
diametric growth. Defoliation weakens trees
and valuable energy reserves are used to
refoliate. Weakened trees are attacked by
other opponunistic pests and usually die.
Defoliated areas are subject to
increased levels of runoff and
sedimentation, increased temperature, and
ultra-violet light levels at the forest floor and
waterways. Larvae droppings are a stream
pollutant Mast crops would be drastically
reduced. The overall change in plant and
animal species composition would be
cataclysmic.
It was obvious that some action had
to be take.n. The Southern Appalachian
region is considered to be more favorable
than any other area previously occupied by
the gypsy. Conditions in Clay County we~
shown to be more than adequate to sustatn
very high population levels. AdditionallY,
clearcutting to favor oaks, the current
management technique iJn the National
Forest lands, encourages infestation and
timber loss while mixed hardwood stands
are less susceptible.
Unless remedial action against the
moth was taken, the Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APffiS) of the
US Department of Agriculture, acting on a
congressional mandate, could quarantine all
timber products, nursery stock, horticultural
and agricultural crops, and regulate the
movement of mobile homes, RV's, and any
object that could harbor eggs and increase
the spread of the insect The result of this
quarantine would be socio-economic chaos
in the region.
Because of the large acreage of the
Fires Creek tract, aerial spraying was
accepted at the public meeting as the o.nlY
viable method of attack. Several chenucal
and biological alternatives were proposed to
curb the infestation. Each came with its own
dangers.
The dangers of introducing synthetic,
chemical insecticides are widely known,
thus the treatment was not seriously
considered. The idea of biological control
was the preferred alternative.
It was agreed that two foliar
applications of a liquid formulation of
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bl) and Dimilin
(Diflubenzmon) would be sprayed 7 to 10
days apart at the onslaught of larval
feeding. Bt would be used along waterwars
and Dimilin throughout the steep mountatn
terrain.
Bt is a naturally-occurring bacteria
which when eaten by the larvae, induces
digestive paralysis and death by starvation
within three days. It has a relatively small
target group of insect species. EPA bas
given it a "full registration" and has not
assigned precautionary restrications for use
over water. The Bt spores are degraded by
sunlight in 3 to 12 days bot may persist in
the soil for several months before passing
into the food chain. It is "essentially
nontoxic" to mammals, birds, fish and other
animals. Treated areas may be re-entered
once the spray has dried.
.
Dimilin is a harsher but more effecnve
treatment. It belongs to a group of
insecticides known as growth regulators. It
targets insects having exoskeletons and kills
by interfering with the molting stage of their
life cycle. EPA considers Dimilin to be
"moderately to extremely" toxic to insects
and aquatic invertebrates and "slightly" toxic
to mammals, fish and birds. lt has a soil
half life of 1 to 3 years and "will not
accumulate in organisms as it degrades and
passes through the food chain." Research
on the use of parasites and sterile male
moths as natural controls has shown
promise, but the methods are still oriented
towards small "hot spots."
It was the opinion of the expens that
this treatment would control the gypsy moth
with minimal environmental impact. A
- continued on page 18
KATUAH - page 17
Summer 1987
�--------- ,;::II_.·.
.
w--- _i_ _ trca - cn - co-n- u _ i_ _l_ 8 4 8 5 - - -tsim lar _ -tm -t, - d -c-ted n 9_ --- . ---"""""
.;~,~~~=·--------C- &_ - - E- -- -A
- P L_RAT- S ARE over thousands of acres along the
Tennessee-North Carolina line (cast of
Johnson City and west of Boone), provided
hopeful results.
In early May spraying on Fires Creek
was completed. Monitoring of the area will
continue for several years. The local feeling
is "what's done is done and it had better
work."
But the gypsy moth is advancing
south at the rate of 6 miles per year.
Rcgardlcssofthcdcgrccofcontrol achieved
in watersheds such as Fires Creek, the
gypsy moth will enter Katuah in
approximately 20 years and within 35 years
will become well established throughout the
bioregional province.
WASTE TRANSPORTATION
Natural World Newi
The Monitored Retrievable Storage
(MRS) facility that the US Department of
Energy wants to locate in Oak Ridge, TN
may rum into a semi-permanent repository
for all of the nation's high-level nuclear
waste.
Faced by widespread citizen
resistance, DOE hopes for completing a
nuclear waste repository by their 1996
contract deadline have faded into the
distance. The MRS is currently the favored
alternative as a storage place for the spent
nuclear fuel rods that will be passed over to
the government in that year.
If the MRS were to be built, 13,400
shipment-miles of radioactive nuclear waste
in railcars and 6,200 shipment-miles in
trucks would pass through the Katiiah
mountain area annually, according to figures
released by the Southern States Energy
Board. Without an MRS facility,
3,700-5,400 shipment-miles of wastes
would pass through the mountains annually
during the next few years.
Responding to this threat, citizens
from 13 states met in Maryville, TN in
response to a call by the Blue Ridge
Environmental Defense League to devise a
strategy to counter the proposed MRS and
the problem of nuclear waste transponation.
The group coalesced into a new
organization,
the
Southeastern
Environmental Network and agreed to work
on nuclear and hazardous waste
transponation problems and to encourage
alternative fuels and energy sources.
The new organization represents a
consensus that local people need to take the
initiative in determining new directions for
energy policy. The feeling was that if the
people did not do it for them.selves, nobody
would, and that local groups needed to
make their needs clearly felt in the legislative
chambers and, in effect, "lead the leaders"
to better solutions to questions of energy
generation and waste disposal.
KATUAH- page 18
.[:\_f;~~; .··
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.
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• ".:!.: :.-. ,•
.·!~·::··;-. ~,
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;;~t:~Y ·
STATE ENDANGERED LIST
·z~;!:: .#~. NC Wildlife Resources Commission
r"i ,..
!~J/_.
The North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission is seeking
legislation that would create an official state
list of animals that arc endangered,
threatened, or of special concern in that
state.
A bill now under consideration by the
NC General Assembly would allow the
Commission's Nongame Advisory
Committee to name members to a council of
wildlife scientists. Those experts would
develop and use standard criteria for
identifying and placing animals and birds in
the three categories.
Debbie Paul, manager of the
Nongame Section of the Division of
Wildlife Management, said, "We have rare
species of particular interest in North
Carolina that aren't on the federal list. There
are several unofficial lists of rare animals,
but none developed under scientific review
or using standard criteria."
Some animals already considered
endangered in Nonh Carolina include the
peregrine falcon, the bald eagle, and th~
eastern cougar.
•
,
MOUNTAINS GET THE SHAKES
NUCLE A_ .....,
- - _ R
WASTE," SAYS DR. SMELLO
Nauual World News Sa-vice
How far away is the Shearon Harris
nuclear plant from the mountains?
As close as your electric bill, CP&L
ratepayers learned at a NC Utilities
Commission hearing in Asheville May 20
when company representatives told a
stunned audience that they were seeking a
26% rate increase over the next two years.
The revenue is largely to pay for the $3.8
billion Shearon Harris facility, which went
into operation on May 2.
CP&L spokespeople did offer to give
customers a reduction in fuel rates and an
overcharge refund, -which would panially
offset the effects of the increase during the
first year, if consumers agreed to swallow
the proposed rate hike.
Many of the people who jammed the
hearing were elderly people on fixed
incomes who may have remembered the
exuberant early days of nuclear power when
officials promised "power too cheap to
meter".
The Harris plant was criticized
throughout its construction for consistently
running over budget, but only later will
consumers learn about the "hidden costs" of
the Harris plant, which are not figured into
cost estimates for nuclear power: the price
of radioactive waste disposal and of
"decommissioning" (tearing apan and
disposing of the irradiated building
structures) in 40-50 years when it must be
taken out of service. Environmental coSts,
of course, never show op in corporate
accounting.
Or. Smcllo, a colorful clown ,
attended the meeting wearing a sign saying,
"CP&L rates are a nuclear waste". Smello
accurately summed up the feeling of the
meeting at the end of his address when he
said, "I may look like a clown, but CP&L is
areal joke."
/
Narural World News Service
An earthquake registering 4.2 on the
Richter seismic scale shook parts of Katiiah
during the early-morning hours of March
29, 1987. Sheriffs' departments and rescue
squads received several calls from alarmed
residents, but damage by the tremor was
limited to pictures shaken off the walls.
The quake centered
30 miles
southwest of Knoxville, TN, but the effects
were felt as far cast as Andrews, NC.
Katiiah is located in the Appalachian
Seismic Zone. According to the Tennessee
Eanhquake Information Center, this wne is
a weak spot in the Earth's crust where two
major tectonic plates meet and overlap.The
two plates generate great stresses where
they press together. The seismic rone is an
area where that pressure is likely to be
released in the form of an earthquake.
The last major quake in the
Appalachian Zone was a movement of 5.8
magnitude in 1897 that was centered near
Pearisburg, VA. The March tremor was the
first to register over 4.0 in 13 years.
According to the eanhquake center,
the Appalachian Seismic Zone is an active
area, recording 25 to 30 shakes per year,
but most of the activity registers under 2.0
on the Richter scale and is not perceptible to
humans.
NEWS
The senate was held hostage
today
by strongwomen who fired
brilliant bursts of metaphor
over their heads
and then escaped
into a waiting
Future.
The Right Hemisphere Liberation Army
has claimed responsibility.
• Will Ashe Bason
Summer 1987
�MONITORING TIIE 'CIDE
SEASON
It's summertime again in Katuah!
Time for sunshine, birds, flowers .....and
poisonous chemical sprays.
Many farmers, companies, and
government agencies use herbicides and
pesticides for fast, effective, and highly
tocic weed and insect control. Farmers
spray pre-emergent herbicides to discourage
weeds in their com and tobacco. Railroad
companies and state transportation
departments regularly spray railroad beds
and roadsides, utility companies poison
powerline right-of-ways to keep them clear,
and the US Forest Service blankets selected
areas in the National Forests with herbicide
sprays from helicopters. Throughout the
growing season, farmers protect their crops
with pernicious, long-lasttng pesticides.
Suspended particles of these liquid
sprays drift great distances through the air.
They enter the food chain by being inhaled
or ingested in contaminated water and food.
The sprays are highly foen, carbon-bound
chemicals, so instead of being broken
down, they accumulate in the bodies of
humans and animals.
Acute exposure to pesticides and
herbicides cause a burning sensation in the
skin, eyes, or throat, and forms congestion
in the head and lungs. There may be
swelling and aching in these areas and
coughing.
Sub-acute exposure may cause only a
listless, achey feeling and a low resistance
to virus. This level of exposure is possibly
more dangerous in the long run, because the
cumulative effects may result in cancer or
other degenerative diseases years later when
the cause is hard to pinpoint.
A group in Floyd County, VA
is surveying the effects of toxic
sp rays among their community
members and encourages groups in
other parts of Katuah to do the same
by keeping records of spraying dates
and locations and watching for any
apparent differences among family
and friends.
"If we all do this and compile our
records," they say, "we may notice a
pattern, and we will have more information
with which to stand up and say that most
spraying is unnecessary and unsafe."
Contact: Nancy Barnhardt
P.O. Box 417
Floyd, VA 24091
A VIEW FROM THE
by Mchael Hockaday
CORNERS
Valuing Trees:
A Thought Burl Had
Nowadays I was thinking: what Is
a tree worth anyways, In the year of its
cutting, and in its lifetime, that being a
history of everytime we change it? One
half a tree becomes a stud framed In a
wall as long as it stands, forever worth
about a dollar twenty-nine. That's what
you paid for it. Sure, it helps (or
doesn't help) hold up a wall, a door, a
window, but its inherent value as a
stud has been fixed, done with,
forgotten behind a layer of fabric,
sheetrock, paneling. Done for. Gone.
Another soldier of the forest bites the
dust of anonymity. Other trees, or
half-trees, quarter-trees, trunks,
boards, cherished in their dead state
more than when they grew alive, are
used, touched again and again,
changed, utilized in continually
various ways; these have a life in
history as various as many lives.
This winter, after Christmas
mostly, I started cutting up the gnarly
little yellow pine poles a neighbor
used some years ago to hang that
season's crop of tobacco in my barn. I
had mentioned in the fall he'd better
come get them, else they'd be dust by
spring. More nitrogen in the garden.
Gone. Done for. I decided to handcut
them to stove and hearth length with
my bucksaw that's been hanging
around doing very little since I made it
more than a year ago.
It's work, in-between, after-work,
work that's harder as their girth gets
bigger, but chainsawing them hasn't
been a joy either. And it's quiet at
least, a task more aimed at viewing
and appreciating the winter sunsets,
end as they may.
These poles (trees) 1 was
rendering into kindling had been
grown, whether by God and nature or
man 1 don't know, cut down, trucked
around, de-limbed, nailed up to
support a cancer-causing agent, left to
rot, then taken down, de-nailed,
dragged from the barn, sawed Into
length, and carried again inside to
quickly burn into ash. Makes a hot fire.
Good start for winter mornings. Can't
be used to hold up much anymore.
Gone. Glad to have it. And what a
store of time and labor went into the
using of those trees, each one a part of
the shade we love in summer, helping
to sustain some forest's mystery. What
attention we have given them.we who
are In need of trees, maybe more
attention than some people and
animals get. So what 1 the worth of
is
those trees that cost the original user
nothing but the time spent getting
them? And another thing: the same
parts of a tree that may be less than
their worth to use them - a real waste
of time
twisty, doughty ,
unmanageable for building needs maybe the very material made into
items that become collectibles - the
life-size carving of a saint, a sparkling
oaken
threshold,
or
the
delicate-colored, uniquely shaped
panel, screen, or fan. What is the worth
of only that sort of tree? How
expensive is shade?
So is it irony, fate, wisdom, or
simply a matter of economics that the
ugliest, most hard-to-get-to, orneriest
trees become the survivors,
landmarks, or sacred ones? Some
trees are not made for studs, but
mostly all wood bums if you get it hot
enough.
When summer came and that
shade that is woven by a community of
trees appeared, beckoning in its cool
appeal, I left off the burning of
deadwood to go and just sit under
such a precious canopy of living
wonder. I sat content awhile, having
for a spell no further need to cut,
change, bum. There, in those healing
depths of forest - or was it a wood? who cares? - the creek chuckled as it
sparkled along to the sea, and I could
not but agree that things seemed fine
in such a greenwood, while the sun
blazed and wind shimmered the
heatwaves. "What is the worth of these
trees?" I was thinking.
Gr1tphics by Rob Mcssiclt
KATUAH- page 19
Summer 1987
�Resource Directory
Hurrah!
Plan et Dr um Foundation has just published
A Bioregiona l Directo ry listing bioregional groups,
publications and contact persons in Nonh America. The directory
includes a brief description of each listing and it also includes a
map of the represented areas. To purchase a directory ($2) or to
fi.nd out about joini.ng Planet Drum ($15), contact: P lanet Dru m
P.O . Box 31251, S an F r a ncisco, CA
F oundation,
9413L Here are some selections from the Directory:
Mattole Watershed Salmon Support Group,
P.O.Box 188, Petrolia, CA
95558
(707)
629-3514
Restoring near-extinct native populations of Ki.ng and
Silver salmon through the use of low-tech propagation
techniques and habitat repair, MWSSG focuses on
salmon as an indicator species in order to raise local
watershed consciousness. Established in 1980, the
group has released over 100,000 salmon into the Mattole
River.
Ohio River Basin Info rmation Service, 103
Gibson Lane; Wilder, KY
41076
(606)
781-5502
ORBIS gathers and distributes information that is
pertinent to the health of both the natural and social
ecology of the Ohio River Basin. It is concerned with
water pollution, soil erosion, and ways in which the
human community can promote healing the bioregion.
ORBIS runs Sunrock Farm, a bioregional educational
center, which hosts a program on "Fanning and the
Natural World" including activities, tours, songs and
hayrides for lhe kids.
ORBIS will eventually publish a resource newsletter,
"The Heartland Teacher", to promote bioregional
education at the elementary school level.
The Hopi Epicentre for International Outreach
The Hopi E p icentre fo r I ntern ational O u t r each has
opened its doors under the authority and auspices of the Hopi
Traditional Leaders from the village of Mishongnovi on Second
Mesa. Its purpose is to educate the national and international
communities about Hopi culture, history and spirituality in
relation to current events and how each individual must take
personal responsibility towards the healing of the Earth and all
her inhabitants.
Directed by spokeswoman Marilyn Harris from
Mishongnovi, the office is currently worlcing on a film project
ba~ed on the "Hopi/Dine Neighborship Gathering". It is an effon
to inform, educate and share important spiritual perspectives of
Natural Law with the hope of stimulating creative solutions to the
problems facing humankind today. Also, there is an effort to gain
entrance to the UN as the Sovereign Hopi Nation to address an
official meeting of the General Assembly in order to deliver the
Navoti (Hopi prophecy and knowledge).
To inquire or connibute:
Hopi Epicentre for International Outreach, 22 S. San
Francisco St., Suite 211, Flagstaff, AZ 86001. (601)
TILTH Association, P.O. Box 218, Tualatin,
OR 97062
TILTH is a non-profit association on the Pacific
Nonhwest which links urban and rural people who
support a sustainable, regional agriculture. Members
include commercial organic farmers, small holders,
market and home gardeners, landscape designers and
many others who either practice or support biologically
sound and socially equitable agriculture for the region.
TILTH publishes a quarterly journal and periodic
newsletter updates.
TILTH ASSOCIATION/SEATILE
4649 Sunnyside Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103
SEATILE Til.,TH is an urban chapter within Til.,TH's
regional network that is interested in city-based food
production. Its office contains a resource library of
books and journals devoted to urban gardening and
animal husbandry. Seattle TILTH .aJso has a
"Demonstration Garden" featuring raised-bed vegetable
planting, espaliered fruit trees, composting
demonstrations and a solar greenhouse.
774-2644
Earth Island
Earth Island Journal, An International E n viron m en tal
N~ws Magazine is an invaluable resource for keeping in touch
with the ecologicaVcultural health of the planet--including
rainforests, sustainable development, indigenous peoples,
appropriate technology, etc. Earth Island is a network
(computer and otherwise) of individuals, projects, ideas, and
places that promote ecological consciousness and action.
Ea r t h Island I n stitute, 13 Columbus Avenue, San
Fran cisco, CA 94111
KATUAR - page 20
NABC Il Proceedings
The NABC II P r oceedings from the North American
Bioregional Congress, 1986 is now being published. It is a
90-page quality paperbound book which contains highlights of
the week-long Congress, including reports, resolutions, and
summaries of presentations as well as photos. The topic areas
ran;l:e from alternative economics, eco-feminism, permaculture,
nauve peoples and people of color to bioregionaJ envisioning and
poetry. Price is $l0eacb plus $1.50 p&h.
Contact: Alexandra Han/ Proceedings, P.O. Box 1010,
Forestville, CA 95436
Summer 1987
�m
Big Mountain
"Our way of life is our re ligion, and our
teaching. If we are r elocated by force, we will
all die slowly. The people wo uld not be in
bala nce with Mother Earth and Father Sky and
t he spirit ual people. In ever y way, he re we are
connected to t he la nd. We belong here."
Ma ry T. Begay, Dine elder
Background:
Just south of the Peabody Co:i1 Company strip mine at Black Mesa
(AZ), the U.S. government is forcibly relocnting 10,000 Navajos (Dine) nnd
100 Hopis in what has come 10 be known as the Navajo-Hopi land dispute.
In 1974, Congress passed Public Law 93-531, which crcntcd n
Relocation Commission and declared that Navajos and Hopis living on I.he
wrong side or Lile panition hne c1rawn by Congress would have to move.
Native leaders charge that the relocation is designed 10 facilitate access 10
minerals, primarily coal, underlying the disputed lands. Relocation is
cwrently being accelerated by livestock seizures, fencing by government
crews, a housing construction ban, and harassment of Navajos resisting
relocation. Nnvajos who hove voluntarily moved to nearby cities have fallen
victim 10 fradulent real estate deals and loansharking. (frotn Th e
Workbook, Southwest Research & Information Center, P.O. Box 4524,
Albuqucniue. NM 87106)
Big Mountain suppon groups around th~. contin~nt
continue to renew their effons to suppon the traditional Dine
(Navajo) and Hopi peoples in their struggle against forced
relocation from lheir homelands.
Currently, a lawsuit is being filed which challenges the
constitutionality of forced relocation by demonstrating the
inseparable relationship between the land and the religious
practices of the traditional Dine. All attorneys involv_ed a;e
donating their services, but funding for offices, etc. is sull
needed.
Both the US House and US Senate arc planning to conduct
field hearings this fall in the Joint Use Area (JUA) and Hopi
Village Nations, concerning this issue. In the House, the
commiuce which will be conducting the hearing will be the
House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee. Three
representatives from around the Katuah arc~ are on this
committee: Clarke (NC); Darden (GA); and Lewis (GA). These
hearings could possibly be an imponant way for ~c traditional
Hopi and Dine voices to be heard. If you want to wntc to express
your concerns, write: Rep_ _; US House; Washington, DC
20515.
Although the Dine arc usually self-sufficient, government
harassment in recent years has created a serious need for food,
clothing, wool, and tools. A slide show "In Defense of Sacred
Land" (30 min w/ tape) is available for sale ($65) or rent
($20/wk). It offers a close·up look at 1he traditional Dine cult~re
at Big Mountain and features the complex reasons behind
relocation and the people's acts of resistance. A video "The
Wrong Side of the Fence" (VHS, 60 min) is also available for
sale ($50) or rental ($20).
For general information on Big Mountain and to make
contributions, contact:
Big
Mounta i n
Legal
Defense/Offense
Committee, 2029 N. Center St.,
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
(602) 774-5233
Prophecies
The coming of great eanh changes ( canhquakes, upheaval, polar
shifts, etc.) in this period of our canh history has been spoken of
in the prophecies of many cultures including_ Hopi, Mayan, ~s
wcli as Christian. In the Mayan tradition, this August, 1987 is
regarded as an extremely significant time. In all the traditions.
great emphasis is placed o~ the period lc_ading up !o these
changes as an important ume for conscious cleanng a_nd
hcaling... a rime for getting in _balance with the Earth an~ w11h
oncsclf...a time to make a special effon to walk evenly With one
anothcr...a time to acknowledge and live within the ways of the
Great Spirit ... to remember the Great Mystery. Even now, Tunle
Island and the whole planet is experiencing great stress. It is
imponant that we listen keenly to what is occurring. Ho!
KATUAH-page21
Green Politics
"Throughous our country aNJ our region there is a deep Med /0 reclaim tht
word 'politics'. Politics does /IOI hove 10 conjure up images of special
illteresu. corporOle affiances aNJ short·range vi.sum. It can begin 10 mean
self-gowrnance, day-kH/ay ciliunshipaNJ long-range understanding. Politics
can begin 10 reflect and align itself with nature and tht Earth instead of
actively defying it. Wt can begin to see pofilics.. .as if people mal/ered...as if
tht biotic community mauered...as if tht Earth mO/ttred.
from "Tht Politics of Participation"
~ Autumn, 1984
H
Currently, there is a thrust towards a new/old dimension to
politics...one that speaks to ecological wisdom, grassroots
democracy, and personal & social re5P0nsibility. It promotes
regionally-based cultures as well as community-based
economics. It encourages an envisioning of the present and the
future, in terms of bioccntric sustainability. The movement here
in North America and around the globe is called "Green Politics".
In North America, both in Canada and the United States,
the activity and focus is more regional and local rather than
national. In the United States, though, there is a Committees of
Correspondence Clearinghouse which serves as a national
networking center for local and regional groups and individuals
in the country. Groups around the continent are working on
many levcls--some arc running local and regional candidates,
others arc drafting political platforms, while others arc forming
study groups, addressing specific environmental and economic
issues, etc.
This summer 1987, Building the G reco Movement
will be the first open national meeting of the Greens in the US,
and will take place July 2-7, 1987 in Amherst, Massachusetts. It
will be an educational conference rather than a gathering to make
decisions for the Green movement. Sponsored by the
Committees of Correspondence, it is open to all Greens and
activists in kindred movements. It will include plenary panels,
workshops, and group discussions as well as music and
celebration. For conference infonnarion and general inquiry:
Na ti o n al
C learinghouse,
Comm i ttees
of
Correspondence, P.O. Box 30208, Kansas City, MO
64112
The ten key values which have been drafted by the
Committees of Correspondence and are being discussed and
stmtcgiz.ed by local Green groups around the country arc:
*Ecological W isdom •Grassroots Democracy
*PersonaJ & Social Responsibility •Nonviolence
•Decentralization •Community-Based Economics
•Postpatriarchal Values •Respect for Diversity
*Global Responsibility
*Future Focus &
Sustainability
Richard Harrison, from the Katiiah region, is planning to
attend the national conference as well as assist in forming a
regional ·11oca1 Green Discussion group . The first meeting will
be held on Wednesday, July 22 at the Pack Library meeting
room in Asheville, NC from 7:00 -9:00 pm. For more
information: Richard Harrison, 183 Edgewood Road, Asheville.
NC 28804 (704) 254-6910.
Resource reading: Green Poli!ks. The G(obnl Promjss:,
Capra and SprellUllc. Bear & Co, S:111t:1 Fe, NM, New cdir.ion t986;
Secjo g Green; The Polj!jcs or Ecology Exp(pjncd.
Porritt, J. Basil Blackwell, Inc. NY 1984 ; The Sojrilunl
Dimcosjon or Green Po(il!cs, Spretnak. Bear & Co, 1986
... periodicals: Green Lfllrr. ed. Jerry Gwnthney. P.O.Box
9242, Berkeley, CA 94709; New Options , ed. !'.tuk Satin.
/
P.O.Box 19324, Washington. DC 20036
Turrie Island is the native name for the continent of Norrh
America.
Summer 1987
�DRUMMING
LETTERS TO KATUAH
Following are portions of a letter sent to the editors of
community papers in Georgia and Tennessee as well as to
Katuah:
Dear Editor,
In order to keep my family off food stamps, I've had
to leave my home in southwestern Virginia for the past three
winters and set pine seedlings on clearcut National Forest
land in the Southern Appalachians.
We use an axe-like tool called a "hoedad" and get paid
by the tree, so we hustle over mountainsides and through
briars, bushes, and the tops of fallen trees. It is hard work,
but the pay is good.
The land we plant has usually been clearcut of any
vegetation over three inches in diameter and then burned over
so that when a planter looks up from planting the view in the
distance is often like a picrure postcard, while the closeup
Looks like a scene of nuclear devastation.
At fll'St I thought that the government must make a lot
of money doing this, but in truth it costs tire taxpayers a lot
of171()ney to clearcut National Forest land!
In the fll'St place, the timber or pulpwood is usually
sold cheaply because of the remoteness of most National
Forest land. Then there is the cost. both environmental and
economic, of the roads that the Forest Service puts in to the
site and the cost of a new gate and Ioele to keep the public
out. Then there are the salaries of various people who mark
the boundaries, bum the site, replant pines, people who
oversee the people who replant pines, and often people to cut
away or poison competing hardwoods a few years later.
The cash from the timber sale only barely begins to
pay the money price and could never pay the environmental
price of the cuttings.
Replacing the mixed hardwood forests with rows of
pines reduces the food resources available for many animals.
Cutting the hardwoods also reduces the brilliance of the fall
colors in the mountains. The new pine forests are made of
trees genetically similar to each other, which are more likely
to fall prey to insects or disease before they are scheduled to
be cut When this happens, the Forest Service sometimes
sprays large areas with insecticides, and this has a large
economic and ecological cost
The Appalachians can never really compete in growing
pulpwood with the deeper soil and warmer climare of the
nearby Piedmont or the Coastal Plain, and in the misguided
and federally-funded attempt to do this we will lose priceless
mountain topsoil into our streams and lakes and also lose a
lot of money.
rm not advocating an immediate end to clearcutting,
rather a slowing down to think it over and an end to
automatically favoring pines over hardwoods.
The policy of clearcutting was begun in a sincere
attempt to help our local economies. 11 is certainly true that I
need the money I make at my job. So let's invent some more
wholesome employment for ourselves:
- Perhaps we could pay people to replant ginseng on
suitable mountain sides in the national forest. This could
KATUAH-page 22
conceivably make more money than timber sales with vastly
less environmental impact. Harvest could be by permit or by
free foraging. This could greatly benefit all kinds of local
people and even earn needed foreign eithange, as
Appalachian ginseng is esteemed the world over as the very
best.
- Perhaps people could be employed seeking out the
surviving American chestnut trees and helping them survive.
Perhaps some of the new blight-resistant hybrids of
American and Chinese chestnuts could be planted.
- Perhaps the Forest Service could hire more people to
extend and maintain hiking, bicycle, and horse trails.
- Perhaps the Forest Service could help local people set
up more efficient sawmills, solar kilns, and small
woodworking industries to make better use of the hardwoods
we do log.
- Perhaps the Forest Service could establish small,
local nurseries for treeS and shrubs that benefit local ecology
and economy.
- Perhaps the Forest Service could do more work
educating itself and the people about the terrible realiiy of
acid rain, which has already killed the trees on the tops of the
highest peaks and is threatening the entire forest.
- Perhaps the Forest Service could foster the
development of a few small, viable, village communities
within the National Forest which use local energy sources
and are built to suict environmental standards to teach us
how to live with the forest instead of off it, and offer the
people wholesome alternatives to living in trailer parks at the
bottoms of mountains or in cabins in beautiful bu1 lonely
hollows.
If any of these ideas seem far-fetched, remember that
we could save taxpayers a lot of money by deciding 10 give
the land back to the Cherokee Elders who, after all, did a
very good job of land stewardship here for thousands of
years and would probably take the job at no pay!
The Forest Service is composed mostly of fine
outdoor-loving men and women who hate the bureaucracy
that siymies them more than any outsider possibly could.
They have been caught between a rock and a hard pince with
a charter that demands economic benefit of the local
communiry, the reality of local timber economics, and the the
basically similar needs of sponspeople, conserv:uioniStS. and
tourists.
Remember, only you can prevent runaway
bureaucracy! The Forest Service was set up to nuke policy
based on feedback from local people, and when we don't
offer this feedback, we short-circuit a very good and
idealistic system.
Please write down your ideas about National Forest
land use and send them to:
Chief Forester, US Forest Service, USDA
P.O. Box 2417
Washington, DC 20013
Help return the Forest Service to the service of the
forest.
Will Ashe Bason
Check, VA
Summer 1987
�Dear Katiiah,
rocks
only by shoring their silence
ond solitude
or e we invi ted into
their deep time
their woy of being before god
whot they do
they do well
keep time
w eor w eother
guard secr et s
mark the eorth
whot we see them d o
is nothing
our senses ore too human
their shopes t oo eternal
t he life t hat flow s too hidden
for all our owareness
we have little understanding
of how such life Is sacred
so they fall split open
sit p atiently until
w e come ond hear
the universe w i thin them
groan Its sacred groon
- Thom as Dal e Cowan
Pho10 by Rob Messick
This information is im~t! Can you include this, in pan,
in the 'Solstice' issue of Katiiab? Please try to find room!
(Excerpts from material senr in)
The canh operates as a resonant function of the interface
of two metaprograms, the solar and the galactic, whlch
together comprise a single field.
A resonant frequency phase shift (RFPS) is scheduled
to occur August 16/17, 1987.
The RFPS will alter the molecular resonance patterns of
all living phenomena. By their plasmic nature, most
biological fonns will be able to absorb this shift and
adjust to the new frequency pat1ern. However, much
that has been artificially constructed according to stress
specifications not accounting for RFPS may well be
disintegrated.
In prepara.tion for Phase Shift '87, it is important to
reactivate spirit guides and human-to-human bonding
programs; to reactivate biopsychic maintenance of
planet nodes and crystal gridwoik so that new
frequency imprinting can be received by the earth itself
in order to activate and monitor the new phase. This is
to be accomplished by groups of people in common
attunement attending to all planetary nodes-power
points, shrines, sacred sites; to alert people by whatever
skillful means possible concerning what is about to
occur. Ultimately this means the evacuation of the
cities. since their artificial structures will be largely
destroyed Therefore, plan a crusade--a phase shift
crossing--that is a completely hannonic operation, one
that can synthesize the old frequency into the new. The
Crusade should be in motion by Summer Solstice,
1986. (transmission)
1987-- 144,000 Sun Dance enlightened teachers will
totally awaken in their dream mind bodies. They will
begin to meet in their own feathered serpent or winged
seipent wheels and become a major source of the light
to help the rest of humanity to dance their dream awake.
A Sun Dance teacher is any human being who has
awakened, who has balanced their shields, who has
gained the dream mindbody and who honors all paths,
all teachers, and all ways. (from Prophecies of
lntenribal Medicine Societies of Native American
Indians)
Beginning at Dawn everywhere on the canh on Sunday,
August 16, 1987, 144,000 humans arc being called
upon to create a complete field of trust by surrendering
themselves to the planet and to the hlgher galactic
intelligences which monitor the planet At that time and
continuing through Monday, August 17, the higher
galactic intelligences will be transmitting a collective
planetary vision as well as messages of personal destiny
to and through these people, the rainbow humans.
(Open letter)
Harmonic Convergence: World Harmony Days Aug
16-17, 1987
Join in the Celebration of Harmonic Convergence, a
conscious bonding of people to support an evolutionary
shift from separation to unity and from fear to love.
World Harmony Days include celebrations at local,
regional and international levels which will focus
healing energies to the earth. At the core, 144,000
people will gather at sunrise on Aug 16 at sacred sites
around the globe. They will join at these Earth
"acupuncture points" to create a resonating link between
Universal Energies and the Earth. For info: Harmonic
Convergence, P.O. Box 6111, Boulder, CO 80306
(303) 443-4328.
Anonymous
DRUMMING -conlinuedpage24
KATUAH- page 23
Sammer 1987
�Dear Follc-
1 really enjoyed the latest issue of KatUah. Il
continues to give me great joy to think of the time,
energy, spirit, and blood that is cycled through each
issue. It is a great labor oflove and work. I liked the
"Coverlets" anicle a great deal. I learned much.
But the letters on "More Wilderness" in the
"Drumming" section seemed to me to be shon-sighted.
Sometimes I am confused by what most people think of
as being a "whole system", since the word as it is
commonly only used often seems to have little to do with
the world of good science. (I'm ralkjng about responsive
scientists who care about the land, and there are more
than a few out there.)
I wonder if those writers have any idea how
complex a proposal it is to suggest that cougars could
once again roam "the wild areas of the Appalachian
Region"? Let them take a trip to south Florida and take a
look at how hard it is to support a couple of dozen
cougars in an area as large as .illl of western North
Carolina! Who knows how common cougars were in
this area? They are primarily "big package" predators by
preference, which would suggest that white-tailed deer
would be a major food source. The scat of healthy
cougar cats consists of 90% "big packages" and 10%
small game. So maybe to establish a Fe/is concolor
population in Katuab, we should put them in Cades
Cove instead of in a "wilderness area".
Like Henry Thoreau, I feel now is the time to stop
building castles in the air and start putting in a few
foundations. I'd as soon see us use our energy to create
a "working community" of people, plants, animals, land,
and life in the Appalachians with what we have now. We
already have a wonderful predator moving into our area:
lhe coyote. What"s wrong with a few coyotes?
I would suggest that people who care about the
wildlife in our area go out with a good .410 shotgun and
kill every feral housccat in the region. These "wild" cats
take a huge toll on songbirds and small mammals.
John Lane
,
fKJl iffl)J~(}={f !NJ!ElfWO!RlK
~fPJflOfli1@~
ffrr©m
@~qfhl@rrnfli1@Jrq
Over 125 adults and children gathered at
the Pepperland Farm Camp in Farner, TN
for the Katiiah Spring Gathering. It would
take quite a while to describe in depth the
things we learned, the experiences we
shared, and the spirit we felt there. But we
can say that, there, the beginnings were set
to help the Katuah bioregional organization
grow and become more firmly rooted in our
daily lives and in our local communities.
A network of local contact people is
developing... to help nurture a bioregional
vision in their communities, to help bring
the Katiiah journal to more people, to
encourage more local input into the journal,
to pass around the word about events and
actions, and to sponsor bioregional speakers
and events in their local communities.
Write to the Katiiah journal to find out what
being a local contact per son means.
Volunteer, if you can.
People are also coming together into
" speci fic interest" groups to discuss
particular areas of bioregional life and
culture. The emphasis is on educatin g
themselves as to the most a ppropriate
strategies for living in the mountains. It
includes keeping up with news, events, and
new developments in that particular interest
area as well as lively discussions of how it
relates to this r egion. Hopefull y, it will also
mean submitting articles on that topic so
that each aspect of mountain life is
represented in the Katuab journal. to
"Specific interest " topics include:
Forestry and Wildlife, Agriculture and
Regional Diet, Water, Sustainable
Economics, Healing, Education/Personal
Growth,
Communities,
Ene rg y,
Spirituality, Bioregional Theory, Regional
Politics, and Shelter.
Luke Staengl of Floyd County, Virginia agreed to
coordinate a Katuah regional phone tree to be
used as a networking tool for issues that require
immediate attention such as environmental defense
issues, legislative action, and other special events.
Luke emphasized that when an issue comes
up locally and yet receives regional attention and
response, it is much more likely to be taken
seriously. He encourages all of us to make use of
this kind of networking.
Already, there are over 70 names on the
phone tree list. Some people have agreed to
simply receive a phone call and act on it (write a
letter, etc.). Others have volunteered to call others
in their community, as well. If you would like to
participate in this important regional phone tree
send name, add ress, phone number to:
Luke Stacngl,
Rt.3, Box 120·2, Floyd, VA
24091.
KA11JAH - page 24
Write to the Katiiah journal if you
have an interest you would like to discuss
with other people in the region or if you
would like to participate in this budding
regional network in some way:
Katiiah , P.O.Box 638, Leicester, NC 28748
Summer 1987
�TRANSITION
The hawk flies over me and up
it sings silently soaring; "Spring!"
I have died from lack of flight
from lack of green
it grows.
I see the new and turn my head
the old has clasped my soul
strength welling up and
tears that are not wet but
fall like acid rain, scorching
emotions and stunting growth.
The hawk flies over me and east.
I turn to see what it sees - taking
on the sorrows all around and
shaking and testing my new wings
I cannot fly
yet.
I turn east, thirst overcoming, I
long for water. Mirages appear
in front of me and I think I
have found what I am looking for but it is not water in my mouth,
it is stars.
The hawk flies over me and up
singing, silently soaring, springing
from ashes and into lightning.
I am becoming light
free as the clouds, soaring.....
I am learning to love with
the intensity of fire. Hawk,
energy condensed, shadow threatening
those like me who laugh and
put if off. Shadow comforting
those like me who cry, and my tears
are sizzling like hot oil on the water
of transition.
Wustration by Misha Wilson
- Mara Bradburn
LESSONS IN PEACE
Young
Pe op I e's
Page
Wanted: a world of peace.
I say peace - easily,
freely, the word stems out
and perhaps is used too
often. Wanted: Peace.
I crave it. Freely.
I create it. Sometimes.
Peace is when my anger
turns back on itself and
cries for wisdom. When
anger thinks logically and
knows it's not worth it.
Anger, mushrooming, exploding
in my body, turning,
facing, understanding .....
Wanted: A peaceful world.
The earth is crying.
Peace is when my sorrow
grows into the trees
the leaves absorb it
and say; :"rejoicer·
When sorrow is channelled
the tears become song Peace is when I ache
but I walk, singing, in the
woods anyway.
Wanted: Peace.
I say peace as if I know
what it means.
But when I listen, instead
of talking, Peace says that no one
knows. No one.
Peace is when my resentment
lets loose its harsh ties
and becomes forgiveness.
Wanted: a world of peace.
I dance. I talk. I laugh. I act.
I create. Peace is
when you're doing everything
you can and the only one
listening Is Peace.
- Mara Bradbu,
KATUAH- page 25
Summer 1987
�f't't~'t'f'f't'f'ft'tf't'f'ft'f't't'f't
events ~:::~::r~JUNE
9-8/16 ASHEVILLE, NC
19-21
CULLOWHEE, NC
Appalachian Writers' Association
meeting. Contact: Jim Nicholl; Dept. of
English; Western Carolina University;
Cullowhee, NC 28723
21
SUMMER SOLSTICE
Local gatherings everywhere!
21-27
BRASSTOWN, NC
Music/Craft Week. Contact: John
C. Campbell Follc School; Brasstown, NC
28902 (704) 837-2775
JULY
1-7
G R AHAM COUNTY, NC
Continental Rainbow Family
Gathering. For information, contact:
Rainbow Family of Living Light
Box 1097
Newpon, TN 37821
Center on the Blue Ridge Parkway. For
ticket info., write: The Follctellers, P.O.
Box 2898; Asheville, NC 28802
10
CELO, NC
Full Moon Gathering.
Mount.ain Gardens, 6/24.
See
11
HIGHLANDS, NC
"Nantahala Week". Education,
exploration, raft trip. Contac1: The Mountain
Retreat Center; 841 Highway 106;
Highlands, NC 28741 (704) 526-5838
21-27
23-24
SWANNANOA, NC
Second Annual North Carolina
Alternative Earmin& Fjeld Days.
Workshops:
Marketing
Green Manure Crops
Spccialiry Crops
Grceobousc Management
Tools..... more.
Exhibits, demonscrations.
At Warren Wilson College campus.
Contact: Dr. Greg Hoyt; Mountain
Horticultural Oops Rescareh Station; 2016
Fanning Bridge Rd.; Fletcher, NC 28732
2-7
AMHERST, MA
"National Conference for a New
(Green) Politics" - workshops, strategy,
principles. Write: New England Committees
of Correspondence; P.O. Box 703; White
River Jct., VT 05001
3-5
WAYNESVILLE, NC
"The Bliss of Freedom" meditation
retreat. Stil-Light Theosophical Rc1rcat
Center; Rt. 1, Box 326; Waynesville, NC
28786
11
ROAN MOUNTAIN
Roan Mountain Day Hike. See
Nature Conservancy, 6111
11-12
LINVILLE, NC
The Highland Games. Scottish
piping, dancing, Highland athletics
("tossing the caber", "putting the sheath",
more). $7.00. McRae Meadows (US 221 two miles north of Linville, NC)
13-18
~",r
,-....,.,..-,
CELO, NC
"Building and Planting Stone
Walls" workshop. Joe Hollis; c/o Mountain
Gardens; 3020 White Oak Creek Rd.;
Burnsville, NC 28714
24
~"
,£~
HOT SPRINGS, NC
A Rinzai Zen Retreat. Contact:
Southern Dhanna Retreat Center; Rt 1, Box
34-H; Hot Springs, NC 28743
24-28
MARSHALL, NC
Timber Framing Workshop.
Contact: Country Workshops; 90 Mill Occk
Rd.; Marshall, NC 28753 (704) 656-2280
15
CELO, NC
"Building and Planting Stone
Walls". Mountain Gardens, sec 6/24.
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Mosses and Related Plants".
Smoky Mountain Field School, see
6127-28.
18-19
22
27
BAT CAVE, NC
Day bike. Contact: NC Nature
Conservancy; P.O. Box 805; Chapel Hill,
NC 27514
CELO, NC
"Art in the Gnrden" - drawing and
painting class. Saturdays through 8/1.
Rhea Rose Ormond; Mountain Gardens, see
6/24.
3-12
HOT SPRINGS, NC
" Breathing and Meditation".
Southern Dharma, see 6124-28.
ASHEVILLE, NC
Formative meeting for Green
Politics Discussion Group. 7:00, Pack
Library. Contact:. Richard Harrison; 183
Edgewood Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804
(704) 254-6910
5-11
27
T ROUTVILLE, VA
"When Modem Medicine Fails What Then?" Exploring alternatives.
Rainbow Chapel; Rt. 4, Box 87-A;
Troutville, VA 24175
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Research on Wild Mammals of the
Great Smokies" workshop with Dr. Michael
Pelton. Smoky Mountain Field School;
Dep't. of Non-Credit Programs; 2016 Lake
Ave.; Knoxville, TN 37996
CULLOWHEE, NC
"Landscaping with Native Plants"
seminar. Contact: Jim Honon; Dept. of
Biology; Cullowhec, NC 28723 (704)
227-7244
BRASSTOWN, NC
Black smithing Summer Craft
Session. JCC Folk School, sec 6/21-27.
25
HIGHLANDS, NC
"Folks, Lore, and Truth". Sec The
Mountain, 6/21-27.
23-25
5-18
BLUFF MOUNTAIN, NC
Day hike. Nature Conservancy, sec
6/27.
27-28
8
CELO, NC
"Dancing on the Deck" - morning
and evening dance classes. Wednesdays
through August 12. Rhea Rose Ormond;
Mountain Gnrdens, see 6/24.
MARSHALL, NC
Ladder-back
Chairmaking
Workshop. Country Workshops, see
7/13-18
27-31
f't't'f'f'f'f'f't't'f'tf't't't't't~'t't't
KATUAH - page 26
Summer 1987
�AUGUST
1-2
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Mushroom Identification"
weekend and "Big Game Observation"
backpacking trip. Smoky Mountain Field
School, see 6/27-28.
2-15
CELO, NC
Full Moon Gathering. Mountain
Gardens, see 6/24
9-14
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
19
"Forests and Trees of the
Smokies". Smoky Mountain Field School,
see 6/27-28.
23-30 WA YNES VILLE, NC
"What
is
Theosophy? "
seminar/retreat. Stil-Light, see 7/3-5.
19-20 GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Research on Wild Mammals of the
Great Smokies" with Dr. Michael Pelton.
Smoky Mountain Field School, see
6/27-28.
24-28
MARSHALL, NC
White Oak Basketry Workshop.
Country Workshops, see 7/13-18.
HOT SPRINGS, NC
"Vipassana and Hatha Yoga".
Southern Dhmna, see 6/24-28.
8
NORTH WEBSTER, IN
"The North American Conference
on Christianity and Ecology". Write c/o
P.O. Box 14305; San Francisco, CA 94114
BRASSTOWN, NC
Blacksmithing, Knife Making
courses. JCC Folk School, see 6/21-27.
7-14
19-22
26-30 HOT SPRINGS, NC
"Satipatthana Vipassana Meditation
Retreat" . Southern Dharma, see 6/24-28.
29-9/4 BRASSTOWN, NC
"Eanhworks" (Fiber and Clay
Week). JCC Folk School, see 6/21-27.
MARSHALL, NC
20-26 BRASSTOWN, NC
Blacksmithing and Early American
Crafts. JCC Folk School, see 6/21-27.
25-27
WA YNES VILLE, NC
"An Introduction to Spiritual
Astrology". Stil-Light, see 7/3-5.
29
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Is There a Future for the Black
Bear in the Southern Appalachians?"
conference. $5.00. 9 am - 6 pm.Owen
Conference Center; UNC-Asheville. See ad
this page.
Windsor Chairmaking Workshop.
Country Workshops, see 7/13-18.
10-15 FARNER, TN
"Backpacking Adventure" (ages
11-18); tracking, foraging, primitive
camping with Snow Bear. Pepperland Fann
Camp; Star Route; Farner, 1N 37333
"IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE
BLACK BEAR
IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS?"
SEPTEMBER
3-7
FARNER, TN
"Touching the Earth Mother".
Retreat with Shahabuddin Less. See
8/10-15.
~~~tt
RECLAIM YOUR P£RSONAl POWER AT A NUA1\JRING MCM.NTAIN RETFtEAT
°""""" -
AUGUST17-23 $285
am. U 81Y OUT\.AW, UIT, MICHAEL.A&CHMlOT
CHR1$TIHE 9YRD. C.H.C.. HERBALIST PAM MONTGOMERY,
4-7
BRASSTOWN, NC
Labor Day Music and Dance
Weekend. JCC Folk School, see 6/21-27.
CAROLYN MOOR£,
INOIAN VAUEY RETREAT
6
CELO, NC
Ill 2 eox sa. WI.US, VA. 24390 fnl3l .,...295
PleMt tMJ.11• 04/I bfocAn ICW oet.MI
Full Moon Gathering. Mountain
Gardens, see 6/24.
14-16 ELKINS, WV
Augusta Folk Festival. Augusta
Heritage Center; Davis and Elkins College;
100 Sycamore St.; Elkins, WV 26241
11-13 GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Spiders of the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park". Smoky
Mountain Field School, see 6127-28.
16
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Summer Wildflowers of the Great
Smokies". Smoky Mountain Field School,
see 6/27-28.
16
HARMONIC
CONVERGENCE
Join with others at sunrise and
share your vision of world peace and
harmony.
16-19 HIGHLANDS, NC
"Dare to Explore". Rock climbing,
whitewater canoeing, hiking. The
Mountain, see 6/21-27.
Issues Facing the Black Bear and
Mountain Habitat
Its
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1987
Owen Conference Center, UNC-Asheville
11-13 WAYNESVILLE, NC
"Henry David Thoreau and the Tao
of Simplicity" seminar at Stil-Light. See
7/3-5.
16
CELO, NC
"Dividing Perennials and Making a
Flower Garden" workshop. Mountain
Gardens, see 6/24.
18-20 ASHEVILLE, NC
New Priorities Conference on
Peace, Social Justice, and the Environment.
Contact: The New Priorities Center; 54
Starnes Ave.; Asheville, NC 28801
Invited Speakers Include:
Dr. Michael Pelton
(University of Tennessee)
Dr. Roger Powell (NC State University)
Ms. Lauren Hillman (US Forest Service)
Dr. John Collins
(NC Wildlife Resources Comm.)
Jim Noles (NC Bearhunters' Ass'n.)
Admission: $5.00
Sponsored by:
Dept. of Environmental Studies, UNC-A
Bear Action Networlt
Kal(iah
�gets a chance to speak. They talk about things they are
feeling, experiences of that day, or whatever they want to
speak about The simple ritual of passing the feather puts a
lot of meaning into that little gathering. It makes it
ceremonial, and I find the Jcids often talk of very deep things
that are on their minds. Again, it's the power of the mythic
that seems to bring out people's deeper selves.
We always try to have a fire in the evenings when we're
traveling . It's not just for the practical necessity of cooking
our foocl. nor only because the fire is a center for the group
circle, but we make a fire because it is in itself such a basic,
important element that I want to invite it into our circle and
introduce the Jcids to it. And fire is a teacher. In mythic tenns
it says to us very starkJy, "That which would give light must
endure burning."
~: Besides the external recognition, there is also an
initiation that happens within the adolescent at this time of
change. These private initiations are perhaps the most
important Do you run into examples of these at the camp?
Helen: Kids want to be heroes and heroines. They will do
a lot to achieve a victory. And they want to be good
grown-ops, so they will respond to a challenge to prove
themselves.
Kayaking and rock-climbing provide a different type of
challenge. Rather than testing endurance and encouraging a
reflective, meditative state, they bring the campers very much
into the immediate moment They have to extend tlleir senses
and concentrate on putting all their energies 10 the task at
always some point where they have to meet that fear and
overcome it to be able to continue. At that crisis point there is
a sudden sensation of becoming very calm and objective. As
the Hopi Indians say, "The soul comes out of the top of the
head" through the fontanelle and looks down on the body
clinging there with a single, perfectly clear eye that
transcends all fear or questioning.
Kat\Jah: So these experiences actually coun that fear to
generate energy for an initiatory experience.
Helen: They inevitably do that, but they also demand total
physical exertion which often exceeds what the camper
believed to be his or her physical limits. The world is
perceived very clearly when one is hanging on to a
finger-hold crevice, and a single climb can shift the terms in
which a young person defines his or her identity, creating a
new acceptance of self. And all these elements together add
up in some way to a spiritual connection with the God force,
which, while it is not readily defineable, is the strongest
source of personal power.
Bot we don't have to seeJc these situations out. They are a
naturally-occuuing part of camp life. One time I was with a
group of the younger campers. The thing we were going to
do that period was to climb trecS. They all started going up,
except for a mentally disturbed boy named Jimmy. He was
standing on the ground malcing climbing motions with his
hands, ~oing "Uh, uh, uh," like a monkey.
I thtnk it's very important for the kids that, once we say
we're going to do something, we do it. I realized that this
was an important moment for him; it was very imponant that
he at least got to the first branch.
So I called the other Jcids around. Some of them were
already way op in the tops of the trees, but they all gathered
around, and we talked about this. We made it a group
project. Jimmy didn't mind the group talking about his
problem, in fact I find that the kids seldom mind having the
others talk about them in the circle. We talked about it, and
then with a lot of reaching, hoisting, and encouragement,
Jimmy made it up into the tree. It was a group effon, but it
was also a personal victory for him.
hand.
11
The river is a good teacher of
humility, because in a kayak, the ldds
have to recognize and use that force.
11
Groups go k.ayalcing in the fast rapids in several of the
mountain rivers. On the water, the kids have to concentrate
on their movements, their techniques, while always being
aware of the rapids coming up ahead. They have to be
constantly sensitive to the river. It's an immense, strong
force. The river is a good teacher of humility, because in a
kayak, the kids have to recognize and use that force. TI1ey
have to flow with it, if they're going to avoid being thrown
under.
Rock-<:limbing is another challenging activity that tests the
kids' abilities. When they're pulling themselves up the side
of a cliff, the campers have 10 rely on their own strength and
have to watch their own motions in the same way as on the
river. They have to control their fear, so their body can be
completely relaxed, and they can continue 10 climb. There's
KATUAH - page 28
These experiences come up, bot for them to have a
positive effect, there must be a teacher present who can
interpret and resolve them. "Education" in its Latin
beginnings derived from educatus, part of the verb educare,
"to bring fonh from within". Education does not mean to
superimpose knowledge that belongs to others on top of the
initiate. It means to bring out the eternal truths that lie hidden
in every relationship. So there must be relationship and it
must be experiemial. Now that's a school!
,,
- Recorded by DIV
Summer 1987
�w€BWO~
ENVlRONME.NTAL IN'raRNSHIPS available at
Long Branch Environmental Education Center in
pcnnaculllR. wildlife ad'JOCIC)', 80lid and ha%ardous
waste issues, appropriate technology. Room and
board. Coruacc Paul and Pal Gallimore; RL 2, Box
132; Leicester, NC 28748 (704) 683-3662
ORGANlC FERTILIZERS, herbs, and
organically-grown, local produce at the WNC
Farmers' MJutetl Look for the Fa.irglen Farms stall,
uniis F and G in the wholesale area of the Farmcn'
Market: 570 Brevard Rd.; Asheville, NC (704)
252-4414
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER, cenified,
creative, self-motivated, and organized needed at
Valley School, a parent-governed alternative school
in Monongahela National Forest, WV. Resume,
refeicnces to: Teri KulSko; I Kirk St.; Elkins, WV
26241(304)636-2979
THE APPALACHIAN HERB NEWSLETTER:
exploring the potenlial for herbs as cash crops in
Appalachia. Subscriptions $12/yr.. Write:
A!)J)a!acbjan Herb Newslcttcr - ASPI; RL 5, Box
423; Livings100, KY 40445
acres near
Boone, NC sccting families with SIJ'Ol1g visions and
resources to manifest a peaceful place for our
children to grow in love and to survive the corning
of the new age. Paul and Susan Del Rios; RL 2,
Box 314; Vilas, NC 28692 (704) 297-4937
LAND TRUST in the forming on 57
PURE HONEY - unhealed and unfiltered. Poplar,
locust, and sourwood. One of nature's blessings!
Price and ordering info from Jimmy Holladay, the
Beekeeper; P.O. Box 908; Black Mt'n., NC 28711
(704) 669-9788
INDIAN VALLEY RETREAT- 140 llC(CS in Blue
Ridge mountains with facilities available to rent for
groups or individual retreats, either guided or
unstructured. Send for information and seasonal
calendar of healing, transformative evenis to: Indian
Valley Holistic Center; RL 2, Box 58; Willis, VA
24380.
"AS WE ARE" - Women's music by Pomegranate
Rose, a four-woman group playing lively original
music. Casseue tape available for $9.00 ppd. from
RL 2, Box 435; Pittsboro, NC 27312
A Bil.L is under consideration in the NC legislawre
that would affect lhe future of homeschooling in the
state. For info, call: Candy Boehm (704) 667-8826
or Tricia Sommerville (704) 658-0809
Tiffi CENTER FOR NEW PRIORITIES - now
open, in Asheville, NC, for all groups dedicated to
wort:ing towards genuine, life-oricnl.cd, change for
lhe community. Office space, small meeting space,
and ltitchen facmties are available. For more
information, call (704) 254-4714 or write the
Center, 54 Starnes Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801.
The Cenier appreciates donations, large or small, to
help with iis upkeep and activities.
PEPPERLAND FARM CAMP - a unique summer
camp experience for chi.ldrcn 6-16 years. AdvenlWI:
trips, riding, Indian lore, swimming, more.
Delicious vegetarian meals - special diets
accomodated. Also seeking counselors and slllff. For
info: Pepperland Fann Camp; Star Route; Farner,
TN 37333 (704) 494-2353
WINGED HEART HOMESTEAD - 283 ICl'CS in
Indian Valley district, SW Virginia. On this Cann
we want IO start a self-reliant community of
families emphasizing organic farming melbods and
creative personal and spiritual growth. Contaet:
Muzawir; RL HC-67, Box 171: Alum Ridge, VA
24051.
APPRENTICESHIPS • offered in large, organic,
m3Jket garden business and home subsistence/
preservation garden. Gardeners have eight years
experience teaching organic, biodynamic-French
intensive, labor intensive gardening. Housing.
Contact: Bob and Sandy Gow; Rt. 2, Box SI;
Zionvillc, NC 28698. {919) 385-6606.
CLINCH RIVER EDUCATIONAL CENTER offers
counseling for individuals, couples, groups. Also
classes in personal growth and body awareness. P.O.
Box 993; Abingdon, VA 24210.
FARM FOR SALE - 43 acres, Calhoun Cty. WV;
5 room older house, deep well, 30+ apple trees,
indoor hot water and bath, outdoor toilet, FREE
NATURAL GAS, hilltop. 1/4 mile well-maintained
access road. Allan &: Carol Freeman, (704)
FLOWER ESSENCES - Harmony with Nature &:
SpiriL Gentle emotiortal support during transitions,
specific issues, relationships. Opens
communications. Self-adjusting, non-toxic,
awareness "tools" for improving the ionCl quality.
Correspondence to: Elaine Geouge, c/o Patchwork
Castle, Celo, 3931 HWY 80 So., BumsvWe, NC
28714
At ARTHUR MORGAN SCHOOL 24 studenlS and
264-5726. $30,000.
KA11JAH - page 29
SOCK-A-DOOZ PUPPET PETS - Walk 'cm, talk
'em, make 'cm Oy. Wag their tails, you can try.
They will love you, hug you if you're blue. Now
PUPPET PETS can be your friends too.
Handcrafted by Bonnie Blue; 78 1(2 Patton Ave.
(#10): Asheville, NC 28801
"CELEBRATION SPACE: Songs to Celebrate
Life" - A casset.te tape completely produced,
performed, and recorded by members and friends or
lhe Floyd County community to raise money for
the Floyd County Community Hall. This audio
songbook contains 15 original songs and chants and
3 traditional songs to learn and sing in your own
community. The sound quality is uneven, but the
c:ncrgy. spirit, and joy shine through.
For the cassette 1ape with lyric sheet (ppd.), send
$10.00 to the Floyd County Communi1y Hall
Projca; RL 1, Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091.
CREEKSIDE PRESS - Assistance for authors and
poctS in editing, computer scrvices, and submitting
manuscripts for publication. Lori Ward Hamm;
P.O. Box 331; Abingdon, VA 24210.
PARM WANTED - young family seeks
owner-financed, low down payment (SSOO or less)
small acreage (10 acres or less) in the N.C.
mountains for home, gardens, fruit tree, and peace.
Also, we would appreciate info on jobs and/or job
offers in the area. We are young, hard-working and
dependable. Please write Mr. &. Mrs. Jorge
Velazquez: 174 Countrywood, Cleveland, TX
77327.
ARCHITECTURAL ADVlCE AND DESIGN:
Adam C.ohen; RL 2. Box 217; Check, VA 24072
14 staff learn together by living in community.
Curriculum includes creative academics, group
decision-making, a work program, service projccis,
extensive field trips, challenging outdoor
experiences. Write: 1901 Hannah Branch Rd.;
Burnsville, NC 28714.
Shell gorget llJlelJ1hod 11 IM Orcat MoWld. ScvieiviUe. TN
WEBWORKING continued next page
Summer 1987
�WEBWORKING cootinucd
ASTROLOGICAL
CHART S.
7-page
interpretations of planets in signs and houses with
planetary aspects. Easy to read. Great gift for the
newly-born. Send SIS, name, date. time, and place
of birth to TouchslOOe; Rt. 2, Box 314-K; Vilas,
NC 28692
OAK LEAF WORKS - hand-crafted futon
mauresses, zabolOO noor cushions, yogamats, and
buckwheat bull pillows; SUllldard & custom sius
available, to suit your needs. Write or call for our
free brochwe: Oak Leaf Works; Star Route, Box
43; Floyd, VA 24()1)1; (703) 763-2373.
DA YSTAR ASTROLOGICAL SERVICE - niual,
transit, comparison charts. Very accurate. Only
$3.00 each. Chris and Will Bason; Rt. 2, Box 217;
Check, VA 24072 (703) 651-3492
ROSE AROMATICS - cssentiai oils have been
healing body, mind, spirit, since ancient EgypL A
most pleasant therapy! Dabney Rose; 108 Church
Rd.; Asheville, NC 28804 (704)2S4-9SS I
WEBWORKING Is free.
Send submissions to:
Ka1W
MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves,
tinctures, & oils for bitthing & family health. For
brochwe., please wrire: Moon Dance Farm; RL l,
Box 726; Hampton, TN 376S8
P.O. Box638
Leicester, NC
Katliah \ Province 28748
SCOTT BIRD
GREG BLACK
(704) 683-1414
683-4795
Mebtcltte of tne
farlfJ ~Spirit
Ul.TIIAVIOLET PUAlflCATIOH AHO ALTElllMG SYSTEMS
cus~m
beabeb nystal
MCklaces
SOLAR PRODUCT'S · WATER AHALVSIS
RANDA~ C.
704-~5912
LANIER
_.._..
~
131 r.,_ -..,..,, 1111.
- l l o. N C. 2*4
. HWY. 107
RT. 88 BOX 125
CULLOWHEE, NC 28723
(1041 291-103'
Chinese
Acupuncture
and
Herbology
Clinic
NaturaJ Food Store
& Deli
160 BroadWay
Asheville, NC 28801
MALAPROP'S
BOOKSTORE/ CAFE
BOOKS -
342 Merrimon Avenue Asheville, NC
(704) 258-9016
CARDS -
OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK
Monday-Saturday: 9am·8pm
Sunday: 1pm-5pm
RECORDS
61 Haywood Street, Asheville, NC 28801
(704) 253-7656
(704) 254-0134
'Jlja!?~ 'J\!1~1
BOBCAT
l'ruvoJ1na PttM>nol ~<Vt«
Fllloni
Book Nttds
In Spcclahzecl Fle!Js
704-264-5866
'Nat!lr<\ls
y,..,
T-SHIRT
SHORT SLEEVE T: $10.00 ppd.
Colors: Ecru, White, Sliver,
Seafoam (It. green) Tea/
LONG SLEEVE T: $14.00 ppd.
(Include• Paw Print on Sleeve)
Colors: Ecru, Sliver, Tea/, White
Satisfaction assured or return for full refund.
PleaH Indicate size, color,
sleeve length, quantity.
B ~)OkD Q""'
Thin(s L, .. .
GARY HEMSO'TH
8ooludrr
IN ADULT SIZES S,M,L,XL
We a/so have a /In• of aweanhlrts and kid• T-Shlrta
Boone Bel&bts Sbopploc Centu
Boone, North CaroUna 28607
t-----------------t
FRIEDMAN &
Introducing the BOBCAT
This full color design Is hand-screened on
T-SHIRTS OF 100% PRESHRUNK COTTON
KAlUAH - page 30
Where Broadway mMts
Merrlmon Ave & 1-240
8
DESIGN, INC.
ENUGY SYSTEMS
THAT />AY FOR THEAISELVF..'i
I
..- -
~-- -,..
-.., ~-=..,.,ca=-=-.,:-:.=-.-=-=
- -=::-::....,..==.
l(AWI~-
P O llOXlll7
OIUS80AO. H C 21125
Summer 1987
�Kmflal1 wants to communicate your thoughts a11d feeli11gs to the other
people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories,
drawings, or photographs. Please send your contributions to us at: K.atiJ11.b; Box
638; Leicester, NC; Ka!Uah Province 28748.
For fall, Katflah is looking for facts.feelings, and amazing tales about
Yonah, the black bear, totem spirit of the Southern Appalachians.
In the winter issue, the focus will be on "Sheller". Please send drawings,
designs, thoughts, or ideas on what is appropriate she/1.:r in the mountains.
Medfclnt" ;illfes
BACK ISSUES
ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985
The Waldee Forest - The Trees Spealc Migrating Forests - Horse Logging Starting a Tree Crop · Urban Trees Acom Bread - Mylll 'Time
ISSUE 1WO- WINTER 1983-84
Yona - Bear Hunters - Pigeon River Another Way With Animals - Alma Becoming PoliticaJly Effective Mountain Woodlands - Katiiah Under the
Drill- Spiritual Warriors
full color
ISSUE TEN - WIN11'ER 1985-86
Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone : Internal
Mythmalting - Holistic Healing OD Trial Poems: Steve Knaulh - Mythic Places The Uktena's Tale. - Crystal Magic "Dreamspcaking"
ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984
Sustainable Agriculture - Sunflowers Human Impact on the Forest - Childrens'
Education - Veronica N"icholas:Woman in
Politics - Lillle People - Medicine Allies
T- s&frts
In the traditional Cherokee Indian
belief, the creatures in the world today are
only diminuitive forms of the mythic beings
who once inhabited the world, but who now
reside in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the
highest heaven. But a few of the original
powers broke through the spiritual barrier
and exist yet in the world as we know it.
These beings arc called with reverence
"grandfathers". And of them, the strongest
are Kanati, the lightning, the power of the
sky; Utsa'nati, the raulesnake, who
personifies the power of the earth plane; and
Yunwi Usdi, "the little man", as ginseng is
called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws
up power &om the underworld.
Each is the strongest power in its own
domain. Together they are allies: their
energies compliment each ocher to form an
even greater power. As medicine allies, they
represent the healing powers of the
Appalachian Mountains.
The medicine powers of Katuah have
been depicted in a striking T-shirt design by
Ibby Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen
by Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality,
all-cotton shirts, they are available now in
all adult sizes from the Katfiah journal.
"To show respect for this supernatural
trinity of the natural world is to in turn
become an ally in the continuing process of
maintaining harmony and balance here in the
mountains of Katuah."
To order, use the form below.
ISSUE ELEVEN - SPRING 1986
Community Planning - Cities and the
Bioregional Vision - Recycling Community Gardening- Floyd County,
VA - Gasohol - Two Bioregional Views Nuclear Supplement - Foxfire Games
-Oood Medicine: Visions
ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984
Water Drum - Water Quality - Kudzu Solar Eclipse - Clearcuuing - Trout Going to Water - Ram Pumps Mierohydro- Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair,
Jim Wayne Miller
ISSUE FIVE- FALL 1984
Harvest - Old Ways in Cheroltee Ginseng - Nuclear Waste - Our Celtic
Heritage - Bioregionalism: Past, Present,
and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing
Darltness - Politics of Participation
ISSUE THIRTEEN - Fall 1986
Center For Awakening· Elizabeth Callari
- A Gentle Death - Ro.spice - Ernest
Morgan - Dealing Creatively with Death Home Burial Box - The Walce - The
Raven. Moelter - Woodslore and
Wildwoods Wisdom ·Good Medicine: The
Sweat Lodge
ISSUE SIX - WIN'IBR 1984-85
Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony Horsepasture River - Coming of the Light
- Log Cabin Roots - Mountain
Agriculwre: The Right Crop • WilJiam
Taylor - The Future of the Forest
ISSUE FOURTEEN • Winter 1986-87
Lloyd Carl Owle - Boogers and Mummers
- All Species Day - Cabin Fever
University - Homeless in Katuah Hommade Hot Water - Stovemaker's
Narrative - Good Medicine: Interspecies
Communication
ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985
Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs WOTker Ownership-The Great Economy Self Help Credit Un.ion - Wild Turkey Responsible Investing - Worlting in the
Web of Life
ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987
Coverlets - Woman Forester - Susie
McM.ahan: Midwife - Alternative
Contraception - Biosexuality Bioregionalism and Women - Good
Medicine: Mauiarchical CullUl'e - "Pead"
JSSUE EIGHT - SUMMER 1985
Celebration: A Way of Life - Katiiah
18,000 Years Ago - Sacred Sites - Polit
Ans in the Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon
Cycle Poems: Hilda Downer - Cherokee
Hcriiage Center - Who Owns Appalachia?
Celebration
KAWAH: Bjoreruonal Journal of the Southern Appalachians
Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748
Regular Membership........$10/yr.
Sponsor..........................$20/yr.
Contributor.....................$50/yr.
Name
Address
City
Area Code
K.AWAH- page 31
Enclosed is $
to give
this ejfort an extra boost
State
Phone Number
Zip
I can be a local contact
person for my area
Back Issues
Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $_ _
Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.00 = $_ _
Issue# _ _@ $2.00 = $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.00 = $_ _
Complete Set (2-11, 13-15)
@ $19.00 = $_ _
T-Shirts: specify quantity
color: tan
S_ _ M_ _
L_ _ XL_ _
@ $9.50 each............$_
TOTAL PRICE=
postage paid
_
$_ _
Summer 1987
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
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This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
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The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
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1983-1993
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journals (periodicals)
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English
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Title
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<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, Issue 16, Summer 1987
Description
An account of the resource
The sixteenth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on the initiations and rituals surrounding the coming of age and the maturation of young people. Authors and artists in this issue include Tata Andres, Snow Bear, Patrick Clark, Maggie Schneider, Rob Messick, Burt Kornegay, Stephaen Delor, Didier Cuzange, David Wheeler, Curry Morris, Doug Silsbee, John Lane, Clyde Osborne, Will Ashe Bason, Michael Hockaday, Nancy Barnhardt, Thomas Dale Cowan, and Mara Bradburn. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
Interview: Helen Waite.......3<br /><br />Poem: "Visions in a Garden".......5<br /><br />The Vision Quest.......6<br /><br />First Flow.......8<br /><br />Thoughts on Initiation.......9<br /><br />Archetypes of Male Initiation.......9<br /><br />Learning in the Wilderness.......12<br /><br />Cherokee Challenge.......15<br /><br />Natural World News.......16<br /><br />View from the Corners: "Valuing Trees".......19<br /><br />Turtle Island Talking.......20<br /><br />Young People's Page.......25<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
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Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Subject
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Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Puberty rites
Outdoor Education--North Carolina, Western
Camps--North Carolina, Western
Youth development--North Carolina, Western
Cherokee youth--North Carolina, Western
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Source
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<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
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<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
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Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
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<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
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PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Cherokees
Community
Education
Electric Power Companies
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest Issues
Geography
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Poems
Radioactive Waste
Reading Resources
Turtle Island
Western North Carolina Alliance
Wilderness
Women's Issues
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/b7c30c6ce7c5fb288b9fbaf8533bfb00.pdf
e4fb1233504bfc8d0f823864df5a94b2
PDF Text
Text
ISSUE 19 SPRING 1988
$1.50
BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ~OUTHERN APPALACHIANS
�©~
Postage Paid
Bulk Mail
Permit#18
Leicester, NC
28748
P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
�The Perelandra Garden ...... 3
Spring Tonics .............. 6
Rooting Blueberries ......... 7
"First Dogwoods"
a poem by Michael Hockaday .... 7
Gardens of the Blue Ridge .... 8
A Visit with Granny:
An lnterVlew with Carolyn Port ... 1O
Flower Essence ..... . ...... 13
The Origin of the Animals:
Plants have been in
communion with the human
species for thousands of years.
Only recently with the advent of
the mechanical age have we
relegated them to muteness.
a story by Clyde Hollifield . . . . . . 14
''Sacrament,"
"Rain Has Come Again:"
poems by Janeice Ray ......... 15
Good Medicine: "Power" .... 16
Be A Tree .......... ...... 17
Natural World News ........ 18
Drumming:
Letters to Katuah .......... 22
A Children' Page . .......... 25
Events ... .. .............. 28
Spring Gathering ........... 29
Webworking ............... 30
In the past, plants have
shared their information with us.
They have told us which of their
species is good for medicines,
for healing, for food, for making
musical instruments ... They have
whispered songs to our ancestors
...and poems. They have sent
dreams our way...and visions.
We share a sacred bond with
plants. Our "world" depends on
their world. Even from the
beginning, photosynthesis was
essential in allowing our
species to eventually occur.
Today, sharing the earth's
atmosphere...exchanging oxygen
and carbon dioxide with each
other... reflects how intimate our
connection is. In fact, at the
heart of the relationship is
"exchange".
We receive nourishment from
plants ... not only for the physical
body, but also for the psyche.
They daily reveal to us visions
of rootedness, stillness ...
vibrancy and life.
The plant world holds the
memory of what a bioregion
is...what it looks like in its
wholeness. By listening to the
plant world, we can tap our own
underlying sense of what this
region could be... how to
re-inhabit Katuah.
As we begin to become more
conscious, we see how power and
creativity can be used to enhance
and celebrate the heartbeat of
the ecological processes here
rather than disrupt or destroy it.
The plant world can participate
in a vital way in this
internal reawakening . Plants
can partner with us as we
explore integrating the human
species into the ecological
symphony of this place.
Whether in a garden, in a
grove...or in wilderness, we can
begin to develop a co-creative
partnership with plants, where
once again, they speak to ~
�EPlTORTAL STAFF THIS ISSUE;
Scott Bird
Christina Morrison
Mamie Muller
Jack Chaney
Sam Gray
Michael Red Fox
Sally Mander
Manha Tree
Rob Messick
David Wheeler
THA NKS TO: Julie Gaunt. Ellen John, Brooks Michael,
Judith Hallock, Tom Hendricks, Kathleen Mclaughlin, Karen
W.i1.ldns-Deckct. Susan Laird, Chip Smi1h, Joe Roberts, John
Peuie, Manha & Dean, and Cclo Communi1y.
Cover: Manha Tree
Invocation: Rob Messick
EPTTORTAL OEFTCE nos ISSUE:
Worley Cove, Sandymush Creek
THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BIOREOION AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS
PRINTED BY: Sylva Herald Publishing Co., Sylva, NC
WRTTEUSAT:
TELEPHONE:
(704) 683-1414
KiWah.
Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
Diversity is an imponan1 elemeni of biorcgional ecology, both
nn1urol and social. In line with this principle, KatCiah tries IO serve as a
forum for 1.he discussion of regional issues. Signed articles express only
the opinion of the authors and are no1 necessarily lhe opinions of the
KatU/Jh editors oc staff.
The lniemal Revenue Service has declared KaJiia.h a non-profi1
organizatioo under section SOl(cXJ) of the lntcmal Revenue Code. All
conuibutions IO KaJliah are deduclible from pcrsooal income 13X.
Let !he center of the earth
Be my heart
Aod the laod be mv shell
Let the soil be mv cells
Aod the rock be rrrv bo!la
U!t the water be my blood
The ocean be my pulse
And a• rivers be my veins
Let the atmosphere
Be mv bream
And the seasont be my senses
As the spirit lives
Let its growing bring a change
Aod plant the seed of its continuance
For all things will return
To the elements from which they come
In
being
one
Sl'ATEMENTOF PURPOSE
Here in the southern-most heartland of the
Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range
on our continent, Turtle Island; a small but growing
group has begun to take on a sense ofresponsibility
for the implications of that geographical and
cultural heritage. This sense of responsibility
centers on the concept of living within the natural
scale and balance of universal systems and
principles.
Within this circle we begin by invoking the
Cherokee name" Katuah" as the old/new name/or
this area of the mountains and for its journal as
well. The province is indicated by its natural
boundaries: the Roanoke River Va.l/ey to the north;
the foothills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona
Mountain and the Georgia hills to the souih; and the
Tennessee River Valley to the west.
The editorial priorities for us are to collect
and disseminate information and energy which
pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the
awareness thaJ the land is a living being deserving
of our love and respect. living in this manner is a
way to insure the sustainability of the biosphere and
a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing
evolutionary process.
We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of
a " do or die " situation in terms of a quality
standard of life for all living beings on this planet.
As a voice for the caretakers of this sacred land,
KalUah, we advocate a centered approach to the
concept of decentralization. It is our hope to
become a support system for those accepting the
challenge of sustainability and the creation of
harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this
place.
We welcome all correspondence, criticism,
pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with
hopes that Katfuzh will grow to serve the best
interests of this region and all its living, breaJhing
members.
- The&Utors
KATUAH - page 2
SPRING - 1988
�'The Pere.Candra Clarden: Cooperation JJi,th N atu.re 'LnteUU}ences
It is in a garden that we have a special opportunity
to enter into a purposeful relationship with the Earth
and its creative energies. MachaeUe Small Wright has
been working with these energies in her garden in a
specific, conscious way for over a decade. She refers to
them as "nature intelligences."
Machaelle's garden, called Perelandra, lies a few
miles east of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.
Perelandra, meaning "of the heart", began as a small
family homestead and has now grown into a nature
research & learning center. There, she teaches
co-creative gardening, produces flower essences, and
publishes books and tapes based on her experiences.
Machaelle's first book, Behaving As If The
God in All Life Mattered (1983), is an
autobiographical account of how she came to garden in
cooperation with nature intelligences.
From Behaving As If the God in All Life
Mattered:
...One evening in early January 1977, I walked into
the woods and announced in a loud, clear voice, "...I
want to work with devas and I want to work with nature
spirits. I invite all of you to make yourselves known to
me. I am ready to learn from you."
Then I left the woods, returned to the house, put
myself into meditation and waited.
At the time of "my declaration," I didn't know what
I was doing. But years later, l realized that I had used a
oercmony to ground a shift that was taking place in me.
Ceremony is a physical vehicle used to ground energy
from a higher level, thereby giving it form and greater
accessibility to the people involved in the ceremony. It's
a tool designed to give clarity and form to energy. To
accomplish this, we use special settings, actions, words,
music... whatever is appropriate. On that night in
January, I moved through a ceremony. I made a clear
decision about what I wanted. I chose the woods as my
setting. Then I moved through a seric:s of physical
actions via the use of words. I stated my mtent Clearly
SPRING-1~88
and simply. I invoked to myself what I felt I would need
to carry out my intent. Then I scaled my declaration by
physically acting on it -- by going into meditation and
opening myself to whatever was to happen next
The response was immediate. In fact, I. had the same
experience that Dorothy Maclean had at Fmdhom when
she first connected with devas. I had a "crowd of voices"
coming at me, all talk:ing at the same time - all telling me
that it was "about time." I connected in with them and
found that they had been waiting for this for some time. I
remembered that in the Findhom book, when Dorothy
described this experience, she said she simply asked the
devas to speak to her one at a time. Having nothing to
lose, I tried the same thing. Much to my ama~ment,
they responded instantaneously. And from that pomt on,
I received one devic voice at a time.
Behaving was followed in 1987 by The
Perelandra Garden Workbook: A Complete
Guide to Gardening with Nature Intelligences.
This book is a step-by-step manual for anyone wishing
to develop a relationship with the devic levels and
nature spirits. In this excerpt, Machaelle describes her
understanding of these presences and their distinctive
characteristics.
From The Perelandra Garden Workbook:
... "Deva" is a sanskrit word meaning body of light.
This has little correlation with what I experience when I
am open to the devic level, but I accept the word. The
devic level is the architectural dynamic within nature. It
is the force that formulates every individual aspect of
form on Eanh. It is the creative force which determines
the size, color, shape. weight, texture, taste, life cycle,
and requirements of all form, all of nature. Each form
has inherent in it its own deva. There is, for example, the
• continued on Delli pqc
Editots' Note: In her book:s, Machacllc baa chosen to follow lhe conventional
mode of grammar, ic. "he" ralher lhUI "1/he" or "one"; "mankind" ralher lhUI
"bwnankind"; etc. Becauac lhc pusagca cc diJcct excap!S. we have left them u
they arc.
- continued on next page
--·KATUAH - page 3
�Deva of Soil, the Deva of che Shasta Daisy, the Oak Tree
Deva, the Carrot Deva. Each deva holds, as in a
computer bank, all the specific information relative to its
form. It also holds the information pertaining to how its
individual natural form fits into the grand scheme of
things both on Earth and within the universe. If there are
to be any physical changes made -- for example,
changing carrots from the color orange to pink - they
must be made within the devic level in order to maintain
natural balance. Change made through the pure will and
desire of us humans disregarding the devic dynamic is
called "manipulation" and results in a weakening
imbalance and becomes part of the ecological disaster we
are experiencing...
...There is another distinguishing feature about
nature spirits that will help you understand them and the
differences between them and devas. Nature spirits are
regional. Although I do not have a phalanx of little
people visible in the garden, I do have my group of
nature spirits who are connected to this land and what is
happening here. Your connection will be with your own
group. They are an intelligent reality that is individuated
enough to be connected with specific geographic areas
on Earth. Devas, on the other hand, are universal in
dynamic. When I contact the Carrot Deva, I touch into
lhe very same intelligent reality someone in China would
touch into when making the same contact.
...Here is my understanding of nature spirits.
In Behaving .... I referred to nature spirits as the
blue collar workers within the realm of nature
intelligence. I still hold to this imagery today but feel it is
simplistic. My work with the nature spirits has
convinced me that they are truly masters of
understanding and working with the concept of bringing
spirit into matter, energy into form. They tend to the
shifting of an energy reality which has been formulated
on the devic level and assist the translation of that reality
from a dynamic of energy to form. In short, they
constantly work with the principle of manifestation on
Earth. They also function in a custodial capacity with all
that is of form on the planet. That is, when not interfered
with by us humans, they tend to the care and needs of all
physical reality, assuring perfection within form. ..
Machaelle depends on a systematic communication with the devas and nature spirits to inform
her about every aspect of the garden, including what
plants go in which locations, soil preparation, and how
to deal with insects and animals. She consistently
affirms that "the backbone of the Perelandra garden is
communication."
From The Perelandra Garden Workbook:
.. .I happen to be someone who feels deeply that this
communication is possible for everyone. We are talking
about a natural partnership between humans and nature
and it is not meant to be exclusive. It only stands to
reason that there be simple ways for us and nature to
communicate with one another. There have to be
language frameworks that are just waiting to be
developed.
I see the communication problem as being similar to
the problem that arises when you are faced with someone
from another country who speaks a language that is
completely foreign to your ear. There isn't one sound
they are making that strikes a familiar note. We can back
off the situation and say, ''This is impossible." Or we
can tackle the situation together with the other person,
begin to learn each other's language, and devise
additional techniques for communication.
This is what I've done with nature. I've worked to
develop techniques which we can use for the purpose of
sending and receiving information. And it's not difficult.
In fact, it's embarrassingly simple. But that's as it
should be.
The workbook gives complete instructions on
how to use the form of communication that Machaelle
has found to be most effective - kinesiology. In the
following passage, she explains the principles of this
technique.
From The Perelandra Garden Workbook:
...Simply stated, if a negative energy (that is, any
physical object or energy vibration that does not maintain
or enhance the health and balance of an individual), is
introduced into a person's overall energy field, his
muscles, when having physical pressure applied, will be
unable to hold their power. For example, if pressure is
applied to an individual's extended arm while his field is
being affected by a negative, the arm will not be able to
resist the pressure. It will weaken and fall to his side. If
pressure is applied wl\ile being affected by a positive, the
person will easily be able to resist IUld the arm will hold
its position.
To expand on a more technical level, when a negative
is placed within a person's field, his electrical system
(the electrical energy grid contained within the body) will
immediately respond by "short-circuiting," making it
di.fficll]t for the muscles to maintain their strength and
hold their position when pressure is added. When a
positive is placed within the field, the electrical system
holds and the muscles are able to maintain their level of
strength when pressure is applied.
Original Drawings by Kore Loy McWhirtt:r
SPRING - 1988
�This electrical/muscular relationship is a natural pan of
the human system. It is not mystical or magical.
Kinesiology is the established method for reading their
state of interaction at any given moment. It is most
commonly used today by wholistic physicians,
chiropractors and the Touch for Health people.
What does this have to do with "hearing" information
from the nature spirits and devic levels, you ask. Simple.
If you ask a question using the yes/no format, they can
answer your question by transferring a yes (positive) or
no (negative) into your energy field. Then you read the
answer by testing yourself using kinesiology...
For good communication, Machaelle emphasizes
being outside in the garden space, achieving an inner
quiet, and vocalizing one's requests. She then affirms
the importance of asking simple, precise questions and
being willing to act on the information and ideas
received...even if they challenge one's conventional
concepts.
The workbook provides detailed information on
how to formulate these questions. It also includes many
insights and practical tips that Machaelle has gained
from her own experience in the garden.
From The Perelandra Garden Workbook:
...It has been over ten years since I began gardening
under the tutelage of these nature intelligences and the
result has been a garden in which all inhabitants, be they
animal, mineral or vegetable arc truly compatible with
one another. Each member of the garden enhances the
health and well being of all the others. And this includes
the bugs. The garden is inclusive, not excl usive. I do
nothing for the purpose of repelling. The focus is to
create a balanced, wholistic environment in which all
within that environment arc enhanced. The results are not
only more food than I know what to do with, but also
food that has contained within it a very high level of life
energy - light.
...The Perelandra garden thrives because of the
approach I have been taught and the underlying
consciousness and reality that motivates the approach.
What l'm going to describe to you in this book docs not
fit comfonably into the recognized notions of tradition,
logic or even sanity. Be that as it may, it works. And
that's what drives traditional gardening thinkers a little
nuts. Everything you know which has gone into
establishing your sense of order, stability and balance, in
other words, logic, both in your garden and your life
away from it, will be constantly challenged. For you see,
this gardening is, in fact, a metaphor for the whole of
life. As you change how you approach the garden, you
will, in turn, change the very fabric of how you
approach your life.
'"~7~,.....~~t
In addition to the specific information that
Machaelle obtains through kioesiology, she also
receives more extensive messages from the nature
intelligences. In both books, she includes these
messages that have deepened her understanding of
herself and her garden. (1be devic voices are indicated
by italics.)
From Behaving As If The God in All Li/e
Mattered:
... As each deva came into my awareness, 1 noticed
that there was a slight shift in vibration, that each had its
own vibration. After awhile, I could recognize which
deva was entering my awareness. This led me to develop
tho ability to call upon specific devas by "aiming" my
awareness for the deva's own vibratory pattern...
Overlighring Deva ofthe Garden
We urge you to join our creative process. When you
planr a seed, invoke the deva and nature spirits connected
with that seed. The seed is the door between you and the
various energies that are drawn rogether on the devic
level and cared/or by the nattue spirits. Once you have
planted the seed, put our the call for the deva to draw
together all the individual energy components of that
variety. Ask that the natwe spirits receive the energies
and, in essence.fuse them to the seed. The seed contains
the potential of the plant's perfection. The grounding of
the plant's energy into the seed activates that potential
and transfonns it inw reality. As you call the energy into
form, see its energy channel wuch into the seed as it is
growuled by the nattue spirits.
By joining in our creative process in this manner,
you will begin to see the importance of worldng with the
nature energies with clarity. We urge you to plant the
garden in this new way and see the difference yow clear
panicipatkm as a co·creative partner with us makes i11 the
germi11arion ofthe seeds and the qualily ofplant growth.
· continued on page 24
KATUAH - page 5
�dandelion can be used throughout the growing season. but
to avoid bitterness you need to look for new growth and
young plants.
Spring Tonics!
The docks, dandelion, roostard, sorrel and lamb's
quarters can all be used as cooked greens. V- 0/ets can also
1
be cooked, but I have never bothered. They are too good
raw. When cooking greens it's best to pid< a lot because
they cook down. Most can be thrown into boiling water and
cooked, but dandelion leaves should be started in cold
water and brought to a boH.
by Lucinda Flodin
A s I sit poring over seed catalogues, looking for
bargains on untreated, non-hybrid seeds, scheming and
dreaming my gardens. plotting crop rotations, remembering
ga"tr:Jens past, wishing gardens future. feeling in my rooscles
the reminders of turning spring soil - I remember a time not
too long ago when I thought one could not have food
without the hard work of digging, planting, and weeding.
Lamb's Quarters
M ind you, gardening is work I love, especially in the
springtime, but in recent years I have disct:Jvered the joy of
foraging for wild foods, food that is Earth's gift - available at
the cost of some study and a walk in the sunshine (although
some plarts I hardly have to leave my door to find!). I feel a
wonderful balance when I take a break from the garden to
seek out a treasvred wild food which grew gloriously without
my help or work. It gives an insight into how the Earth
worlcS..... who, after all, really grows the food.
I start to forage early, pulling bad< snow looking for
that first new growth. By the time spring arrives •officially"
there is food abounding - rooch moffJ than I find in my garden
at that point. This is a time when mountain people tonic with
wild foods, knowing their health will be more vigorous year
round. It is a tradition worth embracing.
My favorite cooked green is poke, which roost be
cooked when young and tender. ff the stems are red or the
plant is over 12" high, it is too old, because it becomes
poisonous with maturity. The roots and the seeds are
medicinal, but they are poisonous and should be used under
the guidance of an experienced herbalist. Some folks will say
that poke should always be eaten cooked. I always do, but I
have seen ffJCjJes that cal for it raw.
Another fine cooked green, ff you don't mind the
hassle, is nettle, the stinging variety. Anyone who's ever
been caught in nettle knows the respect the plant requires.
Long pants, long sleeved shirt and heavy gloves are
necessary to gather and handle it until it's cooked or dried.
Repeated cookings, each in fffJsh water, get rid of the
stinging hails. It's a wonderful food rich in vitamins A and C
and high in protein. It is also a lot of wolk. I always gather a
bunch to dry for nettle tea in the winter.
There BffJ so many edib/8 plants and so many ways to
eat them. An old timer is a great ally in teaming local plants.
and theffJ are also many books that contain good pictures
and important information. I am fond of Foraging For Dinner
by Helen Ross Russell, Roda/e's Herb Book, and also the
Foxfire books. It is important to know your food plants,
because there are others which can poison you.
Early spring salads can begin with a base of sorrel
rumex and sorrel moxalis. Rumex sorrel can be eaten in great
quantity; moxalis sorrel must be eaten In small amounts to
avoid too much oxalic acid. Both have a slightly sour taste. I
add small amounts of the more bitter plants - dandelion,
cress, and the docks (yellow, curled, or burdock) - using very
young leaves because they get more bitter the bigger they
grow. I try to pick dock leaves before they have completely
unfolded. In early salads I also use leaf lettuce from my
greenhouse, and I add in violet leaves and flowers as soon as
I see them. Violets are also a favorite hiking food, a nice
munch while you walk.
Later in the spring saxifrage comes in season,
followed closely by lamb's quarters. a great salad green which
will carry you to the first frost. Late spring salads are also nice
with purslane leaves and shepherd's purse leaves. Dock and
Plantain
A nother way to prepare spring foods is green drinks.
Rll your blender with leaves • violet, plantain, mints,
dandelion, or other tasty greens (either singly or as a mix).
Cover with water and whiz in the blender until it is a pretty
green color. Strain and drink immediately.
I have heard that you should blend green drinks for at
least a minute, but that makes a powerful drink, which Is too
heroic and strong for most. When I use bitter plants In a drink,
I add a lot of mint to sweeten it. Some vegies like carrots w11
1
also sweeten the taste. Experimentation will lead you to the
tastes you like. Green drinks have become a standard In our
home when the children decide to hate green food. Then
they get a ChOice - they can eat a salad or drink a green drink •
it's the same great nutrition whichever they choose.
Ramps are a food which people either love or love to
hate. I love them - in moderation. The blend of onion and
garlic taste is a wonderful seasoner to food. A few ramps will
season a pot of beans or a mess of greens. Try them cooked
if you don't like the strong raw taste. Ramps are not only
good tasting, their lily·like appearance makes them one of
the prettiest plants.
Violet
KATUAH - page 6
illustrations by Ellen John
SPRING - 1988
�rooting blueberries
After a warm rain, when the darl< blue violets bloom,
the morel ~shrooms grow. They Jove old apple groves in
the fn!'Untams.....and they are the highlight of spring
foragmg. Morels are all one piece and they are hollow. f went
rooshrooming ona tifn8 with a neighbor to be sure I could
cfistingufsh the right kind, before I set off on my own. Morels
are fun to hunt, beause they hide In the undergrowth.
Sometimes one will appear beneath your feet, as though in
that instant it had magically popped to full growth. .... perhaps
by Will Ashe Bason
it did.
In my kltehen the best meal of springtime happens in
May when we have stir-fried rafTfJS, morel rooshrooms and
asparagus with a wild green salad. To me it's Thanksgiving
spring-style • knowing that each food is there because the
Earth grew It, and we were blessed to find it. We look forward ~
to it and celebrate It. The Earth Is good to us.
P'
Scientific classifications and vitamin/mineral information on
above mentioned plants:
Nettle (urt/ca d/oica) • contains almost all vitamins and
minerals necessary for human growth and health.
Vitamins A, C, 0, K. Calcium. potassium, iron, sulphur,
silicon, copper.
Lamb·~ quaners (Chimopodium abum) - contains calcium,
silicon, follc acid.
Dandelion (Taraxacum otricinale) ·contains vitamins A, 81.
82, niacin, C, E. Calcium, phosphorous, potassium,
magnesium and many trace minerals. The bast
at(angthener of tha liver.
Yellow dock (Rumu crispus) • Fully absorbable,
non-consllpating source of iron.
Burdock (Att:tium lappa) • Vitamin C, iron.
Watercress (Nasturtium ofrlcina/e) • contains Vitamins A,
81, E, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium,
Iron, manganese, flourine, copper, sulphur, Iodine,
zinc.
Plantain (P/anlago ma;or) - contains calcium, potassium,
sulphur
Sorrel (Rumex aa.tosa} • oontains iron.
Violet (Viola psp/lionacea) • contains vrtamin A, calcium
Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pa. toris) - contains
s
calcium, Vitamin K. A great remedy for all bleeding
problems
Poke (Phytolacca amerlcana) • contains vitamin A. C,
calcium.
Lucinda Flodin lives a1 Moon Dance Fann in Hampton,
TN where she crea1es herbal health care products, Moon
Dance Farm Herbals. Moon Dance Farm, Rt. I , Box
726, Hampton, TN 37658.
First Dogwoods
Now I don't know what is going on.
These days I wale the fJBJds with tears
in my eyes. Spring is so lovely
l follows fn8 around and gives mB shame.
In quiet little D~minations of the moment,
when rlJbons of light descend between the ic.B and snow,
my heatt achBs with death and dying itto the nBW land.
Sure it is good to bum li<e the eatth with desire,
and then by aystal beauty to be cooled. Each brief
rainshower glistens the air so the sollBI)' trees
in first leaf glow li<e candles on the mountainsides.
During spaC6s between the birds singing so freely,
my lamentation unfolds. My mind bursts open
like the hard·held ctUst finally gona to green.
My woe Is akin the whispers of an errant breeze
enveloped and carried off by the long west winds.
SPRING · 1988
© ev'J
B lueberries are an excellent crop for Katuah. They
bloom late enough to almost always escape spring frosts and
love acid soil. Here In Floyd Co. VA we doni have the high
quality wild blueberries found in most of the rest of Katuah
The oldest planting I know of is a half acre in the Riverflow
Comroonity that is seven years old and doing very well.
Last year, as my friend Alta was pruning the Riverflow
blueberries, we decided to try to root the prunings. Alta put the
prunlngs Into water In which I'd placed willow cuttings several
days before. The willow has magic rooting enzymes which the
blueberries lack. Chris, my wife, cut these prunlngs Into pieces
about 3 or 4 Inches long, and dipped their tower ends In
rooting hormone powder. She then Inserted the cuttings Into a
propagation frame filled with a mixture of half sand and half
peatmoss.
T his frame was oovered with a layer cl plastie and then a
layer of burtap. The plastic keeps the environment humid and
the burtap reduces the amount of sun to a tolerable level We
made our frame 2' by 4', from 1x4's and with a bottom of
hardware cloth. We made the ribs for the covering from some
bent rebar we had but bamboO, lath or pvc pipe would wort<.
We watered the cuttings mostly with comfrey and with a
ittle manure tea We took the poly oover off in June and the
burtap off In August although I think this last could have been
e811ier. We had about a 90% soocess rate and some cl cuttings
put on 6 inches of new growth.
We were worl<lng with highbush varieties but this year
we are rooting some rabblt-i!ye varieties as weU. These are
larger bushes and though oonsldered less oold tolerant than
highbush or lowbush, some are thriving in the riverflow
oomroonity and we are at neal1y 2500 feet at the northern tip of
Karuah. Rabbit-eye blueberries fruit later than the hlghbush
and, In our area, continue till frost. They are supposed to be
harder to root.
-Will Ashe Bason /
KATUAH - page 7
�..
©~
rot\li
Ejardtns "f-t11e 13(11f.
'RiJ,t..
...Each displaying its own particular
beauty beneath the young sunshine and soft
waters ofspring
·
...Each with its own particular niche
in tMwoodland habitat benelllh the tall rrees
- the right balance of fll()iscure and light, the
particular soil that will encourage its
growth.
...And each with its own unique
capabilities and strategies for sustaining life
and reproducing its ldnd.
The world of the forest wildflowers is simultaneously
one of exquisite beauty, rigorous specialization, and
demanding competition. Though the soft colors and delicate
textures of their blossoms delight the eye in springtime, these
plants have evolved through eons of stress. and change to
prove their sturdiness and resiliency among the life forms,
great and small, inhabiting the Appalachian forest.
Their magical appearance in the spring, their apparent
daintiness, and their impossible beauty, have enchanted the
human beings of every age. And in these days, when people
want their affluence to be tasteful, there is a resurgence of
interest in purchasing the small wildflowers of the eastern
forest for shade gardening and home landscaping.
KATUAH-page 8
There are several companies now catering to that
interest, but none have been in the trade longer than a small
concern located off Highway 221 near ihe smaU town of
Linville, NC at 4,000 feet elevation in the heart of Katuah
province. The Gardens of the -Blue Ridge was begun in
1892 by the family of a surveyor named S.T. Kelsey. The
sense of power and grandeur around nearby Grandfather
Mountain had always atttacted people to the area. In Indian
times it was known as a sacred place of power. In Kelsey's
day, Grandfather Mountain Corporation and the Linville
Improvement Co. were founded on a cenain reverence for
the area's durable real estate values.
Kelsey was called to use his surveying skills to help
parcel out the lands at the Grandfather's feet. He liked the
area and bought a tract for himself for the nursery from
which he sold ornamental shrubbery.
A young man from the area, Edward C. Robins, took
a job at the nursery and worked there steadily until 1923,
when he bought the operation. Since then the Gardens of the
Blue Ridge has been a Robins family enterprise. Members
of t~e fourth generation of Robins' are now worlcing in the
company.
For a time E.C. Robins carried on the business as
Kelsey had left it to him. He dug a tremendous number of
nati\'e rhododendrons, azaleas, mountain laurel, and
dogWood trees and shipped them by rail throughout the East.
As a sideline, he also collected and sold the small woodland
wildflowers.
. But the ornamental shrubs trade grew more
competitive, and the native varieties began to be eclipsed in
the eyes of wealthy buyers by new hybrids developed
especially for the color, holding capacity, and brilliance of
thei{ blooms. Robins decided to deal exclusively in
wildflowers and began a tradition that the family has adhered
to since.
In those early days of the Garden's development, the
trees still stood tall in many areas of the forest. The ground
was largely clear beneath the great trees' massive crowns,
and hunters and bikers could still stumble into clearings
carpeted in ginseng or brilliant with the color of an extensive
colony of pink ladyslippers in full bloom.
In those days it seemed that the forest would never die,
and .the wildflowers would always grace the forest floor.
Robins employed 30 - 40 men digging, transplanting, and
shipping shrubs and flowers. They dug wherever they could
and took all they could find. Trilliums and lilies were
popular at the time, and Robins shipped thousands of
individuals of the various trillium species, the (now rare and
endangered) Gray's JiJy, (Lilium Grayii) and the Tur.k's cap
lily (Lilium superbum) to the eastern cities. As he became
more completely committed to the wildflowers, Robins
gathered all the local varieties he could find, until he was
offering 200 varieties of plants.
E.C. Robins lived until 1969, when he died at the age
of 93. Today the Gardens of the Blue Ridge is run by hrs
son, Edward P. Robins. The company still offers 159
varieties of flowering plants, 22 varieties of native fems,
and 38 types of trees and shrubs. But the plants are now
propagated almost exclusively in 10 acres of mulched, raised
beds at the nursery.
Logging practices and extensive development were
largely responsible for changing the face of the forest, and it
was in the late 1940's -and early 1950's that the Robins
realized that the supply of local flora was limited and that
their methods of coUecting were helping to diminish the
supply. The family shares with their customers a deep
appreciation for the subtle beauties of the native wildflowers.
So, once begun, the transition to nursery propagation was
made swiftly.
In 1969 ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) became a
protected plant in the state of Nonh Carolina. Now the small
plant known as shortia or Oconee bells (Shortia galacifolia)
and the medicinal plant golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis)
SPRING - 1988
�are also registered plants, requiring a special certificate to
accompany each individual sold. Pink ladyslipper
(Cypripidium acaule) in all probability will soon join the list.
The Robins family follows scrupulously all regulations
for producing and selling the native plants. They note that by
making wildflowe~ available, they are relieving pressures on
the wild natives and that they are actuaUy aiding several
species of wildflowers to survive by spreading them as
domestic plantings, while their native habitats are being
destroyed or drastically cunailed. In particular, they have
helped ex.tend the range of shortia by shipping it throughout
the East. The plant grows on runners and is easy to
establish, if it is planted in a moist spot or kept wet until it is
well secured. E.P. Robins remembers one private wildlife
preserve in western Massachusetts where they planted
"thousands, literally thousands" of shortia as a ground cover.
Pink ladyslipper is harder to establish. The plant
depends on a relationship with a particular variety of funius
that lives in the soil close to the plant roots. Wherever 1t is
planted, pink ladyslipper will prosper for the first year, but
unless the soil is such that it can produce the particular strain
of symbiotic fungus, the plant will soon languish and die.
Once the business of collecting native plants '+'as
strictly a matter of stamina and endurance. E.P. Robins
remembers fondly the day when the company received a
permit to collect plants on some land near the North
Carolina-South Carolina state line that was to be cleared by
Duke Power Company. "We dug 10,000 shortia that day."
But idiosyncrasies such as that shown by the pink
ladyslipper make propagating the wild plants in nursery beds
more a question of familiarity and accurate attention to detail.
The demand for the graceful natives has been steady
through the years, and there is room for new companies to
enter the field.
"There's good prospects for this business," says E.P.
Robins. ''It's always been steady. Even during the
Depression it was a good business. Wildflowers are
becoming popular, so the demand might go up for awhile.
But we have all the business we can handle right now, so we
don't care if it goes up more or not.''
Breaking into commercial wildflower raising requires
more initiative and careful attention than capital. It is a
business that can sran small and grow to whatever ~ize is
desired. But it is slow work. While most of the flower
varieties are easy to raise, some varieties have special
requirements that can only be learned through long familiarity
and by suffering through mistakes. It takes time to establish
a market and to~ain a reputation.
"We never got rich," says E.P. Robins, "but we didn't
expect to get rich, and we're making a living. As long as we
keep our bead <tbove water and have a liltle, that's all·we
·:.:· .....
.··
..·:
:-.
·.
.! ·.
shortw
·:·..·.
.
·: ...
©~
Shortia, Oconee bells (Shortia galacifolia), the
mystery plant of the mountains of western North Carolina
was first discovered by a French botanist, Andre Michaux,
on December 8, 1788. He had been sent to America by the
French government to seek new plants that might be of value
ro France. In his search through western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee, Andre Michaux found and described
many new species and carried back to France pressed
specimens to be placed in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris.
Some were labeled "unknown" and among these was a leaf
and root of this plant from the mountains of western
Carolina.
care."
Perhaps many botanists studied the specimens with M
identity over a period of the next fifty years. In 1839 Asa
Gray, a young American botanist, became intrigued with a
specimen and recognized it as a new genus, and wrote a
scientific description of the genus from the single specimen
in France. To lwMr Dr. Charles W. Short, an able botanist
of Kentucky, Gray devised the scientific name of tlte genus,
Shortia. And, since it resembled galax, the species name
became galacifolia.
But growing the native wildflowers offers rich
rewards in satisfaction. The international reputation for
quality plants developed over the last 96 years by the
Gardens of the Blue Ridge is obviously a source of d~ep
pride to Mr. Robins. Propagating the native wild plants is an
occupation that takes little from the land and offers much in
the way of natural beauty. And it is good to walk beneath the
tall trees and see the colors of the flowers shining in the
spring rain.
~
Gray soon returned to America and began his search,
high in the mountains ofNorth Carolina and Tennessee.for
shortia. In 1842 Dr. Gray was appointed professor of nanual
history at Harvard University. For 38 years on every field
trip high in the mountains of North Carolina, Gray hunted
for the elusive slwrtia. He found many plants and published
manuals on botany, but always the little specimen in Paris
continued to haunt him.
Sources for wildflower plants:
- Gardens of the Blue Ridge
P.O. Box 10
Pineola. N.C. 28662
- Appalachian Wildflower Nursery
RL I, Box 275-A
Reedsville, PA 17084
,P'
Further reading:
Growing and Propagating Native
Wildflowers. Harry Phillips (UNC
Press; Chapel Hill, NC. 1985)
SPRING - 1988
Then, on an April day in 1877, George HytllnS went
fishing in the Catawba River in McDowell County. His
father was a botanist employed by Wallace Brothers of
Statesville, NC, whose firm collected plants for
pharmaceutical purposes. Nodding and swaying in the breeze
were some charming bell-shaped, waxy white flowers, on
slender stems, with irregularly-toothed petals, growing from
a roserre of wavy-margined, roundish, shiny evergreen
leaves, similar to the familiar mountain galax. George
decided to take a piece Jwme to his father. Mr. Hyams did
Mt know the plant, but it looked so interesting that he sent a
specimen to Dr. Gray at Harvard University for
identijicaJion. Dr. Gray replied, "You have smmbled on what
for many years I have tried so hard to find."
continued on page 26
KATUAH - page 9
�;-
--
- ____.,._...,..,.
_
_,_
-- -- ---·-------~
F'inclitUJ Out Abou t lka!int] with Plants ....
A Visit with Granny
An Interview with Carolyn Port
by Karen Watkins-Decker and Christina Morrison
Carolyn Porr has been a practitioner
of herbal medicine in Burke County, NC for
over 50 years. She has also given lectures,
classes and workshops on herbology and
will soon publish a book of herbal
remedies.
As a single woman, Carolyn raised
two adopted childre11 and now has several
grandchildren a11d great-gra11dchildren. She
is fondly referred to as "Granny" by family
and friends.
Katuah:: How did you begin your work?
G r anny: I'm a registered nurse. I also
carried a midwife's certificate for years until
retirement age pushed me out
K: How did you become specifically
interested in the use of herbs?
G: I don't know that I was more interested
in herbs than anything else. The body is a
whole. If it's sick one place it's sick all
over, and it needs help all the way around.
Anything that brings it back to normal is
good.
K: Yet you've found that herbs treat the
whole body better than olher medicines?
G: Yes. I believe that herbs build health
as well as treat symptoms. And if an old
woman told you that wall link tea would
save a baby's life that had bold hives, you'd
try it.
K: What is wall link? I've never heard of
it
G: It's a kind of lichen that grows in spring
have to take a knife and scrape those little
roots off to make it clean enough for the
baby.
Editor's ll()te: Wall·linJc "lichen" is actually a type
of liverwort (probably Marcha!ltla polymorpha).
conjectured to bt among the very first plants to
exist on land. It is interesting that such a primitive
plant is healing to humans in our tarly stages of
developmen1; i.e. infancy.
branches. Some people call it "turkey
tracks."
K : Where did you gather all your
knowledge? From your own experience?
K: And bold hives - what kind of illness is
this?
G: People told me things just like I'm
G: I don't really know. I think in the
medical profession some would say that
there is no such thing as bold hives. The old
folks said there was. The babies would just
tum blue - they'd find them blue in the bed.
Some of them broke out in a red rash first.
like pimples, and not be able to catch their
breath - so they'd die.
K: The symptoms you mention remind me
of sudden infant death syndrome for which
no cause or cure has been discovered. I'd
like to know just exactly which lichen
you're talking about.
G: I can't show it to you as good as if I
had you over on the creek bank. It's a deep
green • not a green green. It has a ridge right
under the center seam and its hair-like roots
go down into the moss to get moisture. You
KATIJAH - na2e 10
telling you. They told me about the wall link
tea and I said I'd remember that and try it
and see if it works .. .if I need it • and I did
need it again for a baby that was JO months
old. They called me in the night and I went.
The baby had been blue for two weeks.
They'd had her to the doctor twice and in
the hospital once for a day or so. It didn't
do her any good - still she was blue and
beginning to get the red rash. Quick as I got
there, I gave her a hot and a cold bath to
stimulate circulation and it pinked her up
right away. She seemed a little more alen,
but as soon as she was out of the bath she
began to look blue again. So I asked if
anyone knew where I could find some wall
link. They said there was some in an old
spring half way down the mountain. I asked
if anybody would go get some. One woman
said she'd go if I'd go with her; nobody
else wanted to - they knew how bad the
road was. (she laughs, remembering). We
took a pine pitch torch and climbed down
the mountain at 2 o'clock in the morning
and gathered wall link. I got a nice handful
of it and went back and made some tea.
When the baby got a taste of it she just
drank that bottle Hke she'd never had
anything good before. And before she was
through she began to get pink. I stayed
around to 5 o'clock when I was sure she
was alright, and then I went home... and
that's the way I got the remedy.
K : From what age did you begin paying
ancntion to these things?
G: I decided I was going to be a nurse
when I was just three years old. My mother
was a nUTSC and while she treated people I
treated my doll. I'd give my doll an enema
and then hang her on the clothesline by her
toes to dry. (laughs)
K: Your mother took care of people at
home too, just as you do?
G: Yes, and my father was a veterinarian.
K: Did your mother use many herbs?
G: What she knew she used. For instance,
when they learned that raspberry leaf tea
would stop hemorrhaging we always kept it
on hand. She used blackberry roots for
diarrhea; things like that
K: Did you and your parents work
together?
SPRING - 1988
�G: Yes. When we moved here (to
Morganton) in 1920 we built a home across
K: Do you have any' favorite plants that
you work with?
the street. We had three private room units
and an upstairs for father and mother. We
could take up to 4 mothers with their babies.
G: I just get whatever people need. rve
also got a greenhouse full of aloe and I use
K: So that's when you became a midwife?
G: I was a midwife from the time I finished
school in 1929.
K : You already had your degree by the
time you were 20?
G: Yes. You didn't have to finish high
school back then, so I went straight into
nursing school. Then when I was about to
finish up, they said I couldn't take the stare
board exams because I was 100 young to
become a nurse. But my supervisors
worked things ou1 for me to take the exams
anyway and I made a 98 average.
K: Do you use any standard medicines in
your practice?
G: I never have. That's the reason I didn't
nurse in a hospital professionally. I had 10
find some other way to help people, because
I'm not going to give others something I
won't take myself.
K: And how did you develop that attitude?
Did your mother have that approach?
G: Yes. She never gave drugs. She was an
old Battle Creek, Mich. graduate if you've
ever heard of that school. When she was
there it was in its heyday. It was around the
tum of the century and they had patients
from all over the world. They used many
kinds of therapies like hydrotherapy, diet,
herbs ...as well as standard medicine.
K: That must have been quite a departure
from the general trend in the rest of the
country.
G: Yes. They believed the body was the
temple of God and they treated it that way.
They used very few drugs.
K: Seems that possibly we've gotten away
from the use of herbs because people have
come to mistrust them - they're unknown,
unfamiliar. Maybe if we stan using them
more we'll come to trust them again.
G: We've got to.
K: They can even become like old friends.
G: You wouldn't think that the humble
little violet would cure stomach ulcers - bu1
it does.
K: Do you gather most of the herbs you
use?
G: Yes, I love to... but I don't have time to
pick many. And I try 10 get people to gather
them on their own. If they're going to get
any real lasting benefit they'll have to learn
10 do it themselves. That's why people
don't doctor with herbs - they think it's too
much trouble to get out and hunt for them
and fix them up.
it for lots of things - it helps people with
cancer who are losing strength, its good for
the stomach if drunk· as a juice... ! make
suppositories with it for hemorrhoids or
vaginal infections. And of course for bums
there's nothing that takes its place.
So, many herbs li,kc aloe can be used
for different things, but when you think of a
malady you should use the plant that's the
I!!Qfil ~ for that problem. For instance,
aloe is good for the stomach but if you have
an ulcered stomach and are having pain,
violet leaf tea is the thing you wanL There
are also lots of remedies for colds, flu and
bronchitis, but the best one l know is a tea
made from mullein and cockleburrs
(xanthium pensylvanicum)... the cockleburrs
really make it taste good. And the beauty of
it is, you can put it right in a baby's bottle just dilute it a little. (see REMEDIES)
G: Comsi1k tea and Queen Anne's lace tea
are good for kidney ailments too. A woman
came to me who was going to the hospital
the next day to have one of her kidneys
taken out as she had so many stones in it. It
was right in the summer when Queen
Anne's lace was in bloom all over the place.
I told her I believed I'd try some Queen
Anne's lace tea before I had an operation.
She said, " Alright, I will." We went up on
the hill and galhered flowers and stems to
make the tea. I told her to drink a cup every
thirty minutes 'til bedtime and whenever she
got up in the night to use her chamber pot
she should drink some more. Well, by
morning she'd filled that pot up half-way,
but the bottom of it looked like red clay In."
thick. Those stones had dissolved. And as
far as I know, she's never had that problem
again.
Editor's note: Queen Anne's lace (Daucus
carota) somewhat resembles poison
hemlock (Conium maculatum). Be sure to
know the difference.
K: My neighbor's baby often has colds I'll recommend it.
G: You know, when you give a child herbs
you're giving them a kind of nourishment
they don't get any other way. And it seems
to immunize them to that same malady.
They won't have it nearly so quickly or so
badly again, and they'll get over it faster.
K: Why do you think the medical
profession has gouen so far away from
using herbs?
"Of course these
common weeds we walk
over all the time, like
dandelion and chickweeds,
are some of the best - if
you can get to them before
the mower does!"
G: How would they make any money with
it? Oaughs). I knew a doctor once whose
little girl nearly bled to death with a nose
bleed. I told him to give her raspberry leaf
tea to stop the bleeding - and he did and it
worked - but he didn't seem interested in
finding out why it worked or in using it
again.
K: What do you think about when you're
harvesting herbs?
G: I think about how quick I can get this
person enough plant to do some good
Oaughs) and get home and get it fixed up.
And I don't get to go out and harvest all the
time. If I did I might be like the man I know
who went up on the parkway towazd Jonas
Ridge. There was a whole bank of ttailing
arbutus there and he decided to gather
some. He'd filled a bag half full when a
lady patrolman came along and asked him
what he was doing. II was against the law
up there to pick those leaves, so she took
them and put them in the back of her car. He
told her, "I hope you know what to do with
them!"
K: What arc ttailing arbutus leaves used
for?
G: Kidney stones, or as the old folks say,
"gravel" ...some folks call arbutus, "gravel
weed" because it eases the pain in passing
kidney stones by dissolving them.
K: Sounds as though it's been a useful and
well-known remedy.
K: How did you learn to identify plants?
G: We always studied nature in our family.
Sabbath afternoons we'd go for hikes in the
woods and look for bmls and flowers ...and
whatever we didn't know we'd look up. Of
course these common weeds we walk over
all the time, like dandelion and chickweeds,
arc some of the best - if you can get to them
before the mower does! Chickweed is a
wonderful little weed.
K: ... and it tastes so good fresh.
G: Yes, and it's a good wash for any skin
ailment. But it's not only the wilder plants
that arc good, we have tame things like
marigolds and calendula which arc good for
salves.
K: You use marigolds? I use those for a
dye.
G: If you grow them in your gazden they
keep the bugs off your plants ... and a
tincture of them will keep the bugs off your
head! A young'un of mine got uce at scnool
and we rubbed the tincture into his scalp and
wrapped it in a towel overnight. Next
morning we washed it out and that was thaL
(see REMEDIES) You can also dry the
blossoms for tea that takes polyps out of the
intestines.
• continued on next page.
SPRING - 1988
KATUAH - page 11
u. OSCO - nn.v '""
�- continued from page 11
K: I never knew marigolds had so many
uses!
G: Well, when you get started on
something you find so many things its good
for ...
K: What is your feeling about the healing
properties of plants - the origin of that?
G: God put it there. That's exactly where
it comes from. He knows what we need.
Now right around here, there's lots of
kidney stones ...something in the soil
contributes to that problem. There's also a
lot of trailing arbutus. It's like an herbalist
once telling me to gather stinging nettles and
I said, "Yes, if I can stand the sting." And
she said, "Wherever the nettles grow you'll
find yellow dock - just rub your sting with
its leaves and it won't hurt."
K: That reminds me of using jewel weed to
neutralize poison ivy. Do you primarily
make teas with herbs?
G: Most herbs do yield their strength best
to water - some to cold, some to hot - either
boiled or steeped - according to what you
need. For high blood pressure you use cold
mistletoe tea. (see REMEDIES) But if
you've got epilepsy or seizures then you
make a hot infusion. (see REMEDIES)
K: I know of a dog with epilepsy - maybe
it would cure him. (laughs)
outlawed in the U.S. And now I've beard
they're closed down. I hope its not true.
K: Did you keep the literature from that
course or do you just remember everything?
G: Well, I got all hepped up studying it and
ii worked so good...that I got the address of
Indiana Botanical Gardens - and what I
didn't know I'd order so J could recognize it
and test it out.
K: Did your father use herbs as a
veterinarian?
G: Yes, we studied together. One day a
man came to us who'd overworked his
horse. He said her heart was pounding like
a hammer and she was standing with all
four legs splayed - wouldn't eat; wouldn't
drink. So I fixed some lobelia tea and filled
up a big drenching bottle full. When we got
to the mare the sweat was running off her in
a stream and her nostrils were red and
looked like they would burst. We lifted her
head and drenched her but only got half of it
in her before she reared up and came back
down and slobbered. After a while she
began to walk around and drink water. He
asked if she'd live and I said I didn't know she might have burst a blood vessel.
Months later my father saw him again and
asked about the horse. He said he'd been
logging her everyday.
G: Well, you just be a brave woman and
drink it down - and drink some water after.
K: What if someone's ailments demanded
remedies of an opposite kind - of opposing
forces, so to speak'?
G: Nature fits with nature.
K : Lobelia is an herb I've beard you
should be careful with.
G: Did you ever taste Indian Turnip?
Lobelia's like that - very strong. It smells
good, but nobody's going to eat much of it.
Only a very little is needed for healing.
K: I've also heard that the seeds of the
poke plant are supposed to be poisonous,
although I've eaten them myself. The young
shoots are very good cooked Do you use
poke?
G: Yes, I've given the berries for arthritis
(see REMEDIES) and folks have had good
results. Some harvest the berries every fall
and freeze them to have oo hand all year.
K: Staghom sumac berries (rhus typhina)
crushed and soaked in water make good
lemonade. Have you used them as a
remedy?
G: The tea is good for bedwetting - helps
K: Not quite as hard, I hope! That's
retain the urine.
interesting - lobelia grows in my holler
G: A woman came to me one day and said,
where horses are still
used for
logging... Has anyone ever had a bad
''What can I do for my poor little doggie?
reaction to remedies you've prescribed?
He's having seizures one right after
another." So I said, "Give him some
G: I don't give them anything that would
mistletoe tea." She said, "That's poison,
cause a bad reaction.
isn't it?" I said, "They say so - but birds eat
it." She said, "Well ..." A couple wee.ks
K: Are there any herbs that you finally
later I saw her and she said, "What can I do
decided to stop using?
for my doggy?" And I said, "Did you give
him the tea?" She said, "No." So I said,
G: Some are easier to get than others...and
"Well, just let him die then." And she
some taste a lot better than others.
looked at me as if I was the meanest thing in
Personal) y I like things that taste better. If I
the world. I didn't think she was very
much impressed. Then a few months later I
saw her husband and he said, "Did you
hear-the dog's all well." I said, "Good what did you do?" He said, "We gave it
mistletoe tea!" (laughs) The dog had gotten
so weak he couldn't get into his little wicker
bed. He wouldn't drink water and hadn't
eaten for days. She put down a bowl of tea
and she said his nose twitched and he raised
up and began to drink. When he finished
she set down another bowl and some food
and water. She expected him to be dead by
morning. But in the morning the tea was
gone, the water was gone, the food was
gone and the dog was gone! He was over
V'.......~~~*::;:;:·~rt;.l'!D
across the carport in his bed.
K: What a great success story! So how did
you learn how to prepare so many different
herbs - was it just from people telling you?
G: No, honey, l see what you're after.. .!
took a correspondence course from
Canadian Herbal College in the early '30's.
They had to go to Canada because they were
K: Do you have any ideas about the
intelligenc.e behind plants?
G: The same God that made you and me
made the plants. He knows what they need and they haven't perverted their appetites
like I have. So they take only the
nourishment they need from their
environment..! think the.main good we get
comes through the life of the plant - from
the minerals and food value it gives us.
K: It's very pure, isn't it..
G: It gives your body just what it needs.
K: Do you feel the plants you gather have
any awareness of your picking lhem?
G: I don't feel they have a ...what would
you say?... a soul...or a menrality. But they
do have some kind of feelings and ability to
communicate. And I think in the new earth
state, after sin is gone, that we'll be able to
communicate with animals and plant life
better than we can now.
K: But you don't feel like you do thar at all
now - when you're working with them?
G: No...when I'm gathering plants I think
Mullein
illustra11on b'f Ellen John
give people somerhing that tastes good
they'll probably use more of it.
K: How do you mask the ones that don't
taste good?
of the good they're going to do. I don't
believe in nature spirirs or fairies ... Angels
exist, and can lead us to plants, but God is
the spirit And He is a personal God. I le
made us and He made the herbs. He knew
what we needed so He put their healing
qualities in them.
- continued on page 27
KATIJAH- page 12
SPRING - 1988
�Frower Essences:
Harmony wtth Sp£r£t and Nature
Flower essences serve as catalysts to
awaken the natural life force and spiritual
consciousness within us. Each flower essence
embodies the hamumious vibrational panern of
the particular flower species used, and thus
attunes and resonates with specific human
energy patterns. The essences stimulate an
enhanced awareness and ability to transform
limiting attitudes, emotions and behavior into
more creative and health-affirming ways of
living.
Flower essences are liquid, potentized
preparations which carry a distinct imprint ofa
given flower and only an insignificant material
component. They are prepared from
sun-infusions ofj[Qwers in water, diluted and
preserved with brandy and generally taken
orally af~ drops at a time, several tim&r per
flower, coltsfoot In the joy of the moment we
found the radiance within one another and
made our life commitment together, although
the golden flower eluded us then. Since that
lovely day, coltsfoot has found us often...and
in most surprising places... along highways
and mountainsides, dry bulldozed places and
small streams...during needful, dark and
joyous moments. Each time she Earths the
Light for us along our journey. Each time she
opens us to our own knowing.
day.
yellow is used to dispel depression. One
spring, Edward and I both developed 'lung
fevers' - my first, his, a long endured ailment
It was this particular Spring that we felt
agreement to prepare the flower essence. I'd
been relating with friends with 'lung troubles'
and this encouraged my own healing. fd been
holding grief for so long. The Equinox came
brightly and we t.ook our healing bodies to the
cold creek to be with the coltsfoot flower. In a
sacred way we happily created coltsfoot
essence, with her permission. Her radiant light
dispelled our 'darkness' and we got welU
These essences are completely safe and
do not inteifere with and are not ajfected by
other medications. They show a lack of
effectiveness if used improperly but if too
much is taken they do no harm. Flower
essences harmonize well with other health and
growth practices including exercise, nourishing
diet, relaxation, balanced lifestyle, and
appropriale medical care.
Always gentle and strengthening.flower
essences bring a continual union between soul
and body, Higher Self and personality. The
graduiJJ attuning within blends and connects
one with one's source.
As a medicinal herb, ~o farfm
(coltsfoot) is traditionally used for lung
ailments. The lung is an "earth" organ and
Drawing by Shell Lodge
Cottsfoot
~tooc£t"oot
C oltsfoot is the earliest blooming flower
here where we live in Katuah, appearing in
February before the cold snows have finished
melting. Blooming fully bright, coltsfoot
brings her Promise of the Light and Radiance
of Spring from the deepening regenerative
forces of Winter's Dark.
In early Spring, before leaves cast
shadowy images, petite candles stand erect on
hardwood forest floors. Arriving at dawn, one
can lie amongst their glow. As the sun warms
the day, one then can watch the delieate
unfolding petals of the beautiful bloodrool
flower. A single protective leaf shelters this
flower in her early development As it matures,
the candlelight shoots up from the leaf and
opens to fullness. Then the forest ground
covering is a myriad of white stars with
glowing golden centers.
Heaven laying to rest a s~ll on Earth...Spirit
blossoming with matter.
Her special way of responding to the
sun lends to us knowledge of her use as a
flower essence. She follows the arc of sunlight
across the blue Heavens then closes up silently
to the cold night awaiting the Sun's ever
re-appearing warmth for opening each day. The
large green leaves developing at the end of her
flowering season grow in the shape of a "
colt's foot" and tell us of her ability to ground
us as well as enlighten.
My husband and I affectionately call
coltsfoot our initiator. On a clear sunshiny day
along a delightfully cold rushing mounrain
creek, Edward and I searched the banks and
boulders for signs of the radiant yellow ray
F eelings of my sacredness flow while in
the presence of Red Puccoon ( Indian for
bloodroot). a revelation of my opening psyche.
My initial experience of using bloodroot flower
essence came like the swift flooding river over
rapids, gurgling forth in living affirmations.
Life affirming words came pouring forth from
my being, streaming out. fd been struggling
with the use of affirmations, but no more! I
experience their inner wadrings now; I foci
surprise and delight and laughter. The aeative
process of receiving the Divine Feminine
within began blossoming.
T hrough this process Bloodroot
becomes my friend ...sharing her self wilh me
through the opening of my feminine
psyche...and being so intimately here with me
while I clear the cobwebs from my ancient
cauldron. The exhilarating union with my
feminine creative spirit and ageless wisdoms is
coming home using bloodroot flower essence.
As an herb, this member of the poppy
family is known to be internally poisonous in
all but small doses. The red root was used
medicinally to make tinctures and decoctions
for internal use , and external washes for skin
Edward & Elaine Geouge are flower ess~nce
infections. When freshly dug, the root of
sanquinaria canadensis bleeds a red juice. Dried lovers living in Yancey Co., NC ga1herinY'
flowers and wisdom to co-create flower
and powdered roots were used by the Indians
essences with Nature in KaJUah.
as a dye and as a body paint
These Appalachian Gower essences are available lhtough
Flower Essence Services, P.O. Box 586, Nevada City,
CA 95959. A.sic ror the research flower essence list.
SPRING - 1988
KATUAH-page 13
�THE ORIGIN OF THE ANIMALS
by Clyde Hollifield
" lam a storyteller. You can take this
story any way you want to - as a dream, a
Ue, an exaggeration, a vision, or as the
truth. l am only required to tell the tale. "
Long, long ago, at the dawn ohime,
there were only plants upon the Earth. No
people, no animals, no birds, no fish - only
plants.
At first the plants were rather meager.
T here were onl y algaes, liule mosses,
lichens, and fems, but gradually they grew
into larger species. The early trees began to
develop.
If you look at the geological record,
you will see that animals came into existence
about the same time that plants began to
develop fruit, nuts, and grains. Of course,
the animals could not have existed before
this, because there would not have been
anything to eat. Here is how it came to
happen.
Plants bad evolved for millions of
years before any animal was even thought
of. For eons they had experimented with
dispersing seed using water and air as
carriers. For a lot of the plants, this was a
problem. Some, like the milkweed, bad
learned to send their liule seeds on
parachutes through the air. The cattails and
the rushes experimented with floating seeds
that were carried to the other shore of the
lake and took root there. But many of the
other plants could only drop their seed at the
base of their own stem, and were thus
crowded out by their own offspring.
As the plants evolved, and their
intelligence grew, some among them began
to discuss a radically new way of dispersing
seed. The oak trees, in particular, were
precocious plants. They watc hed the
mistletoe, the only mobile plant, which had
no roots and flew from one oak tree to
another. From this the oak trees got an idea:
they would devise a small, living creature
that could move !lllml around from one place
to another, as the mistletoe was able to do.
They called together the hickory trees, the
walnut trees, the hazel, and all the other
nut-bearing trees, and they made their plan.
It being such a new idea, it was
difficult at first to convince the other plants
to allow it.
"It'll never happen."
"Ridiculous."
"Go away," said the other trees, but
the oak tree persisted. (Oaks are very
persistant trees) .T hey agreed that they
would design their creature so it would not
harm the environment or intrude on the
living spaces of the other trees and plants.
They also agreed to provide total care for
this little "animal" creature.
You have probably guessed already
that the animal they were devising was the
squirrel. His job would be to plant oak
seeds at some distance from the parent tree.
lo exchange, the tree would offer him a
place to live, hollow places in which to take
shelter, and food in the form of acorns and
nuts.
They finally completed their task,
and, as you can see to this day, the plan
KATUAH- page 14
worked very well. A squirrel will get a
mouthful of nuts, run down the tree, and go
off into the woods a little way. Then he will
dig a little hole, plant the seed right side up,
and pack the din back around it very
carefully. Then be will promptly forget
where he's planted it. That's the business of
the squirrel; it's in his nature.
With the help of the squirrel, oak
trees began to become a dominant tree on
the Earth. The other trees began to think that
maybe this was not such a silly idea after
all, and the persimmon tree, the
serviceberry, and the pawpaw got together
and decided to create a creature of their
own. The persimmon tree suggested an
idea, and they all thought it was a good one,
and carried it out. They made the possum.
The possum was different from the
squirrel. It was completely nomadic, it
never denned up. This was an improvement
because they did not have to provide the
possum with a home, only food.
The fruit trees were not as determined
as the stout nut trees, and the possum was
the lazy approach to making a squirrel. The
fruit trees did not waste a lot of energy
filling up the possum's brain housing. The
possum, therefore, is not quick and clever
like the squirrel. Face it, a possum is dumb.
But the possum does not have to be
smart, because it has a natural design
advantage. It eats the sweet, ripe fruit off
the trees. Then, as the possum meanders on
through the forest, the fruit passes through
its body, and when the possum is a good
distance from the parent tree, the seeds are
deposited .among tho leaves, neatly packed
in a small bundle of fertilizer.
But neither squirrels nor po5sums can
cross large bodies of water;·and some of the
other plants began to think that they would
have a big advantage if they could come up
with an animal that could fly.
What a totally outrageous idea! None
of the other plants thought it would work,
but a daring group of plants - blackberries,
blueberries, mulberries, and even cherries got together on it, and so many of them
were working on the plan that they actually
made it come about. They took the best
features of the possum, passing the seeds
through the digestive tract, combined with
the brightness of the squirrel, and they
designed their creature with wings and a
new invention, feathers and this new being a bird - actually flew!
With their mobility and sense of
purpose, birds could fly to where a crop of
berries were ripening, eat these, and fly,
often for hundreds of miles, to where other
berries were coming into season, depositing
their seed packages along the way.
These plants, too, took care of their
own particular creature. They gave the birds
materials to use in building a nest and a safe
place back in among the briars or high in the
tree branches to protect themselves and
safely raise their young.
The new idea worked splendidly, and
there came to be more and more birds of all
sizes and varieties, and at the same time
more new and different animals were being
created as well.
SPRING - 1988
�But what plant devised the human
beings? This is a question that bas baffled
science for centuries. Some say that the
humans were thought up by the intestinal
bacteria. but l happen to know that the apple
tree was responsible.
The apple tree felt that life was
becoming too confusing, because there were
too many kinds of apples. Each young tree
created from seed was different from its
parents, and when the young ones crossed,
they themselves produced entirely different
types. It was a dilemma that required a
quick and drastic solution. So the apple tree
devised a creature with the intelligence to
help them reproduce by cloning. In this way
a strain would remain true to its original
form.
This required a creature with special
qualifications. This creature needed to be
able to graft a tree, and, when the graft was
established, to transplant it in a good
location, and then wait seven to ten years
before being rewarded with any apples.
This was a remarkable achievement. None
of the other trees had created a creature that
could do that. It took a coalition of different
kinds of plants - the apple tree and other
fruits, the grains, and the vegetables - to
create and sustain the human animal.
The new "animal" system was turning
out to be successful beyond any plant's
wildest expectations. The plants were doing
extremely well. and there was hardly a pan
of the Earth that they could not coloniz.e.
But too much was happening at
once. It was too much to control. The fust
sign of trouble was when some lower
orders of plants. being too lazy to take the
trouble to devise and maintain their own
animal or bird, grew seeds that could ride in
other animal's fur. These were the
hitcbikers: cockleburrs, beggar lice,
agrimony, and others like them.
This was just the beginning of the
troubles. The animal kingdom that the plants
had created took on a will of its own, and
new animal species began appearing that the
plants bad never dreamed of. Animals
apppeared that ate the flesh of other animals
and were not under the control of any of the
plants. Other animals began to manipulate
the environment to their satsfaction.
Beavers, for instance, began gnawing down
their host trees to build dams and lodges.
Shocking! Before this only the plants had
done anything to change the way of the
world.
A bad day came when the humans
discovered fire. With fire they became the
greatest threat to the plant world that had
ever appeared. They could start fires, but
they were not so proficient at putting them
out. The humans made a lot of mistakes and
did a lot of damage in the early days when
they were learning how to manage fire.
·
The beautiful system the plants had
created was careening out of control, and
the plants could do nothing to bring it back
into balance. The plant kingdom began to go
on the defensive against the very creatures
they themselves had created. Poisonous
plants developed, vines and brambles
appeared to hinder the animals' way through
the forest. Long prickers grew on the locust
tree and other plants that had never bome
thorns before.
The humans, their most complex
creation, turned out to be devilishly adept at
cutting, cleating, digging, and poisoning the
SACRAMENT
Candlemas Day divined one blue violet.
Yesterday trout lilies were spawning
down at the creek.
I have saved a beeswax candle;
there will be other times to celebrate
the rites of spring:
the planting of peas & potatoes,
signs of urging warmth, a stirring of the earth,
the surging of the body to stir the earth.
One honeyed candle burns at an altar of lilies.
bringing the poems of spring to light.
-Janeice Ray
RAIN HAS COME AGAIN
Rain has come again
after the dryest spring recorded
deep in me the garden has leapt
these past weeks-mullein sends up spires
in the moonlight.
The four o'clocks burn a bush
of sweet purple, effigy of efflorescense.
The garden is a dense verdant
mass of growing summer vine & bush & stalk
screaming recklessly open to
foraging bees, wasps, bugs, birds, me.
I think I have seen it climax,
baptiz.ed in pale the night of the last
full moon of summer, wide wide open
and singing with life.
Flowers of luffa glow yellow and grow long.
Vines vein white; leaves in a mad ebb
of chlorophyll drink in the sudden
abundance of water
and are reborn.
The mute sundial casts gray & wan.
Stolons passing underground
fountain into spearmint.
These are the showers of blessings.
From the wetness comes redemption.
- Janeice Ray
- C01llinuod on page 21
SPRIN,9 - 1988
_ KATUAH-pagel5
�(These are lhe words of a traditional Cherokee 111-0dicinc person.)
ON POWER
There are three types of power, and they are:
Power over others or power over ideas. This is the
power to force other people to do certain actions,
whether they would like ro or not.
Personal power. This is the power of will. This power
can bring ideas into physical form. A person can also use
this power to step into a negative situation and change it
into a positive situation by simple strength of will.
The third kind of power is spiritual power, and this kind
of power comes when one is connected to the Greater
Life, which is the totality ofcreation. We must recognize
that we are only a part of a greater whole. Then we will
be able to receive spiritual power. This is the greatest
power ofall.
To attain spirirual power, one has to be open to it. This
is done, not by cultivating a strong desire for spiritual power,
but by recognizing a need for that power. This creates a hole
or a space that the spiritual power can flow into.
In the story of the Garden of Eden, it was separation,
not fornication, that was man and woman's original failing in
the Garden. Separation from the Greater Life is the source of
all our limitations. We limit ourselves by emphasizing and
valuing our egos, our fears, and our prejudices. This limits
the spiritual power we can contain. We cannot be changed by
the spiritual power if we indulge ourselves by dwelling on
our limitations. What if your mother did do something that
was not right to you when you were a kid?! The hell with it!
We all have to continue and to live our own lives.
Ask some spiritual people the simple question "How
are you doing?" and they will say "Oh, I'm working
on...... " and give a whole involved list of what they see as
their personality defects. These people devote a good part of
their attention and energy to what is holding them back,
instead of thinking about how far they have gotten. If those
people would think about how far they have gotten, they
would be amazed at the resources they have to work with and
what they could do. If they would share those resources and
put them to use, they would find that they would grow mucli
faster than by "working" on their limitations.
0
ne way to overcome our limits is by serving
unselfishly. Most people begin to practice this in order to
increase their spiritual power. This is ''serving selfishly," but
service becomes a habit that is performed without thinking,
and then it begins to woik. Another way to gain spirirual
power is by practicing unconditional love. This means to
love somebody without requiring that the person do
something, be something, or act in any particular way to
"deserve" that love. What a strong magic this is!
Fasting is also useful in helping to become conscious
of our limitations. We may feel that we cannot go four days
without food or four days without food or water. But when
we accomplish that, even if there is some bitching, we learn
about how we can go beyond our limits.
Praying is talking to the power of creation. When
praying, express your feelings clearly. Any person who
would pray for 15 minutes every day would witness
remarkable changes in themselves and in the world. It does
not maner how you identify the Spirit to which you pray.
The action and sincerity of praying will bring amazing
changes in just a few months.
We have been told not to pray for ourselves, but to
pray on behalf of others. The only thfog to ask for oneself is
the strength and endurance to continue to serve the Creation
and to help others. Praying is a humbling activity, because
prayers must be humble to be sincere.
A sincere prayer is powerful and can bring about real
accomplishments. When even just one person is convinced
that something is true, the power of that belief is enough to
set changes in motion. If only one person sees an obvious
injustice and knows that it is an injustice, that is enough to
change the situation a little bit
It may appear that nothing has happened, but if one
person out of 100 can be changed, then much has been
accomplished, because an idea grows like a seed, and once
the seed is planted in someone's mind, that person will
change somebody else, and the idea will keep growing and
spreading in that way.
Spiritual power is greatly magnified in the circle of the
people. We need to get over our separation - literally - and
come together to pray. If 20 people who are fairly clean
inside gather together in the circle and hook into the power,
that group could accomplish almost anylhing. Of course if
there are people working in opposition to the goals of thls
group. that limits the degree of unity that can be reached.
And, of course, we cannot eliminate negativity and evil. If
we did, there would be nothing in the world! Each of the
opposing forces, positive and negative, is the basis for the
other, but the negative can be neutralized or deflected by
people's focussed energies.
How is this done? On the spiritual level we do not try
to defeat other people or their energies. Instead we 1ransform
them by bringing them to the awareness that the world is a
unified and connected entity, and that we are not separate
from the world or from each other. Thus we achieve our
goals by increasing the opposition's spirirual power!
Conjuring in the traditional Cherokee medicine is a
way a medicine person empowers his or her prayers. To
bring about a healing, a medicine person first would pray and
then would do conjuring, which is acting out the cure and
seeing the result already accomplished. The act of conjuring
opens part.S of the mind that do not act through verbalization
and focusses the deeper power of the mind on the task at
band.
The old-time conjurors knew that praying does not
take the place of action. The old Cherokee belief is: "You put
the seed in the ground before you pray for the crops to
grow." You do your work, and then you hook into the
Greater Power to bring it to fruition. This is very sincere,
very humble. The physical work is an important part of the
magic.
- continued on page 26
KATUAH - page 16
SPRING - 1988
�BEA TREE
by Brian Ellis
The following is a brief exercise I
use frequently with children at camp and
with adults at conferences. You may want to
adjust the vocabulary to the child or group
you are working .with. Be sure to add lots of
pauses... and speak In a soft voice.
F ind a tree that you feel really
drawn towards, one that speaks
of beauty...perhaps, one that you
may have climbed in your youth.
Stand facing that tree. If a small
group, hold hands encircling the
tree. Then, begin to center down,
breathing deeply and relaxing.
(At this point, I introduce the
idea of "deep listening" or
"hearing with your inner ear".)
Ask, "Have you ever been sitting
quietly, maybe thinking about a
problem, and all of a sudden you
hear a voice inside that tells you
what you need to know? Or have
you ever sort of known
something and not known exactly
where it came from? Well,
that's a kind of deep listening.
What we are going to do is to let
our "inner ear" open to what
this tree may want to share with
us. Some of you might hear a
song, a poem, or a story of what
happened here long ago. For some
of you it might be a feeling,
pictures, or Images.
Continue to breathe slowly and
deeply. Keep your eyes closed
and focus your attention on your
feet. Wiggle your toes a little.
Now imagine that you are
growing roots. Feel your roots
sinking down Into the soll,
sprouting out In all directions.
And like a tree, draw energy
from the earth. Feel warm,
healing energy flowing Into your
roots, into your feet and legs, up
your strong straight trunk. Feel
Iha! energy coming from the
earth up into your heart,
shoulders, arms, and head.
SPRING - 1988
Now Imagine yourself growing
limbs, reaching out in all
directions. Send earth energy
from your body, up, out into
your branches. Draw the
warmth of the sun into your
leaves. Feel the warm light soak
down into you, filling your
heart, filling your body and
sinking down into the earth.
Earth energy surging up through
your roots; Sun energy pouring
down through your
branches...and mixing in your
heart.
Now feel your own heart send
love, warm light, into this t.ree.
Open your heart to this tree.
Allow the love to flow back and
forth. Take a few moments of
silence and listen with your
inner ear to what this tree might
have to share with you...open
your heart to this tree... (pause
2 - 5 minutes)...and know that
you can always reconnect In this
way. (again, pause)
Now it Is time to finish up.
Remember to give the tree
thanks...now draw back into your
heart. Feel your body becoming
human. Feel how strong and
healthy it feels to be a human
being. Wiggle your toes and
fingers, drop hands and stretch.
Open your eyes and shake your
arms and legs. Feel how vibrant
and alive you feel! Now give the
tree a hug, maybe a kiss and a
deep thank you.
At this point, I give folks a
chance to share what it felt like
to be a tree, or something the
tree shared with them. Almost
every time people have really
powerful feelings of empathy and
often some neat idea or bit of
wisdom.
I remember once a girl shared a
real clear image of what the
place looked like when the tree
was a sprout. Another time a
child said, "The tree told me how
old it ls...157". I have counted a
lot of rings on a lot of trees and I
would have guessed it was about
150orso.
Please be careful when you lead
this exercise with a group. Let
them know what they are getting
Into and carefully guide them
out. Please try it many times by
yourself or with an experienced
guide before leading others. And
make offerings to the spirit of
the forest. Mo/ All my relations/
Walk in Balance~
BRIAN ELLIS (alias Flying Fox)
/iv9s in Celo, NC. HB is a dynamic
storytBllBr, pOBt, and songw1iter
as well as a membBr of lhB National
Association for the PBrpetuation
and Preservation of StorytBliing.
KATUAH-page 17
�an issue when dealing with the giant utility
corporations, but Duke Power Co. in
panicular seems to have a hazy conception
of the difference between public service and
corporate adventurism. The company bas
promised
ratepayers
in
t h e ir
recently-acquired NP&L territories that for
several years their rates will remain lower
than those of Duke customers on !he
piedmont. After that promise has expired,
however, Dulce's new dependents may find
themselves contributing the capital to fuel
Duke's continued corporate expansion.
NATURAL
WORLD
NEWS
THE LATEST WORD IN
NUCLEAR WASTE
P ANTHERTOWN SOLD!
Nllllr&I Worid Naws Service
High at the headwaters of the east
fork of the Tuckaseegee River lies a valley
called Panthertown. The beauty of the
valley's striking features was for many
years a secret known only to a few. But
Panthertown may soon be crossed by a
Dulce Power high-voltage electric al
transmission line.
The site has recently been the focus of
much attention and activity, but for a long
time it lay in relative obscurity, the property
of the Liberty Life Insurance Company,
which limited access to the area. Before last
year few people knew of the white, domed
cliffs that framed the valley and the sttcams
and waterfalls that graced the location.
When Liberty Life decided to unload
the 7100-acre tract, they tagged it with an
aslcing price of $10 million. Congress
passed bills in both houses, one sponsored
by NC Senator Terry Sanford and the other
by Rep. Jamie Clarice of the NC Eleventh
Distriet, that appropriated $6 million toward
the purchase. But this was not enough for
Liberty Life, so the Nature Conservancy, a
private land conservation organization, went
to work to try to engineer the purchase to
bring the prized site into the public domain.
For financial reasons, the Nature
Conservancy let its option on the
Panthenown tract lapse. Immediately Duke
Power stepped in and bought up the
prope.rty for the $10 million asking price.
Dulce is in the final stages of acquiring the
holdings of the Nantahala Power and Light
Co. (NP&L), and the utility has been
rapidly buying up land in the Panthertown
area to create a link between the NP&L
territory and Duke's other facilities in the
Piedmont. The high-profile, high tension
wires will span 30 miles to join a station in
the Jocassee watershed area to a tie-in in the
Tuckaseegee district that links with all the
NP&L facilities. The proposed ttansmission
line will cost $30 million to build.
It is unclear whether Dulce's
expressed interest in the Panthertown
property contributed to Liberty Life's
intransigence in the land dealings. Duke has
been willing (and is certainly able) to pay a
high price to obtain clear ownership and
avoid any public accountability over the
route. The corporation has reportedly paid
exorbitant rates for small-acreage tracts, so
as to have complete control over the
proposed right-of-way.
That control is now virtually
consolidated, and Duke is acting the part of
a magnaminious benefactor who might
KAUIAH- page l8
- - -~--~
compromise its own interests to accomodate
those who wish to preserve the beauty and
habitat areas in the Panthertown valley,
rather than a public agency that must
consider the best interests of all in its
decisions. In other words, Duke is holding
all the cards, and those who arc interested in
keeping the valley in a wild state arc
scrambling to petition the company to take
the least obtrusive route for the proposed
power line.
While the utility corporation's first
proposal was to run the high-tension wires
down the middle of the valley corridor,
there are now several alternate routes under
consideration. Ralph Bauman, land
acquisition officer for the US Forest
Service, has indicated that the agency is
open to land swaps of adjoining National
Forest land to make alternative routes
possible. Congressman Clarke's office and
the Nature Conservancy are still hopeful of
acquiring the unused remainder of the
property a fter the locatio n of the
transmission corridor is set
The route of the proposed power line
will affect other areas as well. From the
power house at Bear Lake through the
magnificent Tuckaseegee Gorge, the
Tuckasccgee River valley is pristine with no
sign of human habitation. A route should be
chosen that would spare the river the
massive intrusion of a high-voltage line.
The installation of the new power line
will be tho culmination of decades of
corporate planning and desire on the part of
Duke Power. The company has the dubious
honor of being known as efficient and
effective managers of nuclear reactors,
because they have been making their
stoclcholdcrs substantial profits from the
generation of nuclear power while other
utilities have beeen backpedaling from the
nukes lilce the proverbial "hot potato."
In recent years Duke has maintained
an aggressively expansionist stance. Their
insistence on initiating a gig antic
engineering project to generate electricity on
Coley Creek in the Jocassec watershed
when the need for that amount of power
remains still unproven, and the enormous
size of the proposed transmission line that is
to penetrate the Panthertown area has raised
questions that perhaps the company is
contemplating a move into TV A territory in
east Tennessee, as the TVA nuclear plants
along the Tennessee River are currently
inoperable. There has been speculation that
Duke plans to install yet another reactor on
the shores of the Oconee lakes to funnel
power west to accomplish this goal.
Public accountability has always been
Nllunl Worid News Service
Under the t e rms of the
Johnston-McClure Bill passed by Congress
in December, 1987 an unwilling state of
Nevada was chosen as the site of the first
nuclear waste repository.
The bill also eliminated the eastern
repository - which in politicians' language
means, "eliminated the eastern repository
for awhile." An area overlapping Madison,
Buncombe, and Haywood counties in
Katilah was considered a lilcely site for the
eastern dump.
The Monitored Retrievable Storage
(MRS) facility, a "temporary" storage area
which the Department of Energy is counting
on to hold tons of spent nuclear fuel rods
that become government property in 1996,
was re-ratified in principle, but no
construction work may be begun until a site
for the first underground repository is
clearly decided. As part of the political
dealings around the bill, the states of
Tennessee and South Carolina were grant.e d
immunity from consideration as MRS sites.
A . three-person panel will be
appointed by Congress to study the need for
a MRS facility, which may delay plans for
the facility somewhat, and a negative
finding by the commission will most
certainly strengthen opposition to the MRS.
A DOE study at Yucca Mountain,
NV, the favored first repository site, shows
a strong possibility !hat groundwater
contamination may occur. This may delay
first repository siting and therefore slow the
MRS as well.
Johnston-McClure serves notice that
if a politically feasible solution presents
itself, Congress will seize it immediately to
hasten an end to the nuclear waste debacle.
The bill does buy us additional time.
Meanwhile, heed the words of
Congressman Clarke: "We must be prepared
to fight any future plans to locate an MRS
facility in our region."
ENDANGERING AN
ENDANGER ED SPECIES
T he Roanoke logperc h, an
endangered species, will become more
endangered if developers and ignorant
public officials of Roanoke County, VA
have their way. Their plan is IO withdraw
most of the flow of the Roanoke River and
pump it into the proposed Spring Hollow
Reservoir.
Even after strenuous opposition from
a citizens' group, "Friends of the River" and
SPRJNG - 1988
�milder opposition from the US Fish and
Wildlife Service and the State of Virginia, a
colonel of the US Army Corps of Engineers
responsible for the project "leans" toward
approval of the reservoir.
The question for people interested in
the future of the river is, "Arc the profits to
be made from this project worth sucking
away the habitat of an endangered species?"
If the answer to this question seems
clear, send a letter of protest to:
US Army Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28401
EVEN CANTON IS
DOWNSTREAM
Na.tural World News Scrv""'
"We have to give quality water to our
people!" shrilled C.W. Hardin, the mayor
of the town of Canton, NC.
A turnabout on the question of
Champion International Paper Company's
effluent discharge?
Not hardly. It was discovered that a
faulty wastewater treatment system was
discharging improperly treated effluent into
the little Pigeon Creek, which feeds into the
Pigeon River from which Canton draws its
drinking water. The system handles wastes
from the Pisgah Inn, a concession on the
Blue Ridge Parkway at the head of the
Pigeon River watershed. It was Canton's
tum to be downstream.
Public health officials closed down
the old treatment plant, but the inn bas a
permit to install a new system that would
again discharge imo Little Pigeon Qcclc.
Unfortunately, that permit was sought
and received without consultation with the
Environmental Advisory Board of the Blue
Ridge Parkway. The board has among its
members Dr. Dan Pittillo and Dr. Garrett
Smathers, well-known and respect¢d
scientists in the region, who sincerely care
about the fragile ridge-top environment the
Parkway traverses.
"Overload on the original facilities
was a contributing cause to the system
failure, " said Pittillo, ''but they are adding
even more buildings and extending the
paved roads in the campground even
further. And flushing down oil from the gas
station and chemicals from RV chemical
toilets is not going to help. Those
substances kill organisms in the biological
treatment system and will slow or possibly
stop decomposition.
"The Pisgah Inn is acting like any
business: it's trying to get more and more
people in. And the Parkway administration
is saying everything is alright, but it's not
alright.
'They need to remember where they
are. That is a very delicate area, and the
greatest resource they have up there is the
area itself.
''The whole operation needs to be
reviewed. Perhaps it is time for a study to
determine a ceiling on the traffic the area can
handle."
Serious questions arise when people
throng to a delicate area like the top of the
Pisgah Ridge. Those questions are always
close to tho surface when vigilant
watchdogs like the Environmental Advisory
Board and the town of Canton are standing
up for water quality.
SLOWING THE LAND RUSH
NllUnl World News Seivice
Two concurrent bills now before the
Georgia state legislature offer some relief
against the rampant development proceeding
unimpeded in the north Georgia hill
country.
The Senate unanimously passed Bill
393, the Mountain Protection Act, which
restricts development on lands over 2200
feet in elevation and with more than a 25
percent slope to one single-family unit per
acre. Within the area of the bill's
jurisdiction only one single-family dwelling
or six-family unit could be built per acre.
No structure may extend more than 40 feet
above the ridge line. The measure also
provides that any land on which more than
40 percent of the forest cover is removed
must be reforested.
Other minimum standards would
require an environmental assessment and
landscape plan for commercial construction,
a soil erosion prevention plan for
agricultural activities, and would permit
private logging activities only after a harvest
plan had been professionally prepared.
A similar bill is now before the
Natural Resources Committee of the GA
House of Representatives. The House bill
has been modified to restrict construction on
lands over 1200 feet in elevation that
maintain a 33 1/3 percent slope over a
distance of 500 feet
In other respects the bill as it stands
before the House is only slightly different
from the measure that passed the Senate.
One clause in the House bill attempts to put
some teeth into the Soil Erosion and
Sedimentation Act by allowing the GA
Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to
charge counties and municipalities for the
services of the DNR if the agency has to
move in to enforce the terms of the
anti-erosion law.
Although the Mountain Protection Act
is just a beginning at alleviating human
pressures on the north Georgia habitat, it
bas attracted a major amount of attention.
With the legislative session nearing its
close, it is in doubt whether there is time for
the House to pass its version of the bill and
work out a joint measure with the Senate to
give Georgia a much-needed land use
Statute.
EARTH SHAKE!
NlllnU World News Seivice
The mountains trembled Wednesday
evening, February 17, as a minor
earthquake shook Cherokee, Clay, and
Graham counties in western North Carolina
and parts of eastern Tennessee at 7:30 P.cc.
The tremor, centered near Robbinsv11le,
NC, registered 3.8 on the Richter scale.
No damage was reported. Residents
who experienced the quake felt a vibration
and beard a rumbling noise at the time of the
event. Some reported feeling a brief
sensation of being under pressure, as is
experienced when one goes deep
underwater.
©~
TRACHEAL BEE MITE
INVADES WESTERN SLOPE
Nallllal World News Service
Bee colonies in the Katuab region
have come under attack by the tracheal bee
mite, a destructive intemaJ parasite.
Officials of the Tennessee State
Agricultural Extension Service announced
that the state bee inspector found hives
dying from mite infestations in Greene
County, TN and Monroe County, TN
during the month of January.
The mites are suspected to have
arrived in shipments of bees from South
Carolina. Once established, the mites spread
rapidly. The infestation was first reported
within the national boundaries of tho United
States only four years ago. Since that time it
has spread to locations in 30 states. Bees
throughout the region are now under
immediate threat of the parasite invasion.
Chemical poisons cannot be used
inside of bee hives, as they contaminate
honey and beeswax in the hive, so
commercial beekeepers are deprived of the
orthodox method of recourse. The TN
Extension Service does not know of any
natural defenses the bees have against tho
parasite.
The only known method to protect
bees from the tracheal mite is complete
isolation of the hive. Hardest hit by the
infestation will be commercial apiarists who
routinely import bees and equipment. To
commercial producers, replacing lost hives
means a financial loss in labor and
equipment costs.
Honey producers who survive the
mite attack will not receive premium prices
for their honey, according to the Extension
Service announcement, because cheaper,
imported honey will make up for any
shortage in the regional supply. Allergenics
and those who depend on local honey
supplies may have to look harder for honey
this summer, and there will be fewer
honeybees to pollinate the apple blossoms
and sunflowers this year.
- continued next
SPRING - 1988
~
KATUAH- page 19
�EPA TESTING FOR DIOXIN
IN PIGEON RIVER
Nllllnl World News Service
Who knows what evil lurks in the
murky shadows of the Pigeon River?
Officials of the Champion
International Paper Co. have consistently
claimed that it is only the excessive
coloration of their corporate effluent that
keeps the Pigeon River barren and lifeless
below the Canton paper mill in Haywood
County, NC. They are fond of deriding
"environmentalists'" and other residents'
concerns about the river as a big flap based
on arbitrary regulations of "harmless"
colorants.
River fish say otherwise, having
deserted the river in droves, leaving only a
few species of pollution-tolerant "garbage
fish" to inhabit the lower reaches of the
Pigeon.
Now, alerted by reports of the highly
toxic compound dioxin being found in the
effluents of other paper-making companies
that employ a process similar to that used at
the Canton mill, the federal Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has ordered that
fish samples be taken from the river to test
for that substance, which is a deadly
carcinogen.
Dioxin was a primary component of
the herbicide 2,4,5,-T, which gained
notoriety as the defoliant Agent Orange in
Vietnam and which came under attack in this
country as a dangerous substance that
causes cancers and mutations.
Fish samples from both the NC and
TN stretches of the Pigeon River have been
sent to the EPA for analysis. The samples
were obtained by an elecao-shock technique
that stuns f1Sh within an eight-foot radius of
the point of contact with a powerful
electrical source.The fish are then gathered
and sent to EPA laboratories in Atlanta for
testing.
Tennessee officials had to return to
the river for a second round of
fish-gathering after taking initial samples in
January, 1988. They did not bring in
enough fish in their first try to make an
adequate sample.
The government fishermen said that
the water in the deep pools where they
fished was a dark brown color. They
complained of the foul smell of the river.
Local people living along the
riverbanks said that although fish were few
in the river, they would catch what they
could, untiJ lhrcc years ago when, according
to one resident, the fish "had a lcind of blue
mold on them and their eyes were
funny-looking."
Dioxin has been shown 10 pass along
the foodchain via small, bottom-feeding fish
and into the larger predator fish.
Officials from Champion International
and the state of Tennessee are involved in
protracted negotiations that might perhaps
resolve the immediate fate of the river. The
EPA has indicated that it would be amenable
to ratifying a compromise agreement on
color standards for the Pigeon, if one could
be reached.
The fish say that unless the river is
cleaned up completely, they will noc return.
The Dead Pigeon River Council
(DPRC) is a group of western slope
residents who feel victimized by
Champion's misuse of the river. The group
KATIJAH - page 20
was a strontt voice urging the EPA to
undertake the dioxin testing. They also have
been persiste.ntly urging the TN Department
of Health and Environment to undertake a
study of the abnormally high number of
cancer deaths of residents of the
downstream community of Hanford, TN.
An informal survey by residents of
the town (population 500) revealed that 167
cancer deaths have occurred there in the past
20 years. The Cocke County commu ' t;y is
.locally known as "Widowville."
The TN Water Quality Control Board
will test Hanford's well for contamination
of the local water table by river water
pending a review of the EPA 's dioxin tests.
ConlOCI:
The Dead Pigeon River Council
803 Prospect Ave.
Newport, TN 37821
MEETINGS CALLED
ON TOXIC SPRAYING
Nanni World News Set\lice
Carol McGincbey, Mary Ann Delany,
and Nancy Barnhardt are three women who
litcralJy cannot stand toxic chemicals in the
environment. The women, who are from
neighboring Floyd and Patrick counties,
VA, have body systems that are extremely
sensitive to toxic chemicals. They have
suffered acute symptoms of poisoning in the
presence of chemical insecticides and
herbicides.
The three arc acting as a liason
committee between community people and
state agencies on the questions of
agricultural and silvicultural spraying. They
are meeting with Dennis Anderson of the
Vrrginia Forest Service and a representative
of the state Agricultural Extension to discuss
the spraying of the herbicide "Round-up" to
weed out young broadleaf trees, particularly
yellow locust, which contend with young
plantings of white pines, and the spraying
of "Paraquat" as a pre-emergence herbicide
oo "no-till" com plantings.
Nancy experiences liver problems and
respiratory ailments in the presence of the
poisonous sprays.
"When I feel an aching sensation in
the area near my liver," she says, "I start to
ask around. If I investigate, I always find
that someone is spraying nearby."
Carol has more extreme symptoms in
the presence of the toxics. Her body reacts
with a high fever, sore throat, numbness of
the extremities, nausea, and extreme fatigue.
"I was laid out in bed for three or four
days at a time in several instances last spring
and summer," she said.
The
women
maintained
communication with Anderson during last
year's spraying season. The Forest Service
officer said it was almost uncanny how the
women pinpointed his spraying schedule
through their bodily reactions.
The women also approached the
Appalachian Power Co. about clearing
brush under their transmission lines by
mechanical means rather than with
poisonous herbicides. The company is now
considering the idea.
This year the three are meeting with
Anderson and the state Extension Service
before the spraying season to communicate
the depth of feeling that some area residents
have about this question and to suggest
measures like publicizing spraying
schedules so sensitive people can avoid the
toxic clouds.
"We are going to meet with them in a
non-confrontational way," said Carol, "to
tell them about our needs and viewpoints,
and to seek out any common ground we
may have about this issue."
"Everyone, whether they know it or
not, is affected by these poisons near our
living-places," said Nancy. "Everyone who
is exposed accumulates those complex
chemical compounds within their bodies to
the detriment of their life and overall health.
Because our special sensitivity causes us to
have immediate, visible reactions to the
poisons, we have been selected to be the
buffer between the sprayers and the general
community."
Suppon the women advocates of air
that is clean and safe to breathe. Investigate
toxic spraying in every part of the
bioregional province. To offer suppon, or
to receive advice and a standard survey form
to evaluate the effects of chemical poisons in
the local environment. write to:
Nancy Barnhardt
P.O. Box 417
Aoyd, VA 24091
US FOREST SERVICE
RELENTS ON RIVERS
Nawn! World News SCNlce
104 miles of eleven rivers in Katuah
are among 35 rivers and 98,000 acres of
riparian land in the southeast that are at least
temporarily protected by agreements with
US National Forest supervisors.
"Binding comminmcnts" by the US
Forest Service (USFS) provide for
evaluation of ponions of these rivers to be
included into the National Wild and Scenic
Rivers System and five 10 ten years of
protection while the study is being carried
out. Only the parts of the rivers on National
Forest land arc presently under
consideration.
The agreement was negotiated by the
American Rivers organization with the
assistance of the Sierra Club Legal Defense
Fund. Highly pleased with the results of
their talks, American Rivers withdrew
motions of appeal the group had filed
against the forest management plans for the
National Forests involved.
American Rivers is a non-profit
organization seeking legal protections for
rivers in the US.
FORECAST: CLOUDY UNLESS THE PEOPLE ACT!
Nllllnl World News Service
Against overwhelming economic,
scientific, and ecological evidence,
incineration still persists among technocrats
as a preferred choice for solid waste
disposal. The engineering mentality
apparently demands a technological solution
to the waste disposal problem, as it has in
so many aspects of our society.
Yee, when the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) announced their
opinion that incineration of Asheville's
dehydrated sewage sludge by the
metropolitan Sewage District (MSD) would
require no environmental impact
assessment, such a squall of protest arose
that the agency extended the public comment
period, and is now considering public
SPRING- 1988
�petitions for a full environmental irnJ?act
statement.
Local residents and organizations
have sent documentation to the EPA that the
most favored alternative, biological
composting, as well as being cheaper, is
ecologically safer. The airborne emissions
from incinerator p lants simply move
pollution into the upper at:m0sphere, and the
leftover ash is in most cases classified as a
hazardous waste. Dangerous cadmium
levels from industrial process wastes in
Asheville's sludge can only be removed by
an electrostatic precipitator. This is much
more expensive that the Venturi scrubber
process currently budgeted by the MSD and
might make the cost of incineration
prohibitive.
Activists have also informed the EPA
that land next to the MSD facilicy is available
to buy, which would considerably lower
MSD cost estimates for composting, which
were boosted by the addition of expenses
for transportation and transportation
equipment to move the sludge to a distant
site.
Cocke Councy, TN is also flirting
with the incineration alternative for waste
disposal. A Nashville, TN company,
ironically called Resource Recovery
Tech nology, has approached the
commissioners of the west slope councy
with a package plan in which the private
corporation .would assume all construction
costs for an incineration facilicy and charge
a disposal fee of $18-22 per ton of trash. As
Cocke Co. is producing about 100 tons of
refuse daily, the cost for incine.ration would
likely be over $100,000 per year.
Steam power from the incineration
plant would be sold to a local industry for
additional profits for the contractor.
Apparently, Resource Recovery
Technology Co. did not mention toxic gases
and heavy metal particulate matter among
the benefits of the plan.
CSI WASTE INCINERATOR
waL BE CLOSED
The county commissioners of
Caldwell Councy announced that they will
close the Caldwell System Inc. (CSI)
hazardous waste incinerator.
There is a major law suit pending
involving the county commissioners,
Caldwell Systems, and several local
ci ti:zens. At issue is the fate of a dairy farmer
located just below the plant who bas
suffered a complete Joss of his business due
to health concerns about his product. Other
local citizens in the neighborhood have
suffered r ashes and burns, and a study
commissio ned by members of the local
chapter of the Western North Caro lina
Alliance uncovered evidence of toxic soot
falling miles away on the 1-40 expressway.
CSI is offe ring an out-of-court
settle ment, whic h is meeting mixed
reactions from local citizens. The company
wants to shut down its operation but use the
site for hazardous waste storage for five
years. Many feel that plan is unacceptable
and want guarantees of verifi able
monitoring written into any agreement.
From WNCA "Issues Update"
available from WNCA; Box 180
~
Asheville, NC 28814
P'
SPRING - 1988
The Origin of the Animals
continued from page IS
plant people. They even learned to hybridi:ze
the plants. By stealing their reproductive
power the humans gained control over the
plant kingdom. They made the plants serve
as human food sources, instead of
cooper ating in serving the plants as
seed-bearers, as it was intended to be.
This is a most dangerous new
development. Hybridization is causing the
disappearance of the str0ng, old varieties
that could reproduce themselves. They are
being replaced by new varieties that,
although they better serve the humans'
immediate purposes, are weak and not able
to stand up to stressful conditions like the
natural varieties. By their desire for control,
the humans are putting themselves in
jeopardy. If their ltost plants cannot swvive
in the world as it changes, then the humans
will perish as well..
The humans also have still not learned
to control their fire. Their powerful nuclear
fire is the most dangerous form yet
discovered. This above all causes the plants
to be concerned about the future of the
world which has been thrown so out
balance by their wayward experiment.
But the story continues. It is not over
yet. There may be other developments in the
evolutionary game.
Who knows? The world may be
returned to the plants. once again. Plants are
more immune to radiation than animals.
They mutate and change in the presence of
radiation; they are not as likely to die and
become extinct. Plants eat sunlight, which is
one fonn of radiation. They may find the
means to utilize other types of radiation.
They are far ahead of the humans in that
respect and may once again become the
masters of the planet
It is obvious from this look at our
history that if we want to fulfill our true
purpose on Earth, we should save seeds and
propagate plants. That is our inborn duty
and one of the most healthy things we can
do for our world.
/
Rediscovering Heirloom Seeds
Janeice Ray
Hybridization has taken the ancient art
of seed-saving away from us. F-1 hybrids
(meaning first filial generation) are a forced
genetic cross between two unalike parents and
exhibit unusual vigor and uniformity. Their
seeds, when grown out, revert back to some
ancestral strain. Hybrids must be re-crossed
year after year by seed companies, so we
become totally dependent upon them for the
basic source of our food.
The uniformity of hybrids produces
vulnerability to crop failure. Hybridization and
the lack of varieties shrinks the genetic base of
our crops, leaving them in a weakened state.
This caused the potato famine In Ireland in the
1840's · the people were growing only a few
varieties of potatoes, which were not blight
resistant, and the country starved when the
disease spread through the fields.
Crop diversity may save us in the future
when we are searching for a gene that may
withstand the environmental problems that our
world faces. Are there varieties that can take
the effects of acid rain? Or of shifting weather
patterns? Some old variety may be the answer,
and we need to keep those gene pools alive.
So I am convinced to buy only standard,
open-pollinated varieties, no matter how
amazing the hybrids sound, and I am learning to
save my own seeds. I buy seeds from small,
family-owned seed companies. Many of the
major companies have been taken over by
huge corporations, usually petrochemical in
nature. The smaller companies with the less
glossy catalogs (most of whJch enoourage seed
independence) need our support. The Graham
Center Seed and Nursery Directory published
by the Rural Advancement Fund is a wonderful
resou rce for localing these seedspeople.
Send a few dollars to:
Rural Advancement Fund
P.O. Box 1029
Pittsboro, NC 27312
I am beginning to plant heirlooms -
vari eties our foreparents grew for generations.
With the advent of seed companies, many of
these were lost, many endangered, and only
now are folks rediscovering them and returning
them to our collective gene pool. The book to
read is Heirloom Gardening by Carolyn Jabs,
and the place to connect with like-minded
people is:
The Seed Savers' Exchang~
Rt. 3, Box 239
Decorah, IA 52101
Here are a few seed companies offering
open-pollinated and traditional varieties:
Johnny's Selected Seeds
Albion, ME 04901
JL. Hudson,Seedsman
P.O. Box 1058
Redwood City, CA 94064
(Catalog: $1 J)())
F/Qating MoUlltain Seeds
P.O. Box 1275
Port Angl!les, WA 98362
forganically-grqwn heirWoms ca1a/og: $1 .00)
BounJiful Gar<kns
5798 Ridgewood Rd.
Willits, CA 95490
(open-pollint1led, untrea1ed)
Southern Exposure Seed Exchange
P.O. Box 158
North Garden, VA 22959
(Caralog: $1 J)())
Peace Seeds
1130 TetJu:row Rd.
Williams, OR 97544
(Caralog: $1 .00)
Seeds Blum
ldalw City Stage
Boise, ID 83707
(1-ltirloom seeds, catalog $2.00)
KATUAH - page 21
�DRUMMING
LETTERS TO KATUAH
Dear Katuah My husband and I own 40+ acres in Kaniah. We have no
children and are concerned about whnt will happen to our
land when we die. We would like 10 sec it prorected, not
subdivided, and used in a way that is kind to the earth hopefully continuing the organic gardening & orcharding we
arc doing, carefully using and preserving the forest land, etc.
Ideally we would also like to sec it benefit people in need. A
lot to ask! If you have any ideas or can refer us to anyone
with solutions for this sort of situation, we would appreciate
it. We don't want to sec the place tied up in such a way as to
be useful to no one.
Thanks for any help you can give us.
Shalom,
Sheila Wofsy
Reggie Lenoir
Rt. 1Box178
Suchcs, GA 30572
Dear Editor,
Someone who did not identify themselves sent me an
unsolicited photocopy of your Fall, 1987 issue of K.i1.iah
containing the article "Smells Like Money To Me" CKiW.i\11
#17 - ed.)
The author presented a corporacc image of the wealth
of the Champion Corporation, however implications in the
article were critical because Haywood County had not
diversified the economy, and because Champion did little to
support quality of life, including this generation of Haywood
County residents. True, the mill is old, and Haywood
County should be offering incentives to keep the industry,
and to assure that better environmental controls arc the goal.
In the meantime, children are threatened by the attitude
of fear and unrest that prevails because their parents,
grandparents, and neighbors are frightened.
If your publication is truly interested in the
bio-technical development of Southern Appalachia, publish
positive approaches about appropriate industrial development
which will match our workforce, our geographical terrain,
our water and sewerage supply, our cultural and ethnic
heritage.
Please include articles 10 which the common man who
has a sense of stewardship for the earth can relates. l am of
Scotch-Irish descent, a daughter of generations of farmers
who valued land. Today I see developers cutting into the
mountains wilhout regard to the sediment which will be
altered and moved into our streams. l see local real estate
developments over-building on fragile land sites. J see that
the larger number of land holders are no longer full time
residents of the county. A land use plan is a critical issue for
Haywood County. An indusrrial recruitment plan would add
balance to the economy.
Yes, I care about poUotion, but try to be
comprehensive in future articles rachcr than singling out our
"greatesc bread basket" in Haywood. r believe a reasonable
solution such as a five-year plan could be implemented.
Sincerely,
Ernestine E. Upchurch
Maggie Valley, NC
Thank you/or your thbughtful reply. - The Editors
Hopefully KJJ.nu11J 1120 will be ofsome help. - Editors
The Stones at Laurel Creek
The stones here are
shoulders and elbows of the lover I
looked for everywhere I travelled
to anive hen:
poking through her
garment of rhododendron, shaped
by the rush of her laughter,
pools of thought
I feel her
enjoying my step best when I step
naked, enjoying it
Like the pause
when the fingers seem to listen to the skin
and forget which name the lover has
and what color the skin,
I bend
to soothe my bands on her tender grain
Through the slow, gigantic
pulse of sun in stone I suddenly
recognize her- "Mother!" (bur even thar
is just a name
She lies
under every itch and movement ofmy f001
and I have only known her
by names-)
- Stephen Wing
KAlUAH - page 22
Awakening
Soft vault of sleep
attended darkness
Quiet folds around me
silence screams
In the midst of pitch
my eyes arc opened
to wondrous views
ineffable
Angel's garments, as white smoke
gently billowing
as they tum
My mouth is opened to kiss
hot coals
burning away mortality
I change
and enter, again, the womb
of infinity
- Diane Yeager
SPRING - 1988
�Dear Katuah -
An idea we have been considering here in Spring
CTCCk is the Community Computer Bulletin Board This is an
interlocking system of computers in users' households that
are connected by telephone lines to a central computer that
stores the messages that folks wa.nt to share with their
neighbors. The networlc could be set up on a local or regional
level.
The system could be used for communication, keeping
records, playing games, word processing, and planning
various projects. The network could coordinate bulk
purchases of commonly-used items like clothing, shoes,
tires, seeds, and fertilizer to obtain substantial discounts.
People could barter, buy and sell, call for help, announce a
baby, share car-pool infonnation.....the list of uses is
endless.
The information on the bulletin board appears on the
individual TV sets or monitors in the users' homes or places
of business. The central computer is located in the home of
the system operator. If desired, the computers could connect
to national and international networks, so the bulletin could
extend all over the world.
If a user had a telephone and a TV set, the minimum
cost to buy a computer would be around $270. The cost of
the central computer and its operation would be shared by the
users.
If any readers are interested in the Community
Computer Bulletin Board idea, please have them contact me.
John Artley
Rt 1, Box 27-A
Hot Springs, NC 28743
(704) 622-7421
Flowers
I'm cleaning up
the inner environment
I'm plowing the fear
to prepare the soil
I'm mixing the elements
to make my hean fertile
rm weeding the hun
4:00 A.M.
Grandmother moon
is caught in the branches
of the tulip tree.
My husband's arm
is around me.
She calls out her longing.
We hold the crystal aloft
and catch her Light
in its center.
This moment is Forever.
Our moccasins
lie still
Upon the flintstone.
to care for the love
I'm coming up flowers
- Colleen Redman
SPRING - 1988
- Rose Morningstar
Bryson City, NC
Drawings by Kore Loy McWhiner
KATI IAH - oa2e 23
�continued from page 5
From The Perelandra Garden Workbook:
Deva of Soil
When Jmmans open a garden, any garden, a note is
sounded within the devic level. One mustn.'tforget that a
garden is a man.made invention. Therefore, the sounding
of the note indicating that one is w be created must come
from humans. When such a thing occurs, 1he devic level
immediately responds by creating the numerous energy
units which will even.tually be grounded into form.
When a human sounds the note with the intent to
work in co-creative partnership with devas and n.ature
spirits, that note is very different in sound, quality, and
vibration. If I were w use an orchestra as an example, I
would say that in the case of the ordin.ary garden, the
note sounded would be that of one instrument. Add to it
the intent to co-create the garden with nature itself, and
one would suddenly hear a full orchestra sounding a
deep and vibran.t multi-levelled chord.
Nawre, on all its levels, will respon.d in kind. The
various energy units we on the devic level create when
the single note is heard is very different from the units
we create when the full orchestra is sounded. So from
the instant you sound the note with the more expanded
intent, you will set off creation and movement on a far
grander scale.
As Machaelle's relationship with the garden grew,
she found herself appreciating the quallity and integrity
of the relationship itself as much as the fruits and
vegetables produced.
From The Perela11dra Garden Workbook:
Deva ofthe Pere/andra Garden
The physical planting process of a garden is not the
primary issue. What is of utmost importance is attitude
and i111ent...
I have specifically chosen dance (as metaphor for the
garden)for in order w parricipatefully within dance, one
must lift his spirit, center his senses.focus his thoughts in essence, he must strike an attitude that will allow him
to hear the mu.sic all the way into his soul and move in
accordance to that music. It is this attimde I wish to
convey for one who wishes to move into the garden in
harmony with what is happening there....
...Through (your mind and heart), the music will
1nove an.d you will naturally move with ~t both within
and outside yourself. And you will be most surprised at
the ease and grace in which you. your tools, and your
young plants and seeds join in effortless movement.
...My experience in the harvesting process has been
to sense joy and celebration for a job well done. At
special times, I can feel all of nature around me, on its
various levels, literally celebrate not just the health and
balance of the garden, but the resulting incredible
production as well. When I approach gardening, it is
with my sights set on creating a bala111ced, healthful
environment. I don't consider production. That
automatically takes care of itself. So there is always a
moment of happy surprise on my part when 1 realize the
green bean row has produced a whole slew of beans. It
may sound terribly naive, but I think this probably
illusttates best how changed my thoughts, focus and
intent are around gardening.
The larger issue of humankind's relationship with
nature is a central theme in the messages Machaelle
receives from the devas. It is in her garden that the
macrocosm becomes revealed by the microcosm.
KATUAH - page 24
Photographs by Clarence Wright
The devic messages address the importance of
reverence for life in the Perelandra garden as well as
the importance of reverence for all of life. Machaelle's
sensitivity and attention to the Perelandra garden opens
up for her a "window" on the needs and cures for the
whole planet.
Machaelle Small Wright's journey to the center of
her garden was a long one. The first half of her
autobiographical work, Behaving, recalls a childhood
of intense pain and trauma. Yet the chaos of events,
memories, and feelings has now become a sensible
whole.
Through her garden, the healing of herself and of
the land has become a single and continual process. It is
in her garden that Machaelle has taken the opportunity
to interact in a daily, conscious way with the dynamic
energies present there. Through her works, she offers
us the inspiration and encouragement t_o begin the
endeavor ourselves.
From Tiie Perela11dr0: Garden Workbook:
...The Perelandra garden is my life, my. heart aoo .
my very breath. It is my friend, my healer, my nurturer
and teacher - about myself, my planet and my unjverse ...
.. .It has taught me about power - my own and that
which is contained in all life around me. About equality.
About balance. About teamwork on a peer level...
... And it has taught me that we are a vibrant, active
planet fully participating in a larger, loving whole. /
Excerp<s rq>rinJedfrom The Pcrclandra Garden Workbook with f"m1issit111.
Machaelle Small Wriglu has just completed her third book, eniitled
Flower Essences: Reordering Our Understanding and
Approach to Illness and Health. It will be available in June 1988.
Gardening workshops and an annual open house are held at
Perelandra during the summer and early fall. For schedules and infomlillion
or to order any of Macluulle's books. meditation tapes orflower essences,
write 10: Perelandra, Box 136. Jefferson/on. VA 22724.
Excerpts selected by Christina Morrison with Mamie Mui/er
and Sam Gray assisting.
SPRING - 1988
�The
true art
of dancing
is
dancing what
comes out and not
following the rules.
Dancing
ho~ you want.
Because if you
follow rules
your soul
will never
get to show you
the dance you've
known ever since
you were born.
- Emily
1dance within myself
And look without
Joy within
Sadness without
Music within
Silence without
Lying on my bed
Waiting for morning to come
The moon sings to me
About the sun
Words by Emily Turner, age 6 with
Drawings by Amelia Brommer, age 8
SPRING - 1988
KATIJAH - page 25
�900€£ me€£i.ci.ne
continued from 1>3ge 16
What people call "visualii.ation" today
is a fonn of conjuring. People can visualiu:
a healing and by putting their collective
energy behind it and getting some sense of
how it fits in with the all, they can "push it
with power."
It is best not to try to visualize a
specific end to a situation, because that
limits lhe possibilities. Also, things seldom
tum out the way we plan. It is bes1 10
visualiu: a return to balance and hannony
and to encourage the awareness that the
lives of all things are interrelated. However,
I do see anything lhat works against the Life
Force as a whole as being negative and evil.
Nuclear arms and nuclear power, for
instance, appear to be destructive forces as
far as l can see. They seem like something
we can gel along without.
The human species is a high
consciousness, bu1 a1 the same time 1he
human race is a cancerous cell that is trying
to diges1 its host, the Greater Life. Yet
people on the spiritual path are always
searching for the connection to the whole.
As individuals 1hey realize their separation,
and they are searching for that connection
with every part of every cell from the
marrow of their bones outward.
One of the greatest blocks for us
.humans is our intellect. lt is self-defeating to
try to comprehend the universe with the
intellect, for it is not designed to
comprehend the whole. Being in a linear,
critical culture as we are makes it even more
difficult. Not impossible, but certainly more
difficulL It leads us to try to understand the
whole by adding up all of the parts. But the
whole is greater than 1he sum of its parts.
Organ ic Gr owin g Coop e rotiue
The Organic Gardening Cooperative
of Western North Carolina was started in
the early spring of 1987. A small group of
enthusiastic people came together 10
promote the merits of organic gardening and
fanning and the health and life-giving value
of organically-raised food. Meetings are at
Unity of Arden on Airport Road. The
cooperative meets the third Monday evening
of each month. There is time for sharing at
6:30 pm and a meeting at 7:00 pm.
The name "cooperative" was chosen,
because the group wished 10 create an open
forum for sharing experience, infonnation,
resources, and projects. There is a steering
committee that plans and coordinates the
meetings and other activi1ies. 01her
commiuees take on the tasks of a newsletter,
education, publicity, and telephoning. These
committees are volunteer efforts, and new
participants are always welcome. Th~ are
no dues. A small voluntary donation per
meeting helps to cover expenses.
The cooperative's meetings offer an
array of interesting activities such as songs
and music about gardening and nature; an
educational program with speakers, films,
slide shows, etc; a short nutritional update;
news on environmental issues; and a time
for sharing among the group. The main
topic of each program usually pertains to
gardening ac1ivities appropriate for that
month of the year, such as composting, soil
preparation, seed starting, etc. A varied
program is designed to meet the needs of
beginning gardeners as well as the
experienced ones in the group. There are
presentations of resources like magazines,
seed catalogs. extra seeds and produce, and
group seed or narural fenilizer orders. Glass
(clear and colored) and aluminum are
collected for recycling at each meeting.
We who are active in the cooperative
feel it is an exciting opportunity to
encourage each other and the public at large
to learn how to live in harmony with the
Earth and to produce quality food, which
will make us all more healthy and happy.
We invite newcomers to come and
participate at the meetings. Together we can
create rewarding adventures in learning and
"growing!"
- Ellen John
For more information about the
Organic Gartkning CooperaJjve, call Cheryl
Stippich a1(704)687-1741.
Herbology
Clinic
M. C. Majebe
Licensed Acupuncturist
78 E.ast Chestnut St. Ashevllle, NC 28801
(704) 258-9016
KATUAH - page 26
• conlinucd Crom JlliC 9
Dr. Gray soon arrived in Statesville
bringing several eminent botanists. Dr.
Gray had been misled by Miclraux's
description of the habitaJ of slwrtia. ltistead
of the moun1ain tops where he Juul always
looked, it Juul been found along a stream in
the foothills. Michaux's directions had been
fairly specific, bw his continual references
to the "high mountains" misled Gray, the
botany detective. Shorria, the mystery
flower of the mountains, soon became so
famous that pressed specimens of a single
plaru were selling/or fifty dollars.
SJwrtia makes a good grour1d-cover
under rhododer1drons. It needs a shady sire
with an acid soil rich in humus, plemy of
water, and regular mulching with oflk
leaves. It spreads mostly by runners, and
grows in luxuriant, dense colonies where
conditions are to its liking. Its delicate white
flowers lost for several days. It is one ofthe
most coveted plants of any wild flower
garden.
A collector has written, "No idea of
the beauty of this planI can be formed unJil it
hos been seen in its native Jwme. The mass
of glossy green and white, once seer1, car1
never be forgotten." It was never Gray's
privilege to see shortia at the height of its
blooming period, which is the latter part of
March into early April.
Of the 25,000 botanical specimens
that Gray classified before he died, Gray
asked that shortia cover his grave at
Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Gray's life,
many honors had come to him, but they
were os naughl compared to the discovery
ofthe little mountain pla111 thal Dr. Asa Gray
named shortia.
The mystery plant, sJwrtia, lost/or a
hundred years, because ofits limited narural
distribution, is probably to be found
growing more in culdvarion now than in the
~ild. This is especially significant today
because of the destruction of much of
shortia's native habiuu in North and Sowh
Carolina due to artificial lake construction.
Rtprinltd from the Noah Carolina Native
p(o111 Proaagqljon Handbook prepared by the North
Carolina Wild Flower Prtsuvalion Sociery (Tollen
Chinese
Acupuncture
and
sh.ot"tta
Garlkn Centtr 3375; University ofNorth Cmolina;
Chapel Hiil, NC 27599 - $5.00 ppd.) /
Natural Food Store
& Dell
160 Bro.ctway
Ashevllle, NC 28801
Whlf-e llroadwmy n..ia
MlrTlmon Ave I. ~240
OPEN 7 DAYS A WE. K
E
Mond•y·Salurday: 9am·8pm
Sunday: 1pm-Spm
(704) 253-7656
DE_51GNS
by Rob Messick
Illustration & Design
In Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil
P.O . 8o)( 260t . eoone. NC 28U07 • (704J7a4 tiOQ7'
SPRING - 1988
�· continued from page 12
K: How d o you think people first
determined how to use herbs?
G: The first herbs that were used were the
leaves of the Tree of Life in the Garden of
Eden. And we'll never find the fountain of
youth until we get the Garden of Eden back
and get back to the Tree of Life.
K: Until we get back in touch with nature?
G: No, back to the Tree of Life. God took
that to heaven before the flood. And when
he makes this earth new again he's going to
bring it back. And when we see the Garden
of Eden we'll see herbs as they're s'posed
to be.
K : Do you think this will be a sudden
occurence or will it be a gradual awakening
of God, and now Satan's walking up and
down, to and fro on the earth. You see, this
battle isn't something done in a comer; this
earth is the theatre of God's love. God had
to let us tear things up and let things go
because our natures won't accept the truth
otherwise.
Are you passing your knowledge on to
them? Are they receptive?
G: No young people are interested like I
was when I was young. Some are interested
and could learn, but they're all afraid of
being tied down. They're interested when
they feel like it, but when they don't feel
like it they don't want to be bothered.
K: Do you know when your book will be
out or what you11 call it?
G: When there are enough people that will
G: No, I don't. I was held up all summer
be true to God then Christ will come. Think
how all this time the angels have tried to
help people to think of these things and do
what's right Still we go on in our lives and
don't study, don't stop to read what God's
given us. And just look what a mess we've
made. Think of the Garden of Eden - the
beautiful flowers and trees - and then loolc at
that hillside over there (points to trailer park
across road) ... all the death and dying. Of
course there's still a lot of beauty here...
Satan tried his best to get Christ to give
up and not go through with his plan of
salvation, but He stuck to it and proved that
God's truth could be followed. Adam sold
out because he chose to obey Satan instead
with my eyes - couldn't see to read. And
many days like today are holding me
baclc...(laughs). [While talking to us,
Granny gracefully received five patients and
several phone calls. We arrived at 10 a.m.
and by 5 p.m. she hadn't paused once.]
K: Thanks so much for your time and
energy! We both have personal questions
but they can wait 'til another day.
G: Oh, I can help you now - would you
like that?
K: Sure, but you must be tired...
COMF TOlHf
FOR
Drcamwcaver l!Boomllcn:
Books and Tapes by Mall and Special
Order. Metaphysics, Comparative Religion,
Psychology, Children and Women' s
Studies. New Age Music. Call Barbara,
(912) 233--5934 for Info.
NEW AGE SEMI NARS
\llHOLISTIC lf[ALTH
RETRf;ATS
&md fnr our Ire,.. bcuchurtr:
L.1.F. E. • Bo• 144K
Pullmon WV 26421
(.1041 t.5?·319:1
'Living In Full E nergy
K : Everything!
REMEDIES
K: What about your great-grandchildren?
among people?
l.l.F.E. RETREAT
CENTER
G: What have I been doing?
Cockleburr and Mullein cold remedy:
A large handful each of cocldebuns and mullein
leaves to 2 qts waJtt. Boil 20 minutes. Suain well
and drink. Burrs and leaves can be used a 2nd time
with 2 more quarts waier boiled 20 minutes again.
Mar l&old tin cture for lice:
Chop marigold blossoms fine. Cover with rubbing
alcohol in glass jar. Sel in sun for 2 wect.s, stirring
once each day. Strain and boWe.
MislldOt tea
For lal&b blood pressure: 1 Tbsp crushed
mislleioe leaves 10 1 qt cold water. Shake and let
Slalld ovcmighL Strain and drink 1(2 cup before
breakfast; 1/2 cup after brealdasL Repeat wilh
supper.
Mlstlttc>t tea
For epilepsy or Stizuns: Pour 1 pint boiling
water over l Tbsp crushed leaves. Take 2 Tbsp.
every 2 boors.
Poktbtrry artbrlt.ls remedy:
Take one berry at each meal the lst day, 2 at each
meal the 2nd, 3 the 3rd and so on for 8 days. Then
drop back to one berry again and begin climbing
back up IO 8. Continue until joints feel free. Then
drop back one berry per meat 8-7-6-5, until you're
baclc to ooe, and quit
mtl&n
WEEKLY CRAFTS COURSES
~
Woodcarving,We aving,
Blacksmithing,Basketry,
Pottery,Spinning,etc.
John C. Campbell Folk School
Brasstown, NC 28902
(704) 837-2775 o r 837-7329
T-SHIRTS, SWEATSHIRTS
For ADULTS and CHILDREN
15 ORIGINAL
HAND·PRINTED
NATURE DESIGNS
,_.'?
ULTRAVIOLET l'UNFICATIOH AHO FILTENNG SYSTalS
SOI.AR PflOOUCTS ·WATER ANALYSIS
.HWY. 107
EACH COLORFUL
DE.SIGN IS
RT. 88 BOX 125
CULLOWHEE, NC 28723
PRIN'IED ON
QUALITY T' s
Alill SWEA'IS
APPALACIDAN BUILDING
& DESIGN
Passive Solar,
Eartlt-Shellered Homes
Greenhouses, Spas,
Decks
SCOTI BIRD
(704) 683·1414
GREG BLACK
683-4795
SPRING - 1988
KATUAH - page 27
�MARCH
20
evenrs
SPRING EQUINOX
23-24
ASHEVILLE, NC
Rhythm Alive! Classes in African
drumming with Martha Overlock and Dean
Buchan:ln. Ongoing. Wed and Thu evenings, 7: l S al
Asheville Academy of BallcL Call (704) 645~
16
canoes.
New Moon
CULLOWHEE, NC
Tuckaseegee River Cleanup. Rllfts,
kayaks. Mcct 11 am. 227-7206 for more
info.
14-15
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
Spring WildOower Pilgrimage. Auto,
wal.lcing tours lO view plants and birds of the
Smokies. SS. Call (615) 436-1257.
27-29
24
ASHEVILLE, NC
Sierra Club meeting. Spcllkcr Bill
Thomas, "TheJocasse WatcrShed" with slides. 7:30.
Unitarian Univcrsalist Church, Edwin Pl. and
Oiarloue.
25-27
WAYNESV ILLE, NC
"Vibrational Healing" with Joyce
Keane. "Flowers arc the highest vibratory
expression in the vegetable kingdom." Lc:im to use
Oower essences - gentle, yet powerful. $20.
Stil-Light Center; Rt. I, Box 326: 28786. (704)
452-4569.
26
ASHEVILLE, NC
The Paul Winter Consort,
"Celebration of Creation." Central Methodist
Church. Tickets $10.SO at Malaprop's.
and meditation with Fr. John Groff. SSS.Southern
Dharma Foundation; RL I, Box 34-H; Hot Springs,
NC28743.
29-30 & T ANASJ RIDGE
MAY I Come to X.~.'TU.~K SJ>1t1.N<l
(l.~'JKE1t1.Nlll Worlcshops, waterfall, crystals,
mountain meadows. Join the family circle! (Sec ad
next page.)
30
BELTANE (MAY EVE)
ROANOKE, VA
Sixth Annual New Horizons Festival
of alternative healing and lifestyles at Roanoke
Civic Center. Pre-register. S26.00.
TRENTON, GA
Caving Expedition with Snow Be:ir.
Learn safety, techniQue, geology.Camping at
Cloudlaad Canyoo. f.quipmem provided. Sec sn.s.
IS
New Moon
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
The Black Mountain Music Festival.
Taj Mahal, Rare Air, Robin and Linda Williams,
Elise Win and the Small Family Band, Fred
Armstrong-Park, and more will be there.
Pre-register: $35 for the weekend. For more info,
ctll Gray Eagle and Friends, (704) 669-2456.
20-22
20-22
WAYNESVILL E, NC
"Therapeutic Touch" • using hands to
direct human energies in healing with Maria
Parisen. SLil-Light Sec 3(25-27.
WILLIS, VA
"Finding Our Place.• Developing a
deeper relatiooship with the land and the spirilS who
dwell there. Brian Ellis. Pre-rcgisler. $85. Indian
Valley Holistic Center. Sec 4/8-10.
28-29
APRIL
31
2
Full Moon
CELO, NC
Full Moon Drumming Celebration al
Mountain Gardens. Call (704) 675-5664 for more
info. ONGOING.
Full Moon ("Blue Moon")
JUNE
1·30
3
CHEROKEE, NC
"Cherokee Concepts of Birth and
DcBlh" art exhibit on display al Cherolcee Hcriwge
Museum and Gallery.
EASTER SUNDAY
8-10
WILLIS, VA
"lmaginccring Ourselves and the
Crystal Planet." Exploring Earth energies with
Mary and Joseph Jochmans. Pre-register: $95.
Indian Valley Holistic Center; Rt. 2, Box 58;
Willis, VA. (404) 789-4295.
APPALACH IAN TRAIL
Trail work. Bring gloves. Call
Thelbett Dowdy, (704) 684-3053 for dcUlils.
4
MAY
9
9
BLACK MT'N., NC
David Wilcox, singer and songwriter
Bl McDibbs'. $4. Sec 3(l2.
9-10
ATLANTA, GA
Shamanic Jowney, Power and Healing
workshop. $100. Call Barbara Hmison, (9 12)
233-5934.
HELEN, GA
EARTHSKILLS WORKSHOP Lc:im
old ways, a new awattllCSS of the woods with Snow
Bear, Darry Wood, and EUSUllCe Conway. For more
info, call (404) 878-2201.
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
"Forests and Trees or the Smokies."
Pre-register: $25. Smoky Mountain Field School;
Univ. of TN: 2016 Lake Ave; Knoxville, TN
37996.
F ull Moon
GREAT SMOKY MT'NS.
•A Historical Perspective of the Great
Smoky Mountains NP." Natural and human history
of the Park with Wilma Dykeman. Pre-register:
$25. See 6/4.
!!
1-31
ASHEVILLE, NC
Robert Johnson's paintings on exhibit
t the Asheville An Museum. One of the main
themes that runs through his work is the
tionsbip between the inner world of dreams and
visions and the world of Natwe.
He has lived in the Cclo Community near
o, NC for the past 16 years and the Katuah
ioregion has had a strong innuencc on his worlc. %
o Community. Burnsville, NC 28714.
lS-16
14
15-19
HIGHLANDS, NC
"Meianora• with Walter Chappell.
Recording the ethcric image or local nora. $250
includes accommodations.Highlands Biological
Center. P.O. Drawer 580; Higblllnds, NC 28741.
WILLIS, VA
"HEALING WISE • an Herbal
Medicine Intensive.• Work with botanical
medicines, spirit healing, body systems, and
self-love with herbal healer Susun Weed.
Pre-register: S9S. Indian Valley Holistic CenlCr. Sec
-4/8-10.
KATUAH - page 28
CHEROKEE, NC
"The Eagle Dancer." exhibit or the
worlc or carver John Julius Wilnoty on display at
Cherokee Heritage Museum and Gallery.
17-19
7-8
IS-17
New Moon
1-31
17-19
FARNER, TN
"Wild Foods and Medicines• taught by
Sn.ow Bear. Peppcrland Farm Camp; Swr Rt;
Farner, TN 37333. (704) 494-2353.
13-15
HOT SPRINGS, NC
"The Mystic Journey
Rc1tc~11·
- talks
BOT SJ>RINGS, NC
"A Rinz.ai Zen Retreat" with Sandy
Stewart. Pre-register: SSS. Sec 5/13-15.
WAYNESVILLE, NC
Workshop: "Fundamentals of the
Ancient Wisdom.· Esoteric philosophy with Ed and
Mary Abdill. Pre-register: S20. Stil-Light. Sec
3(}.S-27.
20
SUMMER SOLSTICE
..
SPRING - 1988
�KATUAH JOURNAL is beginning
compilation of a regional directory... a
GREEN PAGES of political, food,
environmental, clothing, arts and
crafts, shelter, healing, and other basic
resources in the Katuah bioregional
province. Listings will be free. If you or
your group would like to enter a listing
( including a brief description ) in these
or any other categories, please send
to:
KatUah Journal
P.O. Box638
Leicester, NC 28748
The International 4th World
Assembly wilJ hold its seventh assembly
this summer, July 31-August 4, 1988 at
Meredith College in Raleigh, NC. The 4th
World is an informal group of people from
all over the world who affirm the right of
urban neighborhoods and rural villages to
make their own decisions about their own
lives. The theme this year is "Community
Economics As If the Earth Mattered".
Registration is open to all. Full conference
fee including meals, lodging and
proceedings is $150. ($130 before June 1).
For more info: School of Living, 7th
assembly; 3030 Sleepy Hollow Rd, Falls
Church, VA 22042.
News Flash!
Environmentalist in NC
Governor's Race
NABCID
The third North American
Bloregiolllll Congress will be
held in the bioregion ofthe Ish
River Confluenc-e, north or
Vancouver, British Columbia. It
will be held August 21·26, 1988.
NABC I ('84) and NABC II
('86) brought together local and
regional peoples from all over
Turtle Island to celebrate and
work towards preservln& the
spiritual, environmental and
cultural diversily or this
precious continent. NABC Ill
will continue lhis work and
discover other ways to cooperale
in this way.
Katuah has been represented
at these congressings. If you
are Interested In participatin&
in this upcoming coneress,
please contact KaJilah, P.O. Box
638, uicttter, NC 28748 or
write to: NABC m, Box 1012,
Lillooet, BC, VOK lVO, Canada.
... Avram Friedman (Bruce A.
Friedman) announces his candidacy
for Governor of the state of North
Carolina...
As director of the NC Political Action
Committee to Dump the Co~act. Avram had
been looking lor candidates for all the NC state
offices who oppose NC's membership In the
Southeast Low Level Radioactive Waste
Compact. Because there was no gubernatorial
or lieutenant gubernatorial candidate who was
In favor of withdrawing from the compact, he
began a statewide search to enlist a candidate
for governor. Because he found no one who
would be willing, he registered himself as a
democratic candidate right ahead of the
deadline.
He Is basing his gubernatorial campaign
specifically on getting NC out of the Compact
although he stresses there are many more
related Issues including NC's economy and its
future.
For more information, w rite: CCNW, P.O. Box
653, Dillsboro, NC 28725
on the Tanasl Ridge, near Blue Ridge Parkway
'.F'rtday - Sunday, A.priL 29-'.M.a.y 1
Wor~nops:
Nati.ve Crysta.Cs
Kerb f"ora.91..n<J
Women 's Ci.rcCe
The ftiorecJional Poet
Commu.ni.ty
nowsi.n<_J ... and: others
..USo: M.eadows, Waterf~ . M.usic,
Dancl.tuJ, & Drummi.tuJ
and
Cdebratl.on of the first of ttay
wUh MoypoCe, Dc:mc1.!19 !o S""e4 Ckc;C.e
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tent or RV Camping
Bring your shelter, bedding and utensils.
Bring clothing for all weather conditions.
Friday night potluck
Other meals community cooking,
with food provided
Name:_______________________________
Address:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
Phone: L_)_ _ _ _ __
Number of Adults_ _ _ _ __
Number of Children_________
SPRING· 1988
$15/adult before April15
$1 O/child before April 15
$17/ adult at camp
$121 child at camp
Mail to: Karen Rodriguez
U.S. 19W, Box481
Bryson City, NC
Katuah Province 28713
KAnJAH · page 29
�PEPPERl.AND FARM CAMP - a unique summer
camp experience for child!Cn 6-16 years. Adventure
trips, riding, Indian lore, swimming, more.
Delicious vegetarian meals - special diets
accomodatcd. Also seeking counsellors and staff.
For info: Pepperland Farm Camp; Star Route:
Farner, TN 37333 (704) 494-2353
STIL-LIGHT THEOSOPHICAL RETREAT
CENTER - a quiet space for petSOnal meditation,
group interacti. n through study and community
o
work. and spiritual seminars. Contact Leon Frankel;
RL l, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786
RM DESIGNS - I use the media of pencils, colored
pencils, gouache, pen and ink, and pholOgraphy in
creating unique fine and grafick an. l can make
diagrams, logos, finished prints, and designs for
brochwes, calenders, cards, books, ete. Mandalas and
symbols are my tendancy among other styles.
Coo tact Rob Messick (704) 754-6097.
ALTERNATIVE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL - Al
Arthur Morgan School students and staff learn
t0gether by living in community. Curriculum
includes creative academics, group decision-making,
a worlc program, service projects, extensive field
trips, cballcnging outdoor experiences. Write: 1901
Hannah Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714 (704)
675-4262
SEEDS FOR SALE - organically grown lurfa
sponge, purple globe amaranth, Mexican sunflower,
bushel basket gourd, garlic chives, holy basil SJ/pkt. w/SASE. Velvet beans, jack bean - S2/pkL
w/SASE lO Janeice Ray; RL. I Box 188-H; Quincy,
FL 32351
SIX RURAL COMMUNITIES - established over
lhe last 20 years, invite visitors/members.
Nonsexist, Nonracist, genlie cullUres based on
equality and cooperation. Write (SI appreciated):
Federation ofEgalitarian Communities; Twin Oaks,
KH8; Louisa, VA 23093
FREE CATALOG - Our books cover solar energy,
natural foods, metaphysics, fiction and poetry. The
latest project is Black Mountain Review, with
themes on the individual vs. society. Write: Lorien
House; P.O. Box 1112; Black Mountain, NC 28711
(704) 669-621 l.
KA1UAH- page 30
HAND CARVED WOODSPIRITS. mystical
hilting staffs and wall hangings by Steve Duncan.
For brochure, please write Wippoorwill Studio; RL
4, Box 981; Marion, NC 28752.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUMMER SEMESTER June 10 lO July 24. For more information call (802)
454-8493, or write: Institute For Social Ecology;
P.O. Box 89, DepL K; Plainfield. VT 05667
CENTER FOR ROBERT BLY STUDIES - Ally
Press is now maintaining a mailing list for people
who would like lO be informed of Robert Bly's
workshop and reading sciledules. An updated listing
is sent out twice a year along with a catalog of all
available books and tapes. Please write Ally Press;
Box K; 524 Orleans SL; SL Paul, MN 55107
1988 SUMMER WORKSHOPS at the Penny
Royal Center (Winged Heart Homestead) by Sufi
teacher Muzawir. How to prepare spiritually for
Earth Changes, How to build a no mortgage shelter
and much more. Send SASE lO P.O. Box 552;
Floyd. VA 24091
TEACHER NEEDED: Alternative, parent-governed
elementary (K-6), set in Monongahela National
ForesL Send resume lO Valley School; P.O. Box
83; Elkins, WV 26241.
DRUMS • Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbecks &
wooden medicine drums. CaU Joe Roberts at (704}
258-1038 or write to: 738 Town Mountain Rd.;
Asheville, NC 28804.
REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER PURIFICATION better than dislillers. To find out why write New
Energy Products; 660 K SL; Pullman, WV 26421
BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid
American/Chinese Dunstan Chestnut trees - bliglht
resistant, timber growth form, productive orchard
crop with large, sweet, easily peeled nuts. Chestnut
Hill Nursery; RL 1 Box 341K; Alachua, FL 32615
(904) 462-2820.
NA1lVE AMERICAN MEDICINAL PRODUCfS:
white sage, cedar, sweet grass, k:innikinnick and
more. Please specify your needs and send SASE lO:
Good Medicine; 77 Parle Terrace East, D38; New
York, NY 10034 (212) 304-9605.
M. TREE DESIGNS: Illustrations and design
Beyond the pages of this journal, I work in pencil,
colored pencil, ink, cut paper, and batik. Fine and
graphic art to express and enhance our lives. Logos,
brochures, books, portraiture, window and wall
hangings. Cont.act Martha Tree (704) 754-6097.
HANDWOVEN WOOL BLANKETS - inexpensive,
from Mexico. Federation of Christian Cooperatives;
P.O. Box 120154; San AnlOnio, TX 78212
LETT'ERS OF FRlENDSHIP AND SUPPORT
would be appreciated by incarcerated brother. Write
t0: Rick Whilalcer #85670; Box 2000; Wartburg,
TN37887
WANTED: IDEAL SPACE FOR RURAL
COMMUNITY/HEALING CENTER. 50 - 150
acres, at least 30 arable, with southern exposure,
privacy, within 45 min. of Asheville or equivalent
urban center. One large house and several cabins
preferred. StteamS, springs, river, lalcc? Finder's fee.
Write Hibiscus; 521 Northeast Blvd.; Gainesville,
FL 32601 or call collect (904) 376-2146.
GARDENERS are encouraged lO visit our Paradise
garden for instruction and inspiration (free) and/or
pereMial plant sale (cheap). Artists are invited 10
come and create in the garden - painting, drawing
and photography are encouraged. We also bnvc a
cabin available in exchange for working in lhe
garden. Mountain Gardens; 3020 While Oak Creek;
Celo, NC 28714 (704) 675-5664
"TREASURES IN THE STREAM" - a cassette tape
of songs by Bob Avery-Grubel. $10 postpaid to Bob
at RL 1 Box 735; Floyd, VA 24091
ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY NOW FORMING
in the mountains of north Georgia. Join others
seeking greater cooperation and self-sufficiency.
Based on spiritual and ecological values. Propeny is
now available. (404) 778-8754
'ESSENCE' - the all-one skin - dress - jumper pantaloons with nursing pockets. Earthwear; RD 1,
Box 75-Cl; CarllOn, PA 16311
WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming.
Songs of beauty, meaning, spirit, fun, peace,
cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Monday
evenings 7:30 - 9. Also Orff Schulwerk:
music-making for beginners of aU ages. Come and
sec the studio! CaU (704) 254-7()68
WANTED - LAND in western NC. Family seeks 5
or more acres, preferably near Cullowhee, 10
preserve and eventually inhabiL If you have or know
of affordable land, contacl Bob & Mary Davis; 213
Westmoreland Cowt: Georgetown, KY 40324 (502}
863-4267.
WISCONSIN RENAISSANCE FAIRE - 2-story
shop for sale or renL Weekends July 9 - Aug. 21.
Excellent location with sales and living space. Write
or call Becky Farnam; RL 1: Check, VA 24072
(703) 651-6170
WEBWORKING is.free.
Send submissions to:
K.a.IW.
P.O. Box 638
Leicester, NC
Kaulah Province 28748
SPRING - 1988
�I
Comt.n«J Up . . .
Mtdfrfn,.. Allfts
The Katuall Journal wants to communicare your thoughts and feelings to the
other people in the bioregional province. Send them to LIS as letters, poems, stories,
arricles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your co111ribwions to u.s at: Katuah
Jo11r11al, P. 0. Box 638, Leicester, NC, Katuah Province 28748.
The summer issue of Katiiah will concern itself with "Our Relations with the
Land" ...our effect on the land, new forms of relating, visions of our fumre habitat, and
other perspectives.
In the fall, Katuah will look at Castanea dentata, tile American cliestnut
tree. Any information abo1a this great tree's past andfmure will be welcome.
BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE
ISSUE ELEVEN · SPRING 1986
Community Planning
Cities and the
Bioregional Vision • Recycling • Community
Gardening· Floyd Couruy. VA • Guohol •
Two BIORgional Views • Nuel- Supplemau
Foxfire GllllCS ·Good Medicine: Visions
ISSUE THREE · SPRING 1984
Sustainable Aj!ricuhure · Sunflowers - Human
Impact on the Forest • Cllildrens' Education
Veronica Nicholas:Woman in Politics· Ullle
Ptopl.e . Medicine Albea
ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984
Water Drwn • Waiu Quality • Kudzu • Solu
Eclipse· C~tling ·Trout ·Going IO W1.1U
Ram Pumps. Microhydro · Poems: Bennie
Lee Sinclair, Jim Wayne Miller
full rolor
T-s61rts
In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief,
the creatures in the world today are only
diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who
once inhabited the world. but who now reside
in Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest
heaven. But a few of the original powers broke
through the splritual barrier and exist yet In the
world as we know fl. These beings are called
with reverence •grandfathers·. And of them,
the strongest are Kanai/, the lightning, the
power of the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake.
who personifies the power of the earth plane;
and Yunwi Usdi. ihe little man", as ginseng is
called in the sacred ceremonies. who draws up
power from the underworld.
Each Is the strongest power in Its o wn
domain. Together they are allies: their energies
complement each other to form an even
greater power. As medicine allies. they
represent the healing powers of t he
Appalachian Mountains.
The medicine powers of Kawah have been
depicted in a striking T-shirt design by Ibby
Kenna. Printed In 5-color silkscreen by
Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality, a/I-cotton
shirts, they are available now in ail adult sizes
from the Katiiah Joumsl.
"To show respect for this supernatural trinity
of the natural world is to in tum become an ally
in the continuing process of maintaining
harmony and balance here in the mountains of
KatUah."
To order. use the form be/Ow.
ISSUE TIURTEEN - Fall 1986
Ccnicr For Awakening • Elizabeth Callari ·A
Gentle Death • Hospice • Ernest Morgan •
Dealing Creatively with Death • Home Burial
Box • The Wake • The Raven Mocker •
Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom • Good
Medicine: The SWeat Lodp
ISSUE FIVE • FALL 1984
Hatvest ·Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng Nucleu Waste • Our Celtic Heritage •
Bioregionalism: Put. Present. and Future •
John Wilnoty • Healing Dukness • Politics or
Plttiaipation
ISSUE SIX-WINTER 1984·85
Winia Solstice Earth Cuemony • Horsepas1ur•
River - Coming or the Uaht • Log ~in
Root• • Mounl&in AgricullW'C: The Right Crop
• W"tll.i.IJn Taylor· The Furore or the foiat
ISSUE SEVEN • SPRING 1985
Sustainable Eco~ics . Hot Springs ·Worker
Ownership • The Great Economy • Self Help
Credit Union • Wild Turkey • Responsible
Investing • Woriting in Iha Wab of Ll!e
ISSUE EIGIIT ·SUMMER 198S
Celebration: A Way or Ufe • Katuah 18,000
Ycan Ago • Sacred Sites • Folk Aru in the
Schools • Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle • Poems:
Hilda Downer • Chciokee Hcri• Cenu:r •
Who Owns Appalachia?
ISSUE NINE- FALL 198S
The Waldee Forest • The Trees Speak •
Migating Foresll • Horse Logaing • SW1lng a
Tree Crop - Urban Trees • Acom Bread - Mylh
lllllC
'
ISSUE FOURTEEN· Winlef 1986-87
Uoyd Cul Owle • Boogcrs and Mummen • All
Species Day • Cabin Fever University •
Homeless in Katuah • Homemade Hot Waicr
Siovemakcr·s Narrative • Good Medicine:
lnLcrspCcics Communication
ISSUE FIFTEEN· Spring 1987
Coverlets • Wo~ Forester • Susia McMllwi
Midwife • Alternative Contraception •
Biosexuallty • Bioregionalism and Women •
Good Medicine: Matriacharial Culwre • &ad
ISSUE SIXTEEN· Summer 1987
Helen Waite • Poem: Visions in 1 Garden •
Vision Quest • First Flow • Initiation •
Leaming in the Wildcmeas • Cherokeea
OWlcnJ!C ·"Valuing Trees"
ISSUE EIGH1E£N ·WU- 1987-88
Vemaculu Atehi1eeiure ·Dreams in Wood and
Stone • Mowllain Home • Earth Energiea •
Earth.Sheltered Living • Membtanc Houses •
Brush Shelter • Poems: Oc1ol!cr Dusk • Good
Mcdk:inc: "Shelia" •
ISSUE TEN. WINl'ER 1985-86
Kate Rogers • Circles of Sione • Internal
Mylhmaking • Holistic Healing on Trial •
Poems: SleVe Knaulb • Mythic Places • The
Uk:ten a's Ta.la • Crystal Magic •
"Dmmspeakin&.
/'"r"
~UA~URNAL
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SPRING - 1988
KATUAH - page3 1
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
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The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
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1983-1993
Format
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journals (periodicals)
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 19, Spring 1988
Description
An account of the resource
The nineteenth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on springtime, plants, and the New Age movement: gardening with "nature intelligences", rooting blueberries, native plants, and herbal medicine. Authors and artists in this issue include: Michael Hockaday, Clyde Hollifield, Janeice Ray, Lucinda Flodin, Will Ashe Bason, Karen Watkins-Decker, Christina Morrison, Elaine Geouge, Sheli Lodge, Martha Tree, Brian Ellis, Stephen Wing, Diane Yeager, Colleen Redman, Rose Morningstar, and Ellen John. <br /><br />Beginning this issue, the title of the journal was simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>. A quarterly publication, it was published from 1983 to 1993 and was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1988
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
<p>The Perelandra Garden.......3<br /><br />Spring Tonics.......6<br /><br />Rooting Blueberries.......7<br /><br />"First Dogwoods" a poem by Michael Hockaday.......7<br /><br />Gardens of the Blue Ridge.......8<br /><br />A Visit with Granny: An Interview with Carolyn Port......10<br /><br />Flower Essence.......13<br /><br />The Origin of the Animals: a story by Clyde Hollifield.......14<br /><br />"Sacrament" <br />"Rain Has Come Again:"<br />poems by Janeice Ray.......15<br /><br />Good Medicine: "Power".......16<br /><br />Be A Tree.......17<br /><br />Natural World News........18<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......22<br /><br />A Children' [sic] Page........25<br /><br />Events.......28<br /><br />Spring Gathering.......29<br /><br />Webworking........30<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em></p>
Publisher
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Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Subject
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Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Herbs--Therapeutic use--North Carolina, Western
Plants, Edible--Appalachian Region, Southern
New Age movement--Appalachian Region, Southern
Wild flowers--Blue Ridge Mountains
Heirloom varieties (Plants)
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Source
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<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
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<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
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Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
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<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
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PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Agriculture
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Children's Page
Earth Energies
Electric Power Companies
Geography
Good Medicine
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Health
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Pigeon River
Plants and Herbs
Poems
Radioactive Waste
Stories
Turtle Island
Water Quality
Western North Carolina Alliance
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/3bb540dcdbeaaaf1f14ddae1dc0e4557.pdf
a36e851f2b8b17710f0753e60cf20014
PDF Text
Text
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~UA~)OURNAL
Bulk Ma~
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Leicester, NC
P.O. Box638
Leicester, NC
28748
Katu ah Province 28748
ADDRESS
CORRECTION
REQUESTED
ISSUE 20 SUMMER 1988
$1.50
BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF TH E SOUTHERN A PPALACHIANS
�THE TRACKS OF THE PANTHER
Will Mark the Length of the Appalachian Range
..... and Beyond
CONTENTS
The Tracks of the Panther............... 1
"Wilderness is not a land-use designation!"
Alphonso Lubek
Highlands of Roan ..................................6
Celo Community:
50 Years on the Land ..................... 8
Celo. lnterview.................................... 1O
Land Trust: Tenure for Our Time.. 11
Learning Community......................... .12
Mountain Landscapes at Risk ......... 13
Rest in Perpetual Wilderness ....... 14
"The Ridge"............................................15
Farmers and the Farm Bill... ........... 16
Good Medicine:
"Relating to the Land" ............. 17
"It Comes in a Mist" ...........................18
Duke's Power Play.............................. 19
Cherokee Micro hydro Project... ..... 21
Drumming: Letters to Katuah ........ 22
by David Wheeler
Photographs by Gil Leebrick
Leave for awhile this world of
damaged and broken life cycles, and step
into a different time frame. Leave the
deranged pace of our society - the quick
buck, fast food, the instant replay - and
move to another rhythm. In this time
perspective, forests and glaciers flow and
recede. Slowly and ponderously the
mountains breathe, inhaling and exhaling
through the ages. Species migrate across the
face of the Earth, through time in which
there is no time, only an endless procession
of seasons and the stars circling overhead.
This is evolutionary time. From this
time space we can see indusaial society as a
sudden wound that tore open the Eanh's
flesh and let in dangerous poisons,
diseases, and putrefactions which threatened
our planet's very existence. But the wound
is now slowly healing over. The last traces
of infection and sick, decaying tissue arc
now disappearing.
See a new race of human beings, few
in number, their bodies strong and sensitive
to the world, their intuitive faculties awake
and aware to every shift in the energy
patterns around them. These people are not
driven by goals or guilt from artificial
motivations or formulations of good and
evil. They live simply, keeping their senses
unencumbered to fully receive the greatest
delight: the gift of existence in a world that
is whole, that informs and provides every
motivations or formulations of good and
evil. They live simply, keeping their senses
unencumbered to fully receive the greatest
delight: the gift of existence in a world that
is whole, that informs and provides every
facet of their lives.
These people live in small tribal
circles surrounded by the powerful forces
of the natural world. They see themselves
as the eye at the center of the world - the
part of the whole that can look back on
itself, see itself jn its entirety and delight in
the intricacies and movements of the life
pattern mandala.
The camps of these humans are small
islands in the midst of the flow of the
world. Wilderness to them is not a rare and
specialized category. Wilderness is their
reality • sometimes fearsome, but never
alien or forbidding. Wilderness is the central
fact of their existence. It provides for them.
It shapes their consciousness as well as
their physical existence. And when the
time comes, wilderness takes their lives.
Wilderness is habitat is home.
Life at the center of the world can be
sustained forever, if the people think and
live in evolutionary time.
The step into this vision of the world
may seem like a long one to us, situated as
we are in this time, but in actuality it is not
so far. We are only 400 years removed
from it on this continent. And we need to
think in these terms, for this is ecological
reality. This is a vision of the world in
balance. We need to think of it, aspire to it,
before we can achieve it
It is from this perspective that we are
offered the proposal "Preserve Appalachian
Wilderness" (PAW) authored by Jamie
Sayen of Stratford, NH and first published
(continued on page 3)
KATUAH- page 1
SUMMER- 1988
�CARRYING WATER:
Scott Bird
Christina Morrison
Chip Smith
Rob Messick
Marnie Muller
David Wheeler
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE:
John Morris
Jack Chaney
Michael Red Fox
John Lang
Colleen Williams
Will Ashe Bason
Judith Hallock
Michael Hockaday
Oliver Loveday
Cover Photo by Gil Leebrick of the
Environmental Arts Center, Highlands, NC
Invocation by kore loy mcwhirter
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
EDITORIAL QFFJCE nus ISSUE:
Worley Cove, Sandymush Creek
PRINTED BY: Sylva Herald Publishing Co., Sylva, NC
WRITE US AT:
Katuah Journal
Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
TifE SOlll'HERN APPALACHIAN BIOREC!ON
AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS
TELEPHONE:
(704) 683-1414
Diversity is an imponanl element or biorcgional ecology. bOth
natural and social. In line with this principle, the Katuab Journal
lries to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed
anicles express only the opinion or the authors and arc not nccessnrily
!he opinions of the Katuab Journal editors or stare.
The Internal Revenue Service has declared KatiJah a non-profit
orgnniMtion under section 50t(c)(3) of !he Internal Revenue Code. All
contributions to KatUah are deductible from personal income tax.
'LNVOCA.TWN
summre solstice songe
I speake forre the darke forces
I amme the seede
the light-mongres have forgottenne theirre purpose
we gathre ande growe
no one canne live withoute oure beinge
evenne the sma!Jeste glimmre
is made greate
inne oure presence
a!Je muste returne to us
you maye dance ande dragge atte youre sbadowes
wishlnge themme awaye
whenne you wearye of the battle
forre supremacye and separationne
you wille come to reste inne oure annes
we wille rocke you to sleepe
to the songe of the moones' darke face
she singes of youre memorye
thatte we are one
Here in the southern-most heartland of the
Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range
on our continent, Turtle Island; a small but growing
group has begun to take on a sense ofresponsibility
for the implications of that geographical and
cultural heritage. This sense of r~sponsibility
centers on the concept of living within the natural
scale and balance of universal systems and
principles.
Within this circle we begin by invoking the
Cherokee name "Kantah" as the old/new name for
this area of the mountains and for its journal as
well. The province is indicated by its nawral
boundaries: the Roanoke River Valley to the north;
the foothills of the piedmont area to the east; Yona
Mountain and the Georgia hills to the south; and the
Tennessee River Valley to the west.
The editorial priorities for us are to collect
and disseminate information and energy which
pertains specifically to this region, and to foster the
awareness that the land is a living being deserving
of our love and respect. Living in this manner is a
way to insure the sustainability ofthe biosphere and
a lasting place for ourselves in its continuing
evolutionary process.
We seem to have reached the fulcrum point
of a " do or die " situation in terms of a quality
standard of life for all living beings on this planet.
As a voice for the caretakers of this sacred land,
Katuah, we advocate a centered approach to the
concept of decentralization. It is our hope to
become a support system for those accepting the
challenge of sustainability and the creation of
harmony and balance in a total sense, here in this
place.
We welcome all correspondence, criticism,
pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with
hopes that Katuah will grow to serve the best
interests of this region and all its living, breathing
members.
- The EdiJors
KATUAH - page 2
SUMMER - 1988
�(continued from page I}
in the Eanh Firsr! Journal. The PAW idea is
simply to create a continuous wilderness or
habitat area from the Florida Keys to the
Laurentian Mountains in Quebec, using as a
foundation the present protected route of the
Appalachian Trail. The idea seems
outrageous in the present social context, but
it is actually a modest transitional step
toward ecological sanity.
A continuous wild habitat the length
of the Appalachian Range could provide the
first requirement for wilderness, space, and
in time enable the return of unique plants
and large animals - panthers, bears, wolves,
moose - that have been exterminated
throughout all or parts of the mountain
chain. lf the PAW plan became a reality,
plant and animal species could migrate
freely from Karuah to the Gulf of Maine
bioregion to the north, and likewise to the
Aorida Peninsula bioregion to the south.
"The 'backbone' for this wideranging habitat," says the PAW document,
"already exists, albeit plagued by slipped
discs and cracked vertebrae. The
Appalachian Trail runs for over 2,000 miles
from Mt. Katahdin in nonhem Maine to
Springer Mountain in northern Georgia.
"Wild areas along the Appalachian
Trail must be expanded, buffered, and
protected in perpetuity as wilderness. Only
then will the backbone suppon the weight of
the massive wild areas throughout the
C3Stern reaches of Tunic Island which will
be joined to the Appalachian Trail
'wilderness backbone' by means of wild,
natural corridors. In this way the
Adirondack wilderness (in NY) can be
linked co the Appalachian Trail in the Green
Mountain National Forest (VT) via Lake
Champlain and other riparian and terrestrial
wild corridors."
KA1UAH - page 3
A continuous wild
habitat the length of the
Appalachian Range could
provide the first requirement
for wilderness, space, and in
time enable the return of
unique plants and large
animals - panthers, bears,
wolves, moose - that have
been
exterminated
throughout all or parts of the
mountain chain.
Of the Katuah province, PAW says:
'The Southern Appalachians.....are home to
the most varied deciduous forest in North
America. Due to the extraordinary range of
plant habitats and climates, 2,500 tree,
shrub, moss, and lichen species occur there,
1.500 of which are flowering. There are
over 200 endemic species, including 40
wildflower species.
'There are more than 25 wilderness
preserves in this area, but, unfortunately,
most are of the usual variety, i.e., less than
10,000 acres. Almost the entire length of the
Appalachian Trail from Springer Mountain
to the northern tip of the Shenandoah
National Park traverses National Park,
National Forest, or designated wilderness.
There is enormous potential for 'big
wilderness' in the southern Appalachians.
"This is the good news. The rest of
the story is more familiar. Roads parallel or
bisect much of the Appalachian Trail.
National ForestS and Parks are not managed
for wilderness, and most designated
wilderness is fragmented and confined to
mountain tops with spectacular views. The
lower reaches, drainages, swamps, valleys,
and less scenic areas - in shon, the areas
with the greatest biological diversity and
species richness - are generally
unprotected."
The proposal also mentions
re-establishing the American chestnut tree,
once a dominant species in the Appalachian
woods and a major food source for the large
wildlife populations that inhabited the
mountain forests.
PAW activist R.F. Mueller and olhers
in Virginia have proposed a 65,000 acre
"Shenandoah Wilderness Area" in the
northwest corner of the present state
boundaries. The PAW proposal states that,
"This proposal is PA W's highest shon tenn
priority even though the Shenandoah
Wilderness lies approximately 30 miles
from the Appalachian Trail. Appropriate
buffering and connecting corridors in
National Forest land will connect it to the
backbone. It should be noted that in the long
run PA W's vision calls for greatly
expanding this core area.....
"The Cranberry Back Country in the
Monongahela National Forest in West
Virginia, fifty miles as Raven flies from lhe
Appalachian Trail in Virginia, will also be
joined by natural corridors to the
backbone..... (The Cranberry Back
Country) offers promise of supporting a
healthy wolf population which could begin
to radiate to other wild areas such as
Shenandoah Wilderness, and then up and
(continued on page 4)
SUMMER- 1988
�(c.ontinued from page 3)
down the Appalachian Trail Wilderness
network.
"The Cranberry Back Country is
composed of the 35,000 acre Cranberry
Wilderness and the 45,000 acre Cranberry
Back Country which merits immediate
wilderness designation. Surrounding the
Cranberry Back Country is a large block of
roaded, but wild, Monongahela National
Forest and other public and private lands
which provide good buffer to the core
wilderness..... "
The northernmost of the large,
protected habitat areas would be a Northeast
Kingdom Wilderness Park and Biological
Preserve in the northeast quadrant in the
present state of Vermont. The PAW
document says that this area is particularly
important, because "For four of the most
wilderness-dependent species - cougar,
lynx, wolf, and pine marten - blocks of
400,000 acres or more in wilderness are
needed to maintain viable, stable
populations. For the cougar, a 400,000 acre
wilderness is needed specifically in Vermont
to assure thriving, interbreeding populations
elsewhere in the Appalachians, because this
species has a country-wide distribution and
prefers mountain realms."
Below Springer mountain the habitat
zone would continue south to link up with a
proposed habitat area for the Florida panther
and other native life forms that would
comprise most of central Florida.
"One possibility," mentioned in the
proposal, "would be to continue the
Appalachian Trail southwest from Springer
Mountain into eastern Alabama's Talladega
National Forest and thence eatsward to the
Chattahoochee River south of Columbus,
Ga.
"A similar priority exists at the
northern end of the Appalachian Trail A
route north of Katahdin, hopefully
incorporating the St. John's River and the
fabled Allagash in Maine to the Gaspe
Peninsula region must be devised The goal
is to ultimately reach the Canadian tundra.
Then the tropical will be truly rejoined with
the tundra, just as migratory birds have
KATUAH - page 4
continued to keep them joined throughout
the centuries of ecological fragmentation and
destruction."
"We must consider the
natural history of the region
and the ecological needs of
wild/ife and the landscape,
rather than continuing to ask,
"What is politically realistic
in the context of industrial
.
A merzca.?' . . . . . we must
consider the whole system,
not what sort of a
compromise we can sneak
through Congress."
"Our basic strategy," says the PAW
manifesto, "is to identify large, core
wilderness areas which are to be protected
in perpetuity as federally-designated
wilderness. Surrounding these cores will be
buffer zones. The inner buffer zones will be
managed as mature forests, thus increasing
the effective size of the wilderness core.
They will mitigate the impact of civilization
on the core areas and will mitigate the
depredations of wildlife species on humans
and their possessions. Appropriate benign
human activities like canoeing will be
permitted.
"Outer buffer zones would border on
human settlements. Primitive hunting and
long-rotation forestry might be permitted in
the inner portions of these outer zones. The
outermost sections, which actually border
on developed areas, might permit more
intensive forestry, including tree farming,
recreation, and possibly low-density
housing.
"These buffered wilderness cores
would be linked by wild corridors to other
nearby cores. These corridors must be wide
enough to permit the flow of species,
individuals, genes, and energy, and to
provide space for habitat patches."
Elsewhere in the PAW document
author Sayen explains the need for massive,
undisturbed habitat areas:
"The issue of predation points out the
importance of large wilderness preserves,
preserves of 400,000 or -more acres. As is
well known, many plant and animal species
undergo periodic fluctuations in population
and range. During periods of unusually
favorable weather, species tend to expand
their ranges and populations. When
conditions change adversely, range and
population contract to below-average
numbers.
"Herbivores like moose and deer feast
off early successional plant species that
colonize natural disturbance areas. But after
a number of years the plants mature and
grow out of reach of the herbivores, or the
SUMMER- 1988
�browsing pressure causes a decline in
vegetation locally. Large moose and deer
populations can no longer be supported. and
they either decline or go localJy extinct and
move on co another, more hospitable
locales. The decline of the herbivore
population affords plant communities a
chance to recover.
"Meanwhile, the decline in prey base
causes the wolf population to decline or go
locally extinct, as it follows its shifting
prey. Gradually, the herbivore population
builds up in favorable new feeding areas
and the wolf population follows. The cycle
goes on endlessly, and in time herbivores
return to the first site, whicb by now has
recovered from earlier overbrowsing. It is
essential that wildlife and wilderness
managers recognize this cyclic phenomenon
and that a wide range of ecosysteµis in
differing states of succession be inclulied in
a wilderness preserve to insure chis dypamic
process. This requires that we manage for
processes rather than for individual
species."
The PAW proposal is a challenge to
us to dare to break the boundaries on our
thinking imposed by the current social
order:
"We must consider the natural history
of the region and the ecological needs of
wildlife and the landscape, rather than
continuing to ask, "What is politically
realistic in the context of industrial
America?'.....We must consider the whole
system, not what son of a compromise we
can sneak through Congress."
The vision embodied in PAW is also
a challenge to our society as a whole,
because "Merely setting aside large
wilderness preserves will be fruitless if we
continue to generate acid rain; nuclearwaste;
pesticides and herbicides; overpopulation;
and a violent. exploitative attitude towards
others (human and non-human)."
Can our species live up to the
standards of wilderness? This question is
crucial to the success of the venture to
"Preserve Appalachian Wilderness," but it is
also the ultimate question of our species'
continued survival in the world.
KA TUAH - page 5
Jamie Sayen, the author of the PAW
manifesto, is also tlu! author of the book Einstein in
America. lie is a member of Conneeticut Valley
Earth First! and was a spawner in the Salmon
Revival Run up the Connecticut River this
summer.
Gil Lubrick is residenf plzofography
teacher and workshop leader at the Appalachian
Environmental Arts Center in llighlonds, NC. lie
has fought of Honolulu Community College and
NC Cenrral University. His landscape photographs
hove been nationally exhibited and reside in
numerous public and private collections.
Copies of the complete PAW
proposal are available for $3 .00 ppd. from:
Gulf of Maine Books; 61 Maine St.;
Brunswick, ME 04011
In addition to the outline of the
wilderness plan, the paper also contains
valuable background information on the
formation of the Appalachian mounrain
chain, a brief history of the Appalachlan
Trail, thoughts on the importance of
wilderness and the need for large,
wuJisrurbed habitat areas, and more specific
specifications for wilderness in the
nonheast.
THE POSSIBLE WILDERNESS
For more information on the
importance of large-scale wilderness
habitats, read The Fragmented Forest by
l.Arry Harris (University of Chlcago Press,
1984)
Potential Wilderness Areas in Appalachia
SUMMER-1988
�Xnown as the Highlands of Roan, the Roan Mountain
massif is a magnificent isolated mountain mass of 23,000
acres located in Caner County, Tennessee and Avery and
Mitchell Counties, North Carolina It is a vast high country
with huge grassy areas that roll and undulate in every
direction. Winds, averaging 25 miles per hour year-round,
ripple the tall sedges and hair grass ...like seaweed in a great
tide. l n late June, Catawba rhododendron blooms color the
ridges purple. Flame azalea and mountain laurel splay orange
and pink against blue-grey backdrops. In winter, the winds
pile snow deep in the protected valleys while rime ice clings
to exposed twigs on the summits. Unaka, the Cherokee word
for "white", gives the range its name. Season by season,
almost moment by moment, the Roan reveals itself, always
displaying a wide spectrum of mood and ecological treasure.
The Roan provides a haven for an extraordinary
diversity of plants and animals, many of which are rare and
endangered. Each year researchers, teachers, and amateur
ecologists come to the Higltlands to study the many species
and seek new finds. Throughout the nineteenth century,
botanists from around the world visited the Roan in their
studies of Appalachian flora. The quote (on next page) from
Elisha Mitchell, for whom the East's highest mountain is
named, is indicative of the high regard these botanists held
for Roan Mountain.
The balds are treeless areas of sedges, grasses and
wildflowers covering several hundred acres along rounded
KATIJAH - page 6
ridges and peaks from 5,400 feet to 6,100 feet above sea
level. Wild, yet tranquil, rugged yet fragile, this place is not
like any other. Great rocks, weathered and timeworn into
strange and fascinating shapes, jut from knee-deep grasses.
Wind-wracked, rocky crags edge the balds. Ancient
many-colored lichens, centuries old, creep across the rocks at
the rate of only 1/16 of an inch every 25 years.
Season f>y season, almost
rnom.ent f>y m.om.ent, the '.R.oti.n
rnvealS i-tsd f , alwa y s d:i-spCa.yi-fl-9
· a wi-d:e sp ectrum. of mood: and:
ec0Co9i.cal t r easure .
For fifteen of its 2,100 miles, the Appalachian Trail
traverses the Higltlands of Roan. It crosses the great balds
and moves into the conifer-covered Roan High Knob-Roan
High Bluff area, providing hikers with some of the most
striking natural vistas along the entire Trail. lo season,
wildflowers carpet the Highlands. Acres of white fringed
phacelia cover the ground in May, accented with splotches of
may apples with white and purple violets, trout lilies and
many other early spring flowers. A month later the balds are
streaked yellow and red with hawk weed and other
sun-loving flowers.
·.
SUMMER- 1988
�'Lt ts the most &ea.u.ti.fut and will
& r epay the Ca&or of ascendi.~ i.t of
est
aU ou.r h.i.qh. mou.ntai.ns. 1Ji.th. the
except w n. of a &
oc:Cy of roe~ Coo~i.~
[ ilt,e the rui.ns of an o[c:C casUe near i.ts
sou.th.western. ex.t remi.ty, the top of th.e
R oan may & c:Cescri.&ec:C a.s a vast
e
meadow wi.th.ou.t a tree to obs t r uct a
prospect, w h.ere a person may 9a.[[op
fl.ts fwrse for a m ile or two wi.th. North.
Caro[i.na. a t fl.ts f eet on one si.c:Ce and
Tennessee on. the other and a 9rea.t
ocea.n of mou.n.ta.i.ns ra.tsec:C i.n.
tremendous &tllows i.mmedia.tay
a.rou.nd h.f.m . 1.t t.s the eLyst.u.m of the
southern &ota.nt.st, a.s a. nu.m&er of
From a boianist's perspective, the Roan Mountain
massif is superlative because of the outstanding diversity and
the exceptional quality of plant communities found there.
Over 300 species of plants a.re found on the Highlands,
including the very rare Gray's lily (lilium grayi) as well as
spreading avens (Geum radiatum) and Blue Ridge goldenrod
(Solidago spithamaea). There arc more nationally or
regionally ranked rare species on the Roan massif than any
other site in the high mountains of the southern
Appalachians.
Roan Mountain also has varied and abundant wildlife,
a fact which can be attributed to its exceptional habitat
diversity-a product of latitude, altitude, geology, vegetation,
and even history. At least seven of the thirty rare mammals
listed in Endangered and Threarened Plants and Animals of
North Carolina have been reported in the Highlands. The
Ronn massif is a vast, high altitude island surrounded and
isolated by low and narrow valleys and rolling hills. Because
its slopes vary in steepness, soil composition, orientation,
and drainage, it suppons a mosaic of vegetation types and
microhabitats, and these are of sufficient total area to sustain
substantial animal populations.
Ice Age History
Roan's dynamic Ice Age history transformed the
18-mile ridge into a fauna! melting pot of northern relics,
southern invaders, and local isolates or endemics. The Roan
was left a northern island in a sea of southern deciduous
forests. These factors as well as the low level of human
activity have created the living space for a spectacular array
of animal species. Roan Mountain's major habitats arc
generally described in terms of their dominant vegetation.
Distinctive attitudinal plant zones, from the spruce-fir forests,
grass balds, and rhododendron heaths at high elevations,
through northern hardwood and oak forests to valley
hardwoods and old field sites, largely simulate the Latitudinal
sequence of habitats from southern Canada to southeastern
US. Thus a few species, such as the New England cottontail
and the bog lemming, arc at or near their southern limits and
may be relics of a past ice age. Others, like the opossum and
southern flying squirrel, are warm-climate species which
periodically invade the upper slopes.
Some species arc confined to one type of habitat on a
pennanent or seasonal basis. For example, meadow mice
inhabit the grass balds, a habitat used by the rare snow
bunting only in winter. Other species occupy the adjacent
pans of two vegetation wnes: the threatened northern flying
~----.1
pCa.n.ts a.re fou.nd 9rowt."9 t.n th.ts co[c:C
and h.u.mt4 a.tmosphere wnicn a.re not
seen GCJGt.n. u.n.tU we ha.ve 9one
h.u.ndrecls of mUes fu.rther north."
- EUsh.a. M.t.tcheU, 1839
squirrel frequents the lower spruce-fir and upper northern
hardwood forests. Still other animals-shrews, jumping
mice, salamanders and many invcncbrates--require ccnain
micro-habitats within a zone to provide special foods or
refuges. Finally, active carnivores (least weasels, spotted
skunks), large species (bears, bobcats, and foxes), and fliers
with special needs (owls, bats, hummingbirds) must range
widely over the mountain and, in fact, would probably not
survive if confined to a single area. The Roan also provides a
haven for over a hundred species of birds during nesting,
migration and wintering. Bird sitings include the bald eagle,
golden eagle, peregrine falcon, snow bunting, raven, alder
flycatcher, and saw-whet owl.
Need for Protection
This whole extraordinary area is in great need of
protection. Fortunately, the Southern Appalachian Highlands
Conservancy is working to preserve it. The Southern
Appalachian Highlands Conservancy (SAHC) is a
non-profit, tax-exempt organization founded in 1974 with
two goals in mind: to ensure the means whereby the
Highlands of Roan wiJl be protected in perpetuity against
development and other incompatible uses and to establish a
continuing program of stewardship for these lands.
Efforts to protect the Highlands were begun under the
auspices of the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) in 1966.
Most of the initial preservation work of the Highlands was
directed toward the proteetion of tracts along the Appalachian
Trail in preparation for their purchase by the ForeSt Service.
Conservation efforts were carried out by the Roan Mountain
Preservation Committee of the ATC, with the cooperation of
The Nature Conservancy. In time it became evident that the
Highlands of Roan project would require a greater cffon than
could be accomplished through a committee of an
organization concerned with the entire Appalachian Trail. As
a result, the SAHC was organized to take responsibility for
fund-raising, land acquisition, and land management
In the mid 1960's, the US Forest Service, cooperating
with the ATC, instituted an acquisition program on Roan
Mountain. So far, SAHC has assisted the US Forest Service
in acquiring 4,300 acres. When combined with the Forest
Service's previous holdings, a central core of 11,800 acres
has now been acquired as public lands. The remainder of the
protection effon is focussed around this core area. As most
of the Forest Service's planned Appalachian Trail corridor
acquisition work has been completed, it is now up to other
organizations and individuals to complete the mountain's
protection.
(continued on page 2.S)
pho10graphs councsy of SAHC
KATUAH - page 7
SUMMER- 1988
�C 1981 John M. Morgan
CELO connu.Nt'Jy:
50 YEARS ON THE LAND
by Marilyn Cade
While fireworks were exploding for the bicentennial
anniversary of the United States Constitution, in a small
valley at the feet of the Black Mountains in Yancey County,
NC another anniversary slipped by quietly, almost
unnoticed. 1987 was the fiftieth year of existence for the
Celo Community, the oldest land stewardship community in
the nation, but life flowed on as evenly as the South Toe
River, which winds through the valley.
Celo Community, Incorporated (CCO is an eclectic,
occasionally eccentric, collection of people who all unite on
the idea of saving and preserving the land. They are painters,
carpenters, architects, glass blowers, poners, weavers, and
farmers by trade. Some are staff at the Arthur Morgan
School, an alternative junior high located in the community.
The school grounds are also the location of the Celo
Press, a small publishing firm. Rural Southern Voice for
Peace, a newsletter published by members and non-members
of Celo Community, has its offices on the campus as well.
The Barrus family runs a summer camp for children
with an emphasis on interlinking with handicapped children
and children of different races and socio-economic
backgrounds.
The Celo Community land base is owned, not by
individuals, but by the CCI. An individual or family cannot
purchase title to any of the community land, but rather leases
a "holding". The price is actually a "deposit", calculated
according to the local price for a similar piece of land in the
surrounding area. But community agreements govern the use
of the land, and land speculation, subdividing, clear-cutting,
abusive agriculcure, etc. are not available options.
If a member withdraws from the community, the
amount they paid as a deposit is refunded, without regard to
any appreciation in land value since the original holding was
taken. Any buildings or homes are treated separately, with
refunds equalling the cost of replacement value including
depreciation.
For members, the advantages of community
landholding outweigh the loss of traditional ownership.
Residents are attracted by the concern shown for the present
and future well-being of the land. They want to live on a
protected large tract, where certain areas are kept wild. And
they enjoy sharing the community life.
Cooperative ownership is contrary to the notion that
KATUAH-page 8
hwnans arc given dominion over lhc Earth. It is based
instead on the idea that we arc given stewardship over it, that
we are accountable for our actions. This principle is now
being advanced in the land trust concept, a new model for
land tenure currently being practiced in Lhis country.
Ernest Morgan, a community member and son of
Anhur Morgan, says, 'The land trust is designed to avoid the
exploitive nature and abuses of individual land
ownership...The land trust concept is something lhat western
society urgently needs to face up 10."
Celo Community advocates the establishment of more
land trusts and cooperative ownership arrangements in the
region and beyond. The population of the community bas
stabilized and they are no longer actively seeking new
members. They hope that their role at the present time could
be as an inspiration and a model for lhe development of other
community experiments.
Depression Roots
The Depression and the t 930's were years of great
economic and social turmoil. ELhics in daily life seemed
desirable and even practical. People, especially young
people, were ready to experiment with new ways of living
and working outside the failing mainstream economy.
W illiam Regnery, a Chicago philanthropist, at this
same time sought suggestions for new charitable causes from
Arthur Morgan.Then Presidc.nt of Antioch College in Ohio,
Morgan had been an engineer who built successful flood
control dams, later becoming Chairman of the Tennessee
Valley Authority. He was a Quaker who had already thought
a good bit about the difficulties of leading a fulfilling life in
the modem world. He felt that there should be an opportunity
for young people to try new approaches to making a living.
Morgan told Regnery of an idea conceived in
conversations during 1932 and 1933 with Clarence Pickett,
the Executive Secretary of the American Friends Service
Committee. They wanted to somehow provide a situation in
which the young people then seeking answers from them
could instead work out their own solutions to leading a
fulfilling life.
With the general industrial collapse of the Depression,
they decided a rural piece of land suitable for families to
develop into individual farms would be most practical. This
whole idea appealed to Regnery, and he agreed to finance the
land if a suitable spot could be found and if Morgan and
Pickett would serve on the board of directors.
Morgan envisioned a small community situation. He
SUMMER- 1988
�wanted the land to be located in an area sufficiently isolated
that the settlers could pursue new goals without the
distraction of old habits reinforced by the wider world. A
small community would have more influence on how its
children grew up. A small community could support positive
values and beliefs among the adults.
If Morgan sounds utopian, that was not his intent. He
denied being io any way a visionary. He stated from the
beginning that there would be no religious, political, or social
code binding the community together. In a memorandum for
the community written in 1937, he said, "It takes more than
economic need or craving for congenial society to hold men
together. Set religious or political dogmas tend to be a
dividing influence. Above all other reasons for living and
working together, there needs to be a strong common
purpose..."
As to the land itself, Morgan desired a location that
was arable, affordable, had wholesome neighbors, and was
blessed with a natural beauty.
After several months of combing the Southern
Appalachian Mountain region for such a site, the search
ended in the valley of the South Toe. ln 1937, 1200 acres
of woods, somewhat exhausted farmland, streams, and
pasture were bought in the Celo area of the valley.
Land-sharing was not a clear objective when the
community first began. The earliest residents were renters
who were already living on the land when it was purchased
by the community. One of them was appointed a manager.
The goal of encouraging young families to be self-sustaining
was the primary object. However, most of the first families
who came had no financial resources. The struggle for
simple swvival prevented them from taking a larger view of
the community and its future.
Managers succeeded one another in frequent
succession, each one recruiting different kinds of people to
pioneer the community. Tenant farmers, socialJy troubled
families, bible colJegc graduates, and ex-missionaries came
for short periods of time between 1937 and I 945, with
largely unsatisfactory results. The community tried and then
gave up farming, dairy herds, a sawmill, timbering, and a
nursing home. By 1945, only five families remained in the
community.
Community Revival
1945 was clearly a watershed year for the Celo
Community. After some early members withdrew their
membership but kept title to their land, the first steps toward
community ownership were taken.
Conscientious objectors moved to the community after
the war, bringing with them a new idealism about the
community and land use, and they supported the land
cooperative idea.
It was also in 1945 that the land manager system was
finally abandoned at Celo as well. It was replaced by a
steering committee of fi vc people, one from each household.
The committee met once a week, and the whole membership
met once a month. The meetings have continued without
interruption since that year.
Members regard the meetings with varying degrees of
enthusiasm. One of the ongoing problems for the community
is maintaining a much higher level of group involvement than
most people have previously experienced. But since all
decision-making power rests with the meetings, they arc an
indcspcnsable part of the Cclo Community life.
There are also four standing committees: Finance,
Membership, Property, and Land Use. It is evident that half
the specific concerns arc about land.
Sara Smith, a daughter of a Celo family, wrote in a
college paper that "the single common bond for CCI
members now is the land they hold in trust".
During the 1950's more people came to Celo and
swelled the population to 20 member households. The "back:
to the land" movement and disaffection with prevailing
political and social conventions in the 1960's brought still
more members. Others came after being introduced to the
area while resident craftspeople at the Penland School of
KATIJAH - page 9
Crafts in nearby Mitchell County.
As the new members came, they tended to build their
houses in tucked-away comers of the woods. There was a
strong sense of wanting to pioneer and to feel self-sufficient.
However, the spreading population could quickly have made
the forest into a suburb. Realizing the danger, the community
about 17 years ago began to set aside land for a wild area. Of
the community's 1,200 acre land base, at least 300 acres arc
now in forest preservation.
Within this wild area, overseen by the Land Use
Committee, arc examples of the usual and unusual wild flora
of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. There are plant
communities that date back to the time of the glaciers. There
are endangered species found in some of the coves and
bogs. Use of the proteetcd area is limited to bikes and nature
walks.
Much of the community is bounded by National Forest
land. At ti.mes this has been seen as an asset, as for years at
a time there is no activity in these areas. However, the
National Forest is managed land, and the Forest Service
builds new roads and marks off timber sales for clearcuttlng.
Community members sec these actions as a threat to soil
stability as well as destruction of valuable forest. They lobby
the government and the Forest Service co limit this manner
of land use. They arc concerned 001 only with the land they
hold in trust, but with all the valley and the wider mountain
area.
Many members of the Cclo Community are active in
various organizations and strongly support local efforts to
preserve the environment, such as the Friends of the Toe
River. Bob Johnson, a wildlife enthusiast who is on the
Land Use Committee, has observed that "this is prime condo
country". AU around the county there is unprecedented
growth. County political leadership has expressed little
concern with curbing this development, and in fact probably
encourages it. The Southern Appalchians were economically
deprived for many decades, though chere has been much
improvement over the last 20 years. Still, it causes leaders to
sec any growth as a good thing.
Arthur Morgan, 50 years ago, predicted that decades
of upheaval lay ahead for the nation. Among his many
concerns he included land conservation, endangered species,
alcernative living opportunities, animal rights, and the need
for a new cornminment. He once remarked bow much he
would relish being a 25 year old starting ouc life in the Cclo
Community, ready to take on the challenge.
Morgan had some final thoughts on Celo when he
wrote a brief history of his experience with the community:
"It seems co me that Cclo Community and the surrounding
neighborhood is a favorable setting for an interesting human
adventure lasting through generations, which will not be a
retreat from life, but an adventure in living."
C 1981 John M. Morgan
SUMMER- 1988
�r--~·-·--
1
I
A Conversation
Ruth Ostrenga and Rio Alden have
Jived in Celo Community since 1985. In
February of this year they became official
members of Celo, where they now run a
plant and flower business called High
MoUnJain Greenery.
Christina Morrison of rhe Katuah
Journal spoke with them one afternoon
about how it feels to belong to a land
stewardship community.
with
Ruth and Rio
of Celo Community
Katuah: What does living on a land
cooperative mean to you?
Ruth: I've lhought about it a lot lately
and I've realized that its so much about
relationships. It's preserving a large piece of
land and looking to see what's the best use
for lhe land with people who have pretty
common values. And that requires working
lhings out in a community fashion where
you come together and have to really
communicate and see more sides than just
your own. I value that a great deal-growing
and moving through my stuff by being in
relationship-so what better place to be than
in a community where I'm pressed with it a
lot?
K: I understand that the. Forest
Service doesn't actually sell the land; they
sell lumber companies the right to clear-cut
And then the Forest Service builds the roads
for them and reseeds the land and actually
ends up losing money on the deal. And we
all lose the forest
Ruth: Exactly. Those are the kinds of
things we really have to take a look at. And
I know that lots ofus he.re don't approve of
this mis-use of government land and feel we
don't have the say we should have in it.
Ruth: I've had a dream for a long
time of growing good food for a large
number of people. And now that we're here
it's starting to seem feasible ...The idea is to
put up several composting greenhouses that
can grow food al l year round. They're
self-heating and also create C0 2 for
optimum growing conditions. I've already
asked to lease one of the open fields so we
may soon be growing enough food for the
whole area. Fresh vine-ripened tomatoes in
January! I know I'll need more energy than
mine to make it work, but I also know there
are others here who'd get excited about it
too.
/(: Sharing land seems to open up so
many possibilities. It's surprising that lhere
aren't more communal projects going on
that utilize th~ land.
Rilth: J ~c;e Ce!o,as )c.ind of divided
iMo two spaces--there are long-time
members who've.already figured out bow to
make it and then there are young ones wilh
families wJ\o are t;trusgling to 9uild houses
and take Qare of kids...so there's not a lot of'
extra energy for even things like stopping.
the clear-cutting. People are still doing
things they'd be doing anywhere and that is
getting their acrs togeiher.
K: How about your relationship wilh
lhe land itself?
Ruth: That's something lhat took a
while to sink in... that it's my land--all of
this is my land--yet it's not. A big thing is
that I have a voice in deciding anything that
happens in regards to it. That feels really
good. I feel the importance of taking
responsibility in all respects for what we're
doing right now to the Earth...and if I have
a band in a pretty good size chunk, then that
feels good to me. Also, because we're a
community, we have a wider influence than
just within the land trust. We can be an
example to others who want to do the same
thing - preserve large pieces of land.
We can also help to influence what
happens to other areas around us. Most of
our land backs right up to the National
Forest. land that the ~Forest service has
control over (that is actually ours too - only
not as directly), and they're going to be
selling off parcels to the lumber industry for
clear-cutting not far from here. That feels
really awful
K: Any dreams of what you'd like to
see here?
Rio: T here's been a lot more
cooperation lately about almost everything
though .... childcare, building projects-it
seems like a growing trend to give here and
take there and trade.
So....and this is kind of a wild idea, but I
thought perhaps the community could buy
rights to that land instead of the timber
companies. What better use for a chunk of
money? And if we bought the land they
wouldn't have to build a road or any of that
- so that could be subtracted from what
they'd normally charge and they'd actually
end up owing us money! (laughs) I can't
wait to run this by the land use committee.
K: So when you take care of a piece
of land you realize how connected it is to the
whole area.... Even though I'm not a
member, it's great to live near Celo and
have so much land to walk on with fewer
roads and fences and no "No Trespassing"
signs. It's a real feeling of freedom and
welcome. Living here, you can even forget
what it's like out in the "real world" where
land seems so arbitrarily divided up.
Rio: I think I would call this the real
Ruth: We've started a small garden
club of organic growe~--and there's even a
local person down the road who has joined.
It's a real nice thing to be connecting wilh
others in the area-feels like starting to reach
out and cover the whoJe planet in terms of
cooperation and doing things in a good
way....
Hey, there's the osprey! (points
above river) They've stayed around for
three weeks now--they might be raising
babies.
K: Are there any areas where you'd
like to see change?
Ruth: Some members would like 10
see more things done communally. We have
workdays once a month for 4 hours and
they're a great way to get things done and
help each other out. They'd really been
fizzling out, lately - like 2 people showing
up. But the last workday was really good,
Rio: I think it was partly your
enthusiasm...
Ruth: Yeah, I got really fired up at
lhe last meeting and presented it as a
wonderful opportunity for everyone.
world.
K: What was the job?
Ruth: I bet the trees would agree.
(continued on page 24)
KATIJAH-page 10
SUMMER- 1988
�LAND TRUST:
Tenure for Our Times
Among primitive tribal societies the
world over, the Earth was seen as a living
being, as alive and conscious as we. There
were no "resources," but the mother planet
gave her children what they needed to live.
The natural forces were potent elemental
beings. The idea of "owning" land or
"resources" never came to mind until the
development and spread of European
society.
lo our western culture land is
parcelled out and sold, and once money has
changed hands, owners assume it is their
right to have their way with "their"
property, whether or not it is in the interests
of the land, the wider human community, or
the life community as a whole.
In 1945 the members of the Celo
Community saw that individual land
ownership threatened the continued
existence of their community, and put their
land base into common ownership.
Members of Celo now lease a "holding,"
which grants a holder the right to live on
and the right to use the land within
guidelines set up by the community's
Property Committee.
This arrangement was a forerunner of
the land trust concept, which was developed
by Roben Swann and Ralph Borsodi during
the 1960's. A land trust is a corporate entity
(usually incorporated as not-for-profit)
which is empowered to hold land.
Land trusts are set up for a variety of
purposes:
- in rural areas they can be used to
make homes and fanning land available to
community people as the Community Land
Association is doing in Clairmont in
nonheast Tennessee.
- in cities they are a powerful t.ool for
resisting gentrification and making homes
available to low-and moderate-income
people. The South Atlanta Land Trust,
which is restoring a declining neighborhood
in Atlanta, GA is an example.
-Conservation land trusts put Large
tracts of undeveloped land into trust to
preserve them in perpetuity
The Ozarlc Regional Land Trust of
Canhage, MO is an umbrella organization
worlcing to foster all three approaches in the
Ourlc mountains, as well as initiating
educational projects in ecological land use
and farming practices appropriate to that
bioregion.
In each of these situations the
essential purpose of the land trust is to
remove the land from the speculative
marketplace so that. for whatever reasons, it
can no longer be treated as a commodity.
In a conservation land trust, human
access to the Land is strictly limited. In rural
community Land trusts, pans or alJ of a tract
are made available for human residency and
appropriate use such as ecological
agriculture. In an urban setting, land trust
holdings are dedicated to uses most
beneficial to the community, whether for
residences or community service areas.
The non-profit land trust corporation
retains title to the land and leases rights to
community people, subject to land use
KATUAH-page 11
Drawing by: Laurie Pierce
guidelines of varying strictness depending
on the purpose of the land trust. These
leases are usually long,term contracts that
may be passed on to descendants.
Leaseholders who wish· to terminate a lease
are allowed to sell the equity they have
earned (i.e., the value of buildings and other
improvements). Often tbe land trust reserves
first options on these equities and buys them
to re-sell to the next leaseholder.
Land trusts can slow down runaway
developmenL Land trusts can enable farm
families to gain access'to agricultural land
where Land speculation (as on vacation
home properties) has caused highly inflated
land prices. Land trusts can also preserve
wild areas far beyond the lifetime of an
individual owner.
It is now a widely accepted principle
that we cannot own ~nother of our own
species as propeny. Someday we may
evolve to the point where it would be
incomprehensible to own an individual of
any species as propehy. And someday,
someday, we may progress to a stage where
we once again regain the primitive sense of
a free and living Earth that cannot be cut into
pieces, cannot be bought or sold.
The land trust, then, is a
stepping-stone to the re-sacralization of the
natural world. It is a legalistic mechanism
suitable to the complexities of modem
society, but it offers a way forward into a
new and ancient relationship with the land.
RESOURCES
to help in unch:rstanding and implementing
land trust:
BOOKS
The Community Land Trust
Handbook by the lnstitwefor Community
Econormcs (Rodale Press; Emmaus, PA;
1982 - available for $6.00 from ICE, see
address below). "Through land trusts,
co171171Wiities can regain control oflocal land
and Jwusing. This book tells how.for both
nual and urban communities."
New OrJaniutional Prospects for
Community and Conservation Land
Trusts by Gregg Galbraith (available for
$12.50 ppdfrom the Ozark Regional land
Trust, see address beww). "A legal study of
the nl()tUI of a regional land trust to assist
the development of other regional land
trusts."
PERIODICALS
Communit1 Economics - quarterly
newsletter with articles abow develo~nts
in community land trusts, community
revolving loan funds, and other community
development issues. Available by donation
from ICE (see address beww).
ORGANIZATIONS
Jnstituiefor Communil)I Economics
151 Montague City Rd.
Greenfield, MA 01301
Oz.art Regional Land Trust
427 S. Main St.
Carthage, MO 64836
Solllhe.asr.un Land Presuvali,on Trust
305 Buclchead Ave. NE
Atlanta, GA 30305
The School ofLiving (land Com11Uttee)
do Common Ground
Rt. 3, Box 231
Lexington, VA 24450
The Katuah Regional Land
Trust is looking for charter members. This
new organization is dedicated to "serving
first the land, and then the life nourished by
the land" by "reserving and restDring narural
habitat areas; the ancient sacred sites and
places of power; and a land base, whether
rural or urban,for humans to conduct their
lives in accord wilh the conditions of nature
as found in the KatUah Province of the
Appalachian bioregion." Please respond to:
KatUali Regional land Trust; Rt. 2, Box
108-A; Whittier, NC 28789
~
SUMMER- 1988
�LEARNING COMMUNITY
by Judith Hallock
Arthur Morgan School is a unique
boarding school for 24 girls and boys in
grades seven through nine. Named after an
innovative American educator and activist,
the school is based on the principles of
Maria Montessori, Mohandas Gandhi,
Arthur Morgan, and the Religious Society
of Friends (Quakers). The stated central aim
of the school is to help each student grow
into a confident and responsible young
person.
The school property is part of Celo
Community, an intentional land stewardship
community. The 100 acre campus consists
mainly of woods and meadows and is
largely surrounded by national forest.
Elizabeth Morgan, Anhur Morgan's
daughter-in-law and founder of the Arthur
Morgan School, did not go to school until
she was the age for eighth grade. She had
been lightly tutored by her parents, but she
had mostly played around her home, helped
her mother, read books, and made music.
When she finally did start school, she found
it exciting and raced through high school in
three and one-half years as an honor student
Elizabeth oommeoted that the amount
of time children spend in school is usually
out of proportion to what they learn there,
and that most schools are a great waste of
children's time. School, she said, is mainly
a gigantic baby-sitting operation designed to
keep children out of circulation in a society
in which children no longer have any
meaningful function except to grow up.
It was her experience as a public
school teacher that inspired her to found the
Arthur Morgan School in 1962. She felt that
adolescence is a particularly crucial time in
the development of the whole person. Patty
Keene-Windsor, school clerk, a central
administrative position at the Arthur Morgan
School, defined some of the special needs
of puberty-aged young people:
"The years between 12 and 15 are
KATUAH- page 12
crucial years for developing a sense of self,
and to do some brt;alcing away from family.
It's a time of questioning habits and ways of
doing things, challenging the way your
family does things. It's a time of change and
rebelling."
In meeting these special needs, the
Arthur Morgan School offers a
community-based response.
"The main focus of the school is for
staff and students to create this community
together," said Patty.
Through conscious commuoitybui lding, the school becomes a
working/living/learning/caring place. in
educating the whole person, a whole life
approach is taken, and the loving, healthy
oommuoity becomes the core of the learning
experience. At the same time, a I :2
staff-to-student ratio suppons individual
needs.
Values, which have been largely
separated from education in the public
schools, are an integral part of the Arthur
Morgan School, and are directly related to
community ideals. Cooperation, respect,
openness, sense of self, responsibility, and
interdependence are all qualities of a healthy
community, and are learned by participation
in the school oommunity life.
''By creating this oommunity, we are
teaching community skills. We are giving
the students an experience and a model that
they can carry always. If they have
experienced hearing each other, working on
problems, being interdependent, in a small
oommunity like this, they will Temember
that when they move into a bigger
community, or when they start thinking
about the world," said Patty.
Housing at the school is in family
groups, with each composed of several
students and two houseparents who share
housekeeping functions as well as teaching
and/or other staff duties. These families live
in wood-heated homes on campus.
Margot, a houseparent at Arthur
Morgan School, wrote of her experience,
"Ideally the job of a houseparent is to create
a harmonious family environment for the
students dwelling under her roof. We try to
offer the students a secure and supportive
place to return to after their school day.
Since many of our students are seventh
graders leaving home for the first time, we
strive to maintain a family setting. The
boarding houses are not dormitories, rather
individual homes with structure and rules
varying with the different houseparents.
"What I find unique about
houseparenting these young adults is that I
can give them both support and positive
criticism in a more or less objective manner.
Their exposure to other peers of different
backgrounds expands their universe and
encourages social responsibility. The
houses reflect the philosophy of the school
in microcosm."
Breakfasts are cooked and eaten in the
houses, as are weekend lunches and two
dinners each week. All other meals are eaten
together in the school dining hall. The diet is
largely vegetarian, with an emphasis on
fresh whole foods, natural sweets, and
organic produce from the school's large
organfo garden.
Weekdays begin with a short
community gathering to share songs, skits,
and announcements. All students attend
classes in four core subjects - English,
social studies, science, and math. Though
individually designated by grade levels,
students are grouped in these classes only
by ability and interest. Class sizes are small,
so teachers can focus on individual needs.
Students are encouraged to see connections
between their classwork and the outside
world.
Academics are supplemented by an
electives program. Each student can choose
up to six classes a semester from such
offerings as music, drama. arts and crafts,
shop, languages, sports, and dance. Neither
electives nor core subjects are graded.
Students and parents receive instead
periodic written evaluations of the student's
work.
Leisure activities include special
Saturday night activities such as a dance,
talent show, group game, or sweat lodge. In
addition, weekends often include soccer
games and housefamily outings. Much time,
both on weekends and weekdays, is spent
outdoors.
The mountain forest surrounding the
Arthur Morgan School provides students
with a wide variety of outdoor experiences.
Extended trips in the fall and spring are
supplemented by periodic day hikes and
overnights.
Patty said, "We provide challenges in
this area that we are pretty sure the students
can meet: like being able to stay out in the
mountains for six days, or walking or
canoeing certain distances. At this age,
when these kind of physical challenges are
met, and the students feel they have
succeeded, there is a great feeling of
exhilaration."
Each spring the students explore the
world beyond Katuah on a three-week field
trip. In recent years they have put on a
travelling show, canoed the Florida
Everglades, and assisted at a refugee camp
on the Texas-Mexican border.
(conlinucd on page 26)
SUMMER-1988
�Land Use Planning in
Buncombe County, NC
by Carol Lawrence
Whether or not it is mentioned by
Asheville promoters recruiting new
businesses, one of the attractions of
Buncombe County - along with the clean air
and water, year-round temperate climate,
and stunning natural beauty - is the freedom
to develop land outside the city in any way
the owner sees fit.
There is, in other words, no overall
counry zoning plan.
The last attempt at county-wide
zoning was made in 1973. It was not
successful. Johnny Robens, a Flat Creek
resident who worked against the recent
zoning proposal there, remembers that
attempt.
"It went down like the Titanic," he
recalls.
Buncombe County Board of
Commissioners Chairman R. Curtis Ratcliff
recalls it the same way.
"When commissioners held hearings
on that proposed zoning plan, the further we
got into the county, the more opposed
everyone was."
"I doubt that there is currently enough
pro-zoning sentiment to revive the
county-wide plan," says Jim Coman,
County Zoning Administtator. "There is not
a consensus among the commissioners on
county-wide land use planning and
regulation. Undoubtedly, some are more in
favor of it than others. Among residents,
there's certainly limited desire for zoning
out in the rural areas. What I hear over and
over is 'We don't wanr anybody telling us
what to do with our land_"'
As a result, land use in the regions
surrounding Asheville is a matter left up to
each individual township. And the recenr
events in Flat Creek point up exactly how
difficult it can be to develop land use
planning on a local basis.
Earlier this year, the Vulcan Materials
Company of Birmingham, Alabama took
out a long-term lease option on a 99-acre
parcel of land in the Flat Creek area. Their
intent: 10 quarry granite and produce
crushed stone. Controlled blasting would
open up a large pit, eventually going down
some 200 to 400 feet. The granite in the
substrata would be extracted, crushed, and
hauled away in trucks.
In compliance with procedures
established by the North Carolina
Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development (NRCD), Vulcan
sem notice of its plans to all Flat Creek
residents owning adjacent land. Upon
learning of this intended development, area
residents became concerned. In fact, they
were so concerned that when the NRCD
sponsored a public bearing in the elementary
school on the hot, muggy night of August
6, the auditorium was packed with 400 area
residents. Another 400, unable to fit in,
remained outside.
Overwhelmingly, those attending
disapproved of the proposed quarry.
Together, they began to investigate what
they could do to prevent the coming of the
quarry. Thar's how Flat Creek residents
started what is called a community planning
program. This option, open to any
KATUAH - page 13
AT RISK
Photo by: Chip Smith
Buncombe County township, allows
residents to establish a community planning
council, which, in tum, can draft land use
(zoning) ordinances.
On October 17, after two months of
work by a 15-member planning council and
community input at the Buncombe County
Planning Department, a comprehensive
zoning ordinance was presented to the Flat
Creek residents for approval. As evidence
of the interest sparked by the zoning
question, 1,560 residents - 600 more than
cast ballocs in the last Presidential election turned out to vote. The proposed land use
ordinance was defeated by a margin of
nearly 3 to 1.
Manha Claxton, an Asheville
pediatrician who lives in Flat Creek, served
on the community planning council and
continues active volunteer work against the
proposed quarry. She explains the move
toward zoning this way: "We started
looking at zoning because of that quarry.
We were concerned about things like the
effects the quarry would have on the fragile
water table, whether the blasting would
cause basemenr walls to crack, how safe the
children would be in school buses that share
roads with large rock 1:IUcks, not to mention
the nuisance of noise, dust, and blasting
vibration."
"We knew, even in early August, that
passing of the zoning ordinance would not
necessarily keep Vulcan out; they started the
application process before we started the
zoning process. We proceeded because we
hoped that strong anti-quarry sentiment
combined with a zoning ordinance
prohibiting quarry expansion might cause
Vulcan to rethink that particular site."
Johnny Roberts, a 43-year resident of
the Flat Creek area and owner of a local
store, agrees that local sentiment ran against
the quarry. Yet he, like many others, voted
against zoning.
"The main thing is that people here
own their land, they pay for it, and they
don't want people telling them what to do
with it," he says. "The County has very
strict rules about building and construction
and people just feel that's enough."
There will be no zoning in Flat Creek.
And Flat Creek residents - who by and large
still oppose the proposed quarry - have not
solved the problem of persuading the
NRCD to refuse Vulcan's mining permit
application. Further, Flat Creek citizens
could find themselves in this sicuation again,
should another company announce plans to
build an asphalt production facility, for
example, or open another tavern adjacent to
the elementary school, or develop a
multi-acre mobile home park.
In every case in Buncombe County
where there has been interest in
community-based zoning, it has been in
response to unwelcome development. The
two communities in the county that enacted
local zoning, Beaverdam to the north and
Limestone to the south, did so out of
concern, the former about housing
development and the latter about a junkyard.
IUnkVard.
Currently, residents of an area on
Goldview Road are investigating zoning
because they do not want the new Craggy
Prison located in their neighborhood. They
approached the Commissioners for help in
developing prohibitive zoning. The
Commissioners responded by asking them
to try to establish a community planning
program for the whole French Broad
Township, rather than just the Goldview
Road area. Given strong anti-zoning
sentiment present in rural Buncombe
communities, it may be impossible to do
that
"Because of the differing opinions,
zoning is a difficult question," says County
Attorney Keith Snyder. "For the most part,
where there's interest in zoning is in
portions of townships that are highly
urbanized. In the outer perimeters of the
county, they are against it.
"Rather than have piecemeal, partial
zoning, I recommended to the Commission
that they do a comprehensive analysis of the
county. We know which areas are becoming
urbanized. We know where the large tracts
of undeveloped land are. Looking at all
those things together, the Commission
could then develop policy on where industry
should locate and where there should be
shopping centers and where there should
only be residential building."
In the meantime, county residents though in favor of protecting their
community's water supply, clean air, and
propeny values - may have little say in what
happens in their neighborhoods.
Reprinted from the Winter, 1988 issue of
Dircovery
News
a publication of
Asheville-Buncombe Discovery; 46 llaywood St.
(Suite 336); Asheville, NC 28801.
~
SUMMER - 1988
�REST IN PERPETUAL WILDERNESS
by Billy Campbell
In the densely popula1ed highlands of
the island of New Guinea in the lands of the
once cannibalistic Fore ( pronounced
"!or-AY") tribe, there are still pockets of
untouched wilderness. These are the sacred
groves, or pies masalai, near which the
bodies of their dead are buried. The Fore
regard these areas with/ear, believing that
here the ghosts of the dead are waiting to
possess the bodies of any who enter.
Because of their fear, beamif11l, wild,
untouched stands of the original forest still
exist in the midst ofagricultural lands and a
teeming human population.
When my father died, the funeral
director, a decent person and a friend from
childhood, steered us toward his
top-of-the-line casket It cost more than a lot
of cars do. We settled instead for the only
wooden model that he had. He cautioned us
that it was not "watertight," but consoled us
with the fact that Dan Blocker (Hoss
Cartwright on the TV show "Bonanza") was
buried in an identical casket
could we not put the money that is spent on
expensive burials and sterile plots into the
purchase of natural settings that could also
act as protected habitat areas?.....Sacred
groves, certainly. The money that we invest
in funerals and "perpetual care" today is
considerable. The Wall Street Journal stated
in May of 1985 that there is more than $4
billion invested in funeral trusts in this
country.
I live where the mountains drop to the
piedmont in South Carolina. Land here goes
for $800 per acre. Together, one thousand
members of a memorial society, each
contributing $1,000 (which is only
one-quarter the cost of my father's burial)
could purchase l,250 acres of land: a
The pies masaJais of the Fore inspired
me with a different idea. I would rather
have laid my father's body to rest in a wild
setting, full of the quiet and peace of
nature...a place reached by a trail instead of
a road, where trees would stand guard over
my father's remains and in turn be
nourished by him to stand tall in his
memory. Why is this not possible? Why
While some might want their remains
cremated and their ashes scattered, others
would want a marker designating a specific
place of interment. Instead of the usual
tombstones, more natural markers would be
appropriate. ln keeping with the concept of
creating vigneues of wilderness, living
plants, or colonies of plants, might be best.
A particular burial site might be graced by a
colony of orchids,for example, or perhaps
trilliums.
Living memorials could be
coordinated by a resident restoration
ecologist in areas that have been heavily
impacted. ln such a setting, an American
chestnut tree might make a particularly good
memorial. Because of the continuing blight
problem, native chestnuts will probably
need human help if they are to survive
outside of orchards. The setting would offer
a rich source for ritual. Imagine a
communion ceremony using chestnut bread
and muscadine wine. Limited harvesting of
stunted rrees from the forest would yield
materials to make heirloom baby cradles,
marriage beds, or even caskets. While it is
consistent with most religious beliefs, the
practice of using funeral parks could be
transforming, "greening" Christianity,
Islam, or other spiritual practices.
Next he showed us the vaults. The
first was Italian scrolled, guaranteed not to
leak for 100 years and able to withstand
thousands of pounds per square foot of
overpressure. I cold the director that it all
seemed silly. First of all, who was going to
check to see if it leaked, and who cared if it
did? Such strength might come in handy if
we were trying to protect the corpse from a
direct nuclear strike. but otherwise it seemed
pretty useless. I suggested that we not have
a vault.
The director seemed aghast at the
idea. "Billy, the casket you picked is not
watertight. If you don't get a vault, in a few
years the ground above will.....sink. in.
Family members would have to deal with
the fact that din and water are.....going
in .....on the loved one." Ultimately, my
father's body was pumped full of toxic
chemicals, placed in a casket, which was
placed in a vault, buried in an
over-manicured graveyard, and covered
with pea gravel. The whole affair cost
$4,000.00.
parks are hazardous waste dumps, filled
with small, sealed capsules of toxic
chemicals, the grass abpve artificially
maintained a perfect green with another
assortment of toxic materials.
significant parcel of land that would serve as
a lasting (and, to my mind, a fitting) legacy
for furure generations.
Large undeveloped tracts near towns
would be the first sites to be considered as
memorial forest areas, especially those
unlikely to be protected by government or
other private programs. Unprotected Indian
mounds, especially those in proximity to
extensive woodland areas, would be prime
sites. The membership in a given area might
sponsor a survey and biological inventory
of significant sites.
Burials in this memorial forest would
have to be simple. Bodies could not be
preserved, and any containers would have
to be built of easily degradeable materials.
Formaldehyde, with which bodies are
preserved in standard practice, is a
poisonous material. Present-day memorial
I wish my body to nourish a part of
the Living forest, marked only by a colony
of trilliums or a chestnut tree, in an area that
would be pleasant and rejuvenating for
others to visit, in which they would be
reminded of life's continuing cycles of
growth and death, decomposition and
rebirth. This would be truly a sacred place.
Any others who are interested in
joining a memorial forest society may
inquire (send no money, please) of:
Dr. Billy Campbell
P.O. Box 152
Westminster, SC 29693
or write to the:
Katuah Regional Land Trust
Rt. 2, Box 108-A
Whittier, NC
Katuah Province 28789
~
p
(see page 11)
Dr. Billy Campbell practices family
medicine in Westminster. He is a good Scot
and true to his clan.
Drawing by: Wes Wyau
KATUAH - page 14
SUMMER - 1988
�r
THE RIDGE
There is a ridge in southern Virginia over which I enter and leave my
farm. Deer leap and call on this ridge, ground hogs scurry to their holes,
wild turkeys range. An almost white skunk lives in an old pile of handmade
brick, which I would like to use were they not his home. I've seen a silver
fox on this ridge, and thought a 'possum really dead, and sat spellbound as
deer walked close and looked at me.
Here the moon rises damp and close and the stars seem near touching.
The unseen life of night lingers in the early dew and the sun rises with
ringing echo from two ridges and a river over, where a farmer calls his
cows. Unless fog has quietened the world, a blue line of distant ridges
separates the sky from all the fields and tree tops that lie before it. The
day's last color slips westward behind a mountain that humps large and
green, protective.
Breeze skips up the pass to this high place or shifts to wind that
rushes in from the woods to the north. An unmaintained road cuts beyond
those woods down to the house, too steep in ice or mud for my jeep. I park
atop the ridge and climb a split rail fence. Pasture grass nods as I walk,
and halfway down the familiar path, cool air from the spring dampens my
face. Grouse flap the air as they rise. I glimpse my house in the hollow
below.
The ridge is more than passage to my home and place where I walk at
each days beginning and end. The land itself is a friend to talk to and the
animals answer. Here I learned to stand alone and discovered myself joined
to all life. It is my place of beginning and entry to a larger world.
© 1988 &y Nancy Bcir nharcit
KATUAH - page 15
SUMMER-1988
�FARMERS AND THE FARM BILL
By Chip Smith
Late in 1985, the U.S. Congress
passed into law the Food Security Act, or
"Farm Bill." According to the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, the
administrating agency, the intent of the bill
is to "reduce soil erosion, minimize the
amount of wetlands and grasslands being
converted to cropland, and reduce surplus
commodities, which in rum will strengthen
the overall farm economy.''
The impetus for this bill was the
realization that the governme.nt has actually
encouraged soil erosion and loss of
wetlands by allowing farmers to include
highly erodible lands and converted
wetlands as part of their "base acreage" for a
variety of farm support programs. This
policy contributed to the crop surplus and
falling commodity prices which have fueled
the recent era of unpaid loans and farm
forecloswes.
To Congress, "farm" means the
corporate superfarms of the west, midwest
and coastal regions, but agriculture in
Karuah is affected as well.
Legislation passed in Washington
cannot afford to be sensitive to special
problems and paradoxes on the local level.
But in Kanfah, implementation of the Farm
Security Act is rife with paradox. While the
goals of the act are necessary and valid and
the principles on which it is based are
admirable, the sweeping generalizations in
its provisions are causing hardship and loss
and may force more small farmers off their
mountain landholdings.
In Katuah, agriculture is a
small-scale industry that is no longer the
major contributor to soil erosion problems.
A "Land Development Security Act" or a
"Road Construction Security Act" would be
more effective in controlling soil loss and
stream siltation.
Yet, the conservation provisions of
the Farm Bill state that fields with a slope
greater than nine percent are "highly
erodible land" and are to blame for
excessive erosion and lost productivity.
Furthermore, if farmers are to receive
the benefits of the various farm support
programs, they must submit approved
conservation farm plans by 1990 and have
them implemented by 1995. The locaily
governed Soil and Water Conservation
Districts, with assistance from the U.S. Soil
Conservation Service, are in charge of plan
approval. The Conservation Reserve
Program has also been established for those
who wish to be subsidized for retiring
croplands to pasture or tree farms.
At the head of Long Branch in
Yancey County, North Carolina two old
timers, Raines and Eugene Hughes tend
burley tobacco. Their farm is an original
version of small-scale mountain agriculture.
They bought it as a gullied-out and
overgrown depression farm in 1936.
KATUAH-page 16
Today, the pastured hills, neat garden, and
"baccer" patch reveal much of their
independence and stewardship.
Proud and outspoken, they resent
what they feel is a judgment passed on their
farming abilities.
"Well, I tell you - I don't think too
much of that Farm Bill myself," said
Raines. "You don't have much freedom
anymore, do ya? Somebody telling you
something what to do all the time, seems
like.
"Anytbing's gonna get eroded, if it's
not got a cover on it"
And Eugene said, "We've always
farmed that way, ever since we were kids.
Our dad was the first man to start that in this
section here. It looks like a plan to cut us
small farmers out, is what it looks like."
Today, the conservation provisions of
the Farm Bill require the installation of
erosion control practices such as terrace
systems, grassed water ways, field borders,
and/or alternate year crop/cover crop
rotations. For mountain farmers already
short on tillable land, conservation
compliance means fewer crops, smaller
profits and a questionable future.
Tobacco has been a staple of
mountain agriculture for generations,
because tending burley is a labor intensive,
family operation. It requires very little
mechanization: a borrowed tractor and
planter and the garden tiller will do. The
labor needed for weeding, cutting, hanging,
and grading the leaf is provided by family
members.
Tobacco growing is possible with
resources mountain people have, and a
productive season can bring a profit of at
least $2000 an acre.
"To fellers like us it means a lot," said
Eugene. "It goes right back on the farm,
what we get from tobacco. That's what we
set aside to pay our taxes, buy our fertilize,
and such.
"People here in these mountains
depended on tobacco until these factory
plants came to town. We're one of the few
who still live off the farm."
Raines and Eugene realize the good
intentions of the Farm Bill, but as Eugene
put it, "Those fellers haven't been outta
Washington in a while:
"lf we was younger we'd kick more.
We always looked forward to farming all
our life. People say anymore: Well, I may
farm this year and I may not next year.'
Nowadays a feller will just get him a job at
the plant."
Raines said, "It's a haphazard way to
farm. It's just turned around from the way it
used to be."
Realizing
an too well the
consequences of noncompliance, Eugene
lamented, "We're gonna try to comply with
the law. Take two fellers that's 75 and 77
years old - we've not got too many years to
grow, have we? We're Appalachian
paupers, but proud of it."
In the midst of renewed interest in
stewardship and small-scale mountain
agriculture, many of our teachers are
packing up shop. These mountains are no
longer a barrier to the fast paced "outside
world." An inflated land market has pushed
propeny values out of the reach of local
Plant jobs are pulling family
people.
members off the farm, and discount stores
entice them away from agrarian values.
Tobacco abuse kills, but an alternative
crop to fill the place of burley in mountain
agriculture hasn't been found. In short,
while the Farm Bill may help clear the
streams, in the Appalachian mountain
country it is inadvenently contributing to
the demise of a way of life.
SUMMER- 1988
�"Relating to the Land"
(These are the words of a traditional Cherokee medicine
person)
My grandfather told me that one day when his
grandfather was sick and they knew that he was going to die,
he called together some friends and the members of his
family and spoke to them. My grandfather was jost a boy at
the time, and he could not hear what was said, but his
grandfather got up and he looked strong and healthy. The old
man gathered a group of men and boys, and, though he was
young, my grandfather was allowed to accompany them.
They walked and camped for a month through western NQitb
Carolina and parts of eastern Tennessee. They carried his
grandfather some of the time, but most of the time he walked
by himself.
They went to places that, seen through a boy's eyes,
seemed insignificant to my grandfather. They would go to a
rock and his grandfather would look at it and rub all over it,
and then maybe he would tell them to take him to some little
creek up in a cove someplace, and he would peer around in
there.
He was tcliving bis history. These were places that
were familiar to him, that represented part of his life, and
each place was important to the old man. To him, the land
was personal. These places wetc a part of himself. They
were alive as the world was alive.
Western culture sees the world as dead. But the Indian
People know the Earth as a living organism. The screams are
the Earth's blood. The soil is the flesh. The plants and the
leaves are the hair. The rocks are the bones. The wind is the
breath. The Earth is one living organism, and the human race
is part of that organism, not something set apart.
Everything has a spirit. Everything that is living seems
to be an in. ividual entity, separate to itself. Each of us seems
d
to be an individual. bot actually, we are each made op of
trillions of parts - things that can be seen and things that
cannot be seen. And all those pans are dependant on one
another. The planet is the same way. It is the same kind of
life just larger. And the human species is just one of the pans
of the Great Life.
Collectively, the individual spirits of everything that
lives make up the Great Spirit When you conjure, and you
hook into power, that is your power. But you have to feel
part of it first. We get our power from being able to move
evenly with the other pans of the Great Life. There is no trick
or magic to it, other than knowing yourself as a pan of this
life.
KATUAH-page 17
Our gifts of intelligence and creativity were given to us
so we could be caretakers, so we could perpetuate the Great
Life. It is our role, our pan of the plan, to be conscious. The
side effect of that is ego. Some people call it lust or sin, but
it's separation from God. It's true, because what we have
here is God, whatever it is.
At some time the human race reached a point in its
developement where our ego overrode all the innate
understandings we had held since we were primeval slime,
or whtaever we first were. Now, our biggest conflict is to
concrol our intellect that has grown by such leaps and bounds
in such a short period of time.
Our shortcomings are reflected in the culmination of
European or western culture, which is highly individualistic:
Western culture makes people believe that the Earth begins
when they are born, and is over when they die. They have
the most incredible notion that there is a God up in the sky
that serves us alone and, the ultimate of ego, that we are
created in his image. He made everything on this planet for
our use, and if we can't use it, it's a weed or crash.
The best story my grandfather ever told to show the
difference between European and Indian ways was to say
that when an Indian man bunts the bear, and be kills the bear,
be gives thanks, and promises the bear to use all the parts of
his body, for that is the bear's gift to us.
If an Indian man goes out to hunt the bear, and the
bear rips him down and eats him, there is no hostility against
the bear. It wasn't the bear's idea that be was to eat meat
The Creator.put this notion in him.
.
.,
The people would mourn the man and grieve for him,
but there was no anger toward the bear. It was just the
creature's nature, just like it was the man's nature to be out
hunting him. There was no separatiQn from the bear at all,
If this were to happen to a white man, the others
would go out and comb the mountains and kill any bear they
saw.
We arc all predators. But western man cannot tolerate
another predator. Wolves, mountain lions.... white people
don't want them out there as competitiou. They don't eat
them. The only other predators western man eats are fish.
They aren't going to eat a wolf, but they will kill him off. If a
creature can be domesticated, controlled completely, and
made useful to humans, then it's from God. If it can't be
made useful, then they eliminate it God made a mistake
there.
·
For European culture there. is no concept of balance,
no concept that we are pan of a greater whole. It is alien; it's
like they arc from another planet. Look at how they throw
their crash and litter around! Would they do that at home? It
all goes back to the ego that says we are made in the image of
God and all this was created for us.
In the body of the world, we are cancerous cells.
Cancer is when a group of cells in the body goes crazy for
one reason or another. There are environmental reasons for
why we are acting so crazy, reasons which we created
ourselves. But there are still some deeper reasons why we
are susceptible to this disease of the spirit. After all, we are
the product of millions and millions of years of evolution,
and everything else is evolving along with us. We m
responsible for ourselves. We may not be able to stop
accidents, or something somebody else does to us; but the
sickness and disease, we are responsible for all that.
The world was not made for us alone. My
grandfather's grandfather said that we are mainly observing
what is happening in our own lives. We can dodge things a
little bit to the left or to the right, but the major aspects of
things we are just observing. Observation....tbat's what we
are doing.
SUMMER - 1988
�- Soil acidification could release
bound aluminum in toxic amounts.
- Nutrients could be leached out and
lost from acidified soils.
- Excess nitrogen, acidification, or
released heavy metals could deplete or
destroy soil microorganism populations or
the mycorrhizae fungi, which Live in a
beneficial relationship with the roots of the
spruce and fir trees, causing nutrient
deficiencies.
NATURAL WORLD NEWS
REPORT
"IT COMES ON A MIST..... "
"The bottom line is that someone at
some point has to make a decision as to
whether or not the evidence is strong
enough to do something about acid rain .....
"We have a lot nwre informarion now
than we did two to three years ago. The
nwnality of trees has increased tenfold over
the past five years. But we could spend
another 50 years studying this issue and
never gather enough proof to slww that A
plus B equals C."
- Roben Bruck, to the
AsbeyWe Ciifilul, March 5, 1988
Since 1983 Dr. Robert Bruck has
been coordinating a team of field scientists
from North Carolina State University
(NCSU) investigating the mysterious
dieback of the spruce/fir forest that was
once a grand mantle draped over the
shoulders of Mount Mitchell and the other
peaks of the Black Mountain range (see
KatUah Journal #9).
Using the most sophisticated
equipment, the researchers have been testing
the soil, soil microorganisms, and the trees
themselves, to determine the amount of
airborne pollution the mountaintops are
receiving and the effects of this pollution.
Their field work is supported by
experiments in climate control chambers and
greenhouse tests to determine the tolerances
and parameters of the tree species. Another
team of NCSU scientists funded by the
Environmental Protection Agency doing
intensive studies of the chemistry of the
orographic (associated with mountains)
cloud cover that shrouds Mt. Mitchell and
the Blacks for 250 days of the year.
The data these scientists have
produced are chilling. During the year
1986-87 Ml. Mitchell received
approximately 122 kilograms/hectare
(roughly equal to pounds per acre) of
acidified sulfates. Ouring that same period
approximately 65 Kg/ha (lbs/a) of nitrates
were deposited on the mountaintop.
Ozone, when in the lower
atmosphere, is a gaseous pollutant
panicularly damaging to plants. It is formed
when nitrogen oxides are combined with the
hydrocarbons produced by auto exhaust in
the presence of sunlight. Ozone is
frequently present at concentrated levels at
the top of Mt. Mitchell. Of 3,000 readings
taken during 1986, one quarter approached
or exceeded a level of 80 ppb (parts per
billion), which was shown in greenhouse
tests to be acutely toxic to young fir and
spruce trees.
At the same time the mountaintops are
bathed in an acidic mist which registers a
2.5-3.4 pH level. Because pH is figured
KATIJAH - page 18
Cm.tree
logarithmically, the clouds' lowest pH
levels are 1,000 times more acidic than
normal atmospheric conditions.
Precipitation, which is more diluted, ranges
from pH 4.0-5.0.
Those clouds, so gentle in
appearance, are panicularly threatening to
the upland forests. They are formed by
moisture-laden air, which, as it rises over
the mountains, cools and condenses into
fog. In the process it attracts and bonds with
particles of airborne, water-soluble
pollutants, and this concentrated, poisonous
broth settles on the tree needles, where
much of the toxic payload is absorbed
before the droplets fall, branch by branch,
to the soil.
The variety of chemicals in the mist
solution could affect the trees in different
ways at each stage of their journey to the
eanh:
- Acidification could damage or
destroy foliage, as was observed after one
highly acidic cloud covered the
mountaintop. Forty-eight hours later the rips
of exposed spruce needles were brown and
dead.
- Acidic oxides, alone or in
combination with ozone, could leach
nutrients from the foliage.
-The chemical pollutants could
interfere with the tree's metabolic processes.
- Excess nitrogen could increase
susceptibility to frost and freeze damage.
Pollutants can also work through the
soil. In one experiment. seedlings were
planted in soil taken from the top of Mt.
Mitchell to a lower elevation. 93% of the
seedlings died. Examination of the soil
showed that it was highly acidified and low
in the nutrient elements calcium and
magnesium.
Toxins in the soil could damage trees
by some or any of these means:
To come to grips with the problem of
the airborne pollutants, " ..... the scientific
and policy-making communities wilJ have to
find common ground in dealing wich
'imperfect knowledge,"' wrote Dr. Bruck.
He is warning us that, although his
team and other scientists will be keeping up
the intensive investigations they have
maintained for the last five years, it would
be a mistake co postpone decision-making
until a clear and simple cause-and-effect
relationship is proven. The situation is
simply too complex. That the high-altitude
boreal forest is being subjected to massive
doses of airborne pollutants is clear. But it
is impossible to isolate a single chemical
compound or a single process as being the
sole culprit for the forest decline. The
different chemical permutations and
possibilities are endless, as would be the
wait if positive proof of the reasons for the
tree dieback were required.
It has been clearly shown, however,
that a great percentage of the sulfates being
carried on the air currents are produced by
coal-fired utility plants and smelcing
industries.
It is also known that most free nitrates
are put into the air by automotive exhaust
emissions.
There are sophisticated scrubbers
presently on the market that, if installed in
the tall industrial smokestacks, could
remove much of the sulfates now being
spewed into the air. Catalytic converters are
now being developed that could reduce the
level of nitrates produced by automotive
traffic by 85%, according to Bruck.
Nothing is going to avert the need for
a basic change in the way we live our lives,
but we are not going to have the chance to
effect a change, unless we take steps to
alleviate the ecological catastrophe we are
creating. And, meanwhile, we are
sacrificing other species daily to our
wantonness.
Again quoted by the Ashcyil le
~Bruck said:
1:
0
300
j
200
E
£
"The technology is available today,
right now, to clean up the vast majority of
the problems I am showing you the daJa on.
Tlrat is what can be done if you decide as a
society that this is a problem and that we
need to do something abouz it."
100
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 1~ 115 125
0.-IPl>DI
SUMMER- 1988
�NATURAL WORLD NEWS
REPORT
Duke Power Company of Charlonc,
NC, intends 10 purchase the Nantahala
Power and Light Comany (NP&L) in
Katuah Province. The Linc is proposed 10
carry bulk electricity from Duke installations
on the piedmont to Nantahala's service area
in the mountains. But scratching away the
surface reveals that there is more, much
more, at stake in this project than the needs
of a small rural utility company.
The Linc is 10 be 26 miles long,
strung from hilltop to hilltop on towers that
would range from 125 10 175 feet in height
and 100 feet wide at the base, costing at
least $30 million to construct. It will carry
two 230 kilovolt (KV) high-tension lines
from Duke installations in the Jocassee
watershed to a point near Cashiers, NC,
from which point a single 161 KV line
would continue on to tie in with a
sub-station planned for construction in the
small community ofTuckascgee in Jackson
County, NC.
The Line would climb out of the
Jocassee Watershed, leaving an ugly scar
through the basin of the Toxaway River.
Along its route The Line would march up
the sides and over the top of Toxaway
Mountain, marring the face of that mountain
beloved by residents and summer people
alike in Transylvania County, NC. It would
stretch along the sides of the Pamhcnown
Valley, a spectacular area that harbors sights
of sheer cliffs and rare vegetation not 10 be
found anywhere else in the cast.
The Linc would bisect imponant wild
habitat areas in the Greenland Creek
drainage and the Tuckascgee River Valley,
which arc large areas of uninterrupted forest
that would be cut in two and laid open
forever after to disruption by humans and
their machines. Fanher down the valley,
The Line would swallow up property and
homes and heedlessly push aside families
who have lived on the same farms and
homesites for generations.
One evening in May representatives
of citizen and environmental groups and
residents of the NP&L service area came
together to talk about The Linc. As the
conversation moved around the table, and
each participant spoke of his or her own
perspective or fears on the issue, the pieces
of the giant jigsaw puzzle that is Duke's
master plan for the Kauiah Province, fell
into place.
Ripped Off by Alcoa
Veronica Nicholas, a county
commissioner in Jackson County, told of a
decade-long struggle between a group called
Citizens for Low-Cost Power and the Alcoa
Aluminum Company, the industrial giant
that presently owns NP&L (sec Katuah
Journal #3). Originally, Alcoa had set up
hydroelectric generating facilities on the
TV A lakes in the Tuckasegee River
watershed as a public utility, which meant
DUKE'S POWER PLAY
that the company had certain privileges in
acquiring land and setting rates that went
along with the obligation to provide power
to the residentS of the area.
However, soon after the generating
facilities were completed, Alcoa split its
holdings into two companies, Tapoco
Company and NP&L. Tapoco, although it
was originally established as pan of a public
utility, was kept to feed Alcoa's voracious
energy appetite. NP&L remained a utility to
provide for the area residents, but it was
clearly a "neglected stepchild" of the parent
corporation.
When Tapoco was a utility, almost all
of the area's electrical needs were met with
hydroelectric power generated in th.!
mountains. After the split, NP&L's
generating capacity had to be supplemented
by power purchased outside the region.
This resulted in the ludicrous situation of
Alcoa siphoning cheap electric power from
the mountains, while ratepayers in the hiUs
paid to have nuclear power "wheeled in"
from the Tennessee Valley Authority. Not
only did the nuclear power cost more, but it
had to pass directly through the Alcoa plant
on its way back to the mountains!
NP&L ratepayers finally rebelled in
1977 and began legal motions to regain the
use of Tapoco's generating power and 10
recover the money with which they had
been subsidizing Alcoa. The case went
through extended litigation, until the
ratepayers were flatly denied by an
unsympathetic conservative bench on the
US Supreme Court in 1987.
"II feels that (with this sale) we arc
simply changing masters," said Nicholas.
"It is becoming increasingly clear that we
are losing our power to determine the use of
our natural resources. That's what my main
input will be tonight: Tapoco is not included
in thjs sale to Duke Power. Alcoa is trying
to relieve itself of itS public obligations, just
as it did in the l950's when it tried to sell its
transmission lines to Duke. If this sale goes
through, Tapoco will be supplying the
power Alcoa needs for smelting aluminum,
and our ability to provide for ourselves will
be forever gone."
Biology professor Dan Pittillo,
chairman of the Western North Carolina
Alliance and a resident of Jackson County,
added, "NP&L has never been funded
properly, and it has not been able LO keep up
with their maintenance as they should, so
that there is S40 million in maintenance that
needs to be done in the next ten years.
"Duke promised us that when they
purchased the company, ratCS would remain
stable for five years. rm thinking, though,
that after that time the rates we will have to
pay will go up from the 4.5-5 cents per
kilowatt/hour that we arc paying now, to
8-9 cents per kilowatt/hour, which is about
what Duke's rates arc at present"
Pittillo also displayed a copy of a
Duke Power annual report, published in
February, 1988, which boasted that, "If
regulators approve the acquisiton, we expect
that NP&L will become a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Duke Power. The company
(continued on next page)
KATUAH-page 19
SUMMER- 1988
�HOLD THAT LINE!
WHAT'S ON THE OTHER END
OF THE DUKE POWER LINE?
- HABITAT & SCENIC AREAS
DESTRUCTION?
- NUCLEAR DEPENDENCY AND
NUCLEAR WASTE?
- RATE HIKES FOR EXPENSIVE
IMPORTED POWER?
- MORE DAMS? ENERGY
EXPLOITATION OF THE MOUNTAINS?
)!
~;
- ..
c:
• ·c
LET'S GET THE FACTS BEFORE DUKE BUYS OUT
NANTAHALA POWER AND LIGHT
S! •
-
Write to the public staff of the NC Utilities Commission.
Support their request to postpone hearings on the
Nantahala sale until, September.
Address: Antoinette-Wike, Public Staff, NC Utlltltles
u
c •
2
S!
,, >
c( .Cl
Commission, P.O. Box 29520, Ralelgh, NC 27626
M ,... fOf ttf HO\.D THAT llNIJ l o• -
Otll• "°" NC tUU
(continued from page 19)
will in turn supply bulk power to
supplement NP&L's hydroelectric
generating system. To deliver that power,
Duke will build a transmission line to the
NP&L system and gain a direct link.for the
first time with the 7VA, which serves more
than 3.1 million customers in seven states.
That link will create the opportunity for
other bulk power sales to the west."
(emphasis ours)
Showdown at Coley Creek
Sitting near Pinillo was Bill Thomas,
public lands chair for the NC state Sierra
Club chapter and a co-chairman of the
Jocassec Watershed Coalition. Duke has
nlready damaged a pristine wilderness area
in that basin with a pumped-storage project
on Bad Creek.
Thomas said, "The Jocassee
Watershed Coalition is tied up with this
transmission line in some fashion, because
Duke is considering putting a second 2100
megawau pumped-storage facility on Coley
Creek at a cost of $3.3 billion dollars. We
thought aJI along that they were jiggering
their electrical demand forecast to make it
appear as if they would need a 5,000
megawatt output in their service area by the
year2000.
"What I'm thinking now, when I sec
this NP&L move, is that there is no penalty
co Duke for over-forecasting if they have
this pipeline to the west. What we are seeing
is the use of North Carolina resources being
used for Duke's profit, as they extend their
tentacles to the west. That's a matter of
public policy that needs to be debated quite
fiercely."
Thomas continued, "Jim Hendricks,
principal engineer of Duke's design
division, and others have told us that the
ultimate plan is to put in a 500 KV line.
That means that any route that is chosen will
have two sets of towers and a 1,000·1,500
foot right-of-way.
"500 KV lines are up in the voltage
range where possible adverse health effects
are something you can't just brush off. I
don't know much about electromagnetic
KATIJAH - page 20
radiation fields, but it has been brought up
as a possible cause for health problems in
other places."
"Why, western North Carolina is
being set up like dominoes!" someone
exclaimed. "If they can get that line in, then
they can justify Coley Creek. And, while
they've been saying they need it to supply
NP&L, all along they've been wanting to
sell power to TVA and even further west!"
''What we are seeing is the
use of North Carolina
resources being used for
Duke's profit, as they extend
their tentacles to the west.
That's a matter of public
policy that needs to be
debated quite fiercely."
"We Didn't Want to See lt"
A woman resident from the Sapphire
Community, located along the route of The
Line as it passes through Transylvania
County, said, "It would have been just
above our house. We didn't want to see it,
but we didn't know what effect physically
living under those lines would have. So we
sold our house because of it
"Duke gave us a very good price. We
asked them if we should price it without our
furniture, but they said that they wanted co
keep the furnishings, because they were
going to use the house for an executive
retreat. That doesn't sound like a public
service company to me."
Dan Pittillo said, "A main issue in this
discussion is the attitude that Duke is taking.
Duke is working like an aggressive business
1hat is interested in selling power and
keeping people working on their projects.
They are doing what is good for business.
Their interest is not the people whom they
are supposed to be serving. They are not
interested in conserving energy. Why, if
Duke were on a conservative bent, they
would have no need for this whole system
whatsoever!"
Others in the room spoke as well.
Several Jackson County residents were
unalterably opposed to Duke Power's
nuclear record and the company's lobbying
effons to bring the Southeastern Compact's
low-level radioactive waste dump to North
Carolina. They wanted 1he NP&L sale
stopped completely.
Some of the most vigorous
opposition came from members of a
property-owners' group around Lake
Toxaway, whose main interest was in
maintaining the value of their area as a
vacation spot. They complained of Duke's
high·handed methods in not consulting with
local people as The Line was being planned,
buying the right-of-way propenies under
false pretenses, and announcing the project
only after the property was purchased and
the company was already commi11ed to a
specific route. Although Duke's publicity
said alternate routes were being considered,
the propeny-owners said that the company
could produce no alternative plans when
asked to do so.
The group gathered together that
evening represented different people from
different points of view, but each piece
added co the puzzle made the whole picture
of Duke Power Company's plans for the
"development" of Katuah become more
frighteningly clear.
David Wheeler
SUMMER 1988
�Tiffi CHEROKEE MICRO-HYDROELEC1RIC
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT:
An Appropriate Community Energy System
(Readers are referred to the article
"llomemade Electricity• by Richard llotaJing in
Ka11jah Journal #4 concerning the value,
simplicity, importance, and •how-10• of
micro-hydroelecrric power gtner01io11.)
Tucked away in the shade of a cool
mountain holler on the Cherokee Indian
Reservation is a prototype of an advanced
technology still little-known to the world.
It 1s not made with circuits and
capacitors, but rather with concrete, plastic
pipe, and common sense. It is a
micro-hydroelectric system that taps the
kinetic energy of the Galamore Branch, a
small creek flowing down from the Great
Smoky Mountains National Park into the
Raven Fork in the Big Cove Community.
Electricity produced at the site powers
the Big Cove Head Stan Center, the Big
Cove Community Center, and the Big Cove
Volunteer Fire Department building. The
project has been developed through the
cooperation of Appalachian State
University, the Energy Division of the
Nonh 01rolina Depanment of Commerce,
and Save the Children, lnc ..
by Michael Red Fox
With its abundant water supplies and
steep slopes, the Katuah Province is ideally
suited by climate and topography for
micro-hydro power production. It is hoped
that the Cherokee project will serve as a
model that will help increase popular
awareness that micro-hydro is a benign,
narural, and renewable energy resource and
will encourage the development of
micro-hydroelectric sites in other areas of
Kan1ah.
The site on Galamore Branch was
located in an early study of
micro-hydroelectric si1es in Katuah. The
study found 1,950 suitable micro-hydro
sites in the mountains that would be capable
of producing a combined potential output of
34,000 kilowaus of energy if developed.
Fifty-three of these sites are on the
Cherokee Indian Reservation and represent
a combined potential output of970 kilowaus.
The Big Cove micro-hydro system
divens a design flow of 1.2 cubic feet per
second through a six inch diameter PVC
penstock (pipe) for a distance of 2,500 feet
10 develop a net head (drop) of 210 feet
The intake structure is located at a
point where the streambed is less than six
feet wide and consists of a poured concrete
dam, which divens water into a concrete
seuling basin.
The energy generated by the falling
water is convened by a Pelton turbine wheel
into a design power output of 12 kilowaus.
The small turbo-generator is located beside
the Head Start pre-school building, which is
the primary load center that utilizes most of
the electricity produced The maximun load
for lhe pre-school is 7.4 kilowatts, which is
currently being reduced somewhat through
load management devices and more efficient
lighting.
Under federal law, small electricity
producers have a right to be connected into
the commercial power grid. However, the
Galamore Branch project is too small for
interconnection to be cost-effective.
Operating on a "stand-alone" basis (not
connected to the larger utility grid) requires
a ballast to prevent the electrical generator
from over-speeding when the load is low.
Currently the ballast load is divened
into two three-kilowatt resistance space
heaters mounted on the basement wall of the
Head Stan Center. However, plans call for
an integra1ed system in which the
micro-hydro plant will complement a
passive solar greenhouse to be built on the
side of the school building, which will
include water containers for a solar algae
pond aquaculture operation.
The water absorbs solar heat directly
and will not need backup heating in the
winter. But electrical resistance coils buried
in a bed of sand below the containers will
act as electrical ballast for the micro-hydro
system and will provide additional heat for
the tanks.
It is fitting that the Cherokee people
are developing this energy alternative. By
utilizing lhe natural products of the
ever-circling environment, they are
following the traditional values of their
culture in a modem context.
Micro-hydroelectric power is a
liberating technology. lt is a technology
scaled to living and working in place. It has
minimal negative environmental impacts and
could be a significant resource in developing
the new, land-based economv of Katuah.
Micro-hydroelectric power production
is site specific: each unique stream site
determines a different configuration for a
micro-hydro system. But the principles are
everywhere 1he same. The Galamore Branch
project provides descriptive exhibits and
workshops on micro-hydroelectric power
generation.
For information on visiting the
project, contact:
Save the Children
Box33J
Cherokee, NC
Ka/Uah Province 287I 9
or call (704) 497-6092
Michail Red Fox Is a whitt person
living on the Cherokl!e Indian Reserva1io11. fie was
involved in the design a11d construction of tht
micro-hydroelectric instal/Olion 011 Gal.amore Branch
aN1 is now head opera/or of the project.
KATIJAH- page21
SUMMER-1988
�spruce mountain song
DRUMMING
LETTERS TO KATUAH
~
If I could take this broken world
and give it back it's trees
it's gentle healing summer rain
f
~
it's clear, cool, autumn breeze
then I could rake the magic of the wood
the magic of the mind
and spread it then to ail my kin
to all of humankind
~
~
.i
And yet I know even as I speak
that this cannot be done
J.
I feel the earth through every pore
my healing bas begun
we start out as a candle flame
we will become the sun
~~i
~
~
~ ::°'b::::g: ~ethe
~
l
~.
-
earth
Mara Bradburn, 16
~
Robert Stough
Deny.PA
'..t
:rl·
~~
;~
~
~
4
~
~
;
~.g
~.~ i·
~
~
.... .It's funny how I picked today to read this issue of
Katuab, because I took a long walk through the woods
today with my neighbor (I live in the mountains of north
Georgia). We walked an old road that runs by Sharp Mt.
Creek I often stopped to wonder what life was like here in
these woods hundreds of years ago and how peaceful it must
have been to be one with nature, in this sacred land.
I will be looking forward to bearing from you.
Valerie Ansted
Jasper, GA
~
~
~
kt.
~
!§
t~~~~~~~~~.\t:19~..~~~~ .
Dear Kattlah,
We're busy in this area trying to repel the
Superconducting Supercollider the governor of this state
thinks should be in Durham, Granville, and Person counties.
We're talking forced relocation of (at least) 100 or so
families, some who have lived here for 5-7 generations
already.
The SSC is an atom smasher (53-mile underground
circle), that will produce particles of energy called muo.ns,
that will penetrate soil, rock and groundwater tables. It will
only be used for 25 years, at which time they have no idea
bow they will deal with the leftovers (our children).
Please help us pray for the Eanh and our children here
in the flatlands.
Tara Clayton
Rougemont, NC
KATUAH - page 22
summer morning dew, the nightclouds gone,
dawnlight glowing on the old sugar maples,
tree-snails stiJTing in its thick moss-fur,
i take the deer-trails through soaking meadows,
thoughts flowing with the yellow swallowtails
over hucklebeny meadows bumming with bees,
past moccasin orchids, young ferns in the sun,
through flame azaleas and wind-twisted birch
into deep spruce shadows, mossy and still,
then down a ways along a faint grassy trail
to a cool spring among ancient spruce/sages,
and rested there awhile. a stone for a pillow,
a feather in the hair of the wild old nx>untain,
then wandered on, sailing with the ravens
over jwnbled rockfields and tangles blowdowns,
by flowering witch-hobble, snow-petaled comets,
sparrows chatting in gnarled gray hawthorns,
a lone swallow skimming the crest
above the broken wing of the old wrecked plane,
i a thoughtless seed drifting on the wind,
each moment a cosmos sprouting,
waves of gn:cn mountains rolling me home,
soaring free, clear blue sky in all my mind
Dear KatUa b,
Thanks so much for the time and interest you are
giving to help make our vision become a reality. Without
such concern of kindred spirits we know that very little
would ever be accomplished.
As I mentioned to you, we need any useful donations
of building materials, hand tools, garden tools, heavy farm
equipment. livestock, and even workers to help clear and
build shelters on over 18 acres, recently purchased to provide
needy people with a "farming community home"!
Thanks again,
Cherie & Tom Lowry
Rt.#5, Box 216 T
Ellijay, GA 30540
(404) 838-4636
SUMMER- 1988
�APPALACHIAN SLEEP
In sleep,
each tree
becomes
the one cree,
each flush
of rhododendron,
color for the cheek
oflhedream
I rub with
dozing fingers,
each mountain,
something to climb
without thinking,
to soar above it
effonlessly
as a brash-feathered bird.
I do not leave
the glorious ou~lde
as I slip beneath ,
the sheet
but bring it w\tb me,
to wearcomfonabJy,
to wrap round
the child's soft body.
John Grey
C RMDESIGNS
Spring Equinox Dream 1988
There is a group of us out on a kind of platfonn and
we are watching a performance: dancing and farting around.
It feels more like a show than a performance. There are some
of the kids among us participating in the performance that is
going on to music. It is a kind of trapeze they are playing on
that is pulling them over humps in the straps etc. They seem
to be having fun playing on it, though the apparatus does not
seem to be working very well. At some point we realize that
!here is an authority that is about to impose a soning on us.
We each have numbers and are seated on these smooth
rounded pebble like soners that glide easily on the floor
surface. As we are being sorted we go through openings in
which we can not see the ends or where they come out. I
realize that I do not have a number, and begin to also realize
that I am being sorted toward the low end of the numbers.
People with low numbers or no numbers are soned for
extinction by the brutal authority. As I am finally sorted into
this category 1 become restless and begin to search for ways
to get over to the groups with higher numbers, such as 8 or 9
and find it very intimidating and difficult. There seem to be
no physical police yet their presence is still felt. I have with
me a metallic object that has on it a symbol like a planet or a
rounded form and a there is a feather sticking out of it It
becomes a spirit guide to me as 1 get a rush of energy from it
and find my way to survival. This magic symbol in metallic
form spoke to me with wisdom and 1 easily made it to the
group that slipped past the authority. It showed me that I had
my own energy with which to escape the trap that was made.
Later we are walking through a passageway and I am so
amaz.ed that we made it through alright. I remember the spirit
guide and its assistance. Together some friends and I realize
that this is all a movie of ourselves that we are watching, and
we are walking out of a kind of theatre in the earth. Soon we
are all together in the yard of our house around a fire. There
is a friend who is burning huge sticks of incense and we are
talking, and eating, and laughing.
RM
You know
Sometimes
in the quiet cool of summer dusk
I sit oo the porch after a rain
has washed the dark mountains and covered them
with quiet mist
a restless dream
rising and rolling
and the still hum of a million trees
lulling to the milky sky
like
This moment
as the river murmurs in its sleep
a hot tongue of lightning licks a distant ridge
the husky voice of far off thunder
sends a shudder through the bedded earth
she turns and breathes a long green sigh
and in her subtle sleepy way
Whispers the answer
- Tony Fisher
KA TUAH - page 23
SUMMER- 1988
�A Conversation
with
Ruth and Rio
of Celo Community
continued from p. 10
Ruth: It was one of the worst things!
-the worst! How to deal with multiflora
rose.
K: lt seems that people here have
very different lifestyles and interests that
keep them busy and not as involved with
each other as they might be. That may make
support difficult. Yet diversity can also be a
strength ...
the dark. Someone put a flashlight in the
middle of the circle and there were just
shadows... and there was such a difference
in the way people were sharing! That was
when I talked about the next workday...and
I was able to be real vibrant and alive 'cause
everyone wasn't staring at me. It was like I
was in the dark by myself talking to I don't
know who.
Ruth: Yeah- I really value the large
age diversity here. You have the wisdom of
people who've been here so long and have
been through all the processes and then you
have the young sprouts wilh new ideas and
energy--it's such a nice mixture.
K: Because some want to use
herbicides and some don't?
Ruth: Yes, and some don't even care
if we get rid of it
Rio: What's neat about the older
members is how open they are to new ideas.
And how they can even joke about
themselves and the community and how
crazy it is here.
Rio: And some say, "We've been
fighting it forever and it's getting away from
us so let's have careful use of chemicals and
just get rid of it "...and it's become such a
touchy subject people don't even want to
bring it up anymore.
Ruth: I remember hearing an older
member talk about the process in the
meetings being just like in a family--how
you're certainly going to have
disagreements so you just go ahead and
have them and move on. And you still love
each other because you're a family.
Ruth: So it took some new people to
say, "Let's go folks ... those who wanna do
it, come on out - we'll have a great time!"
K: So what'd you do?
Rio:
And knowing that the
difficulties not only pass but that they're
useful. And that new energy is coming in
and things are moving constantly.
Rio: We cut and grubbed... and got
rid of a Jot!
.~
Ruth : Life would be like that
E anywhere, only there are more rewards and
Ruth: And the same day a big group
also cleaned up the river. People were really
enthusiastic and had a fun time together. I'd
like to see that trend continue.
~ more possibilities here than I can imagine
:i
d
Ruth: People not being open with
how they feel.
Rio: I tend to say very little in the
meetings because I'm often intimidated.
Ruth: But you're loosening up.
Rio: I have to-I'm secretary of the
Property Committee so I have to read my
minutes and if people think I didn't do it
right I have to go through that.
K: It's great you're doing it.
Rio: It is. I do see it as a good
process for me.
Ruth: One of the best meetings we've
had recently was last month's. There was a
thunderstorm and the lights went out and
three-fourths of the meeting took place in
KATUAH-page24
K : Making a commitment to land is
.9
Rio: Some of the complaints now are
about how group process in the meetings is
so difficult. ..
K: Because of communication
problems?
having anyplace else.
seems to give a blessing to whatever
happens there. It almost assures success
because the land is so giving in return.
1i' such an important thing to do these days .. .it
!
K: Sounds like you should hold all
of them that way! You mentioned
relationships before and how important they
are in communities ... yet some people
probably came here panly to avoid deali.ng
with others as much ...aod suddenly find
they're as close as ever!
Rio: That reminds me - Billy
Bernstein wrote a hilarious song after he'd
been here awhile -·it goes something like "I
thought I was dropping out but it looks like
rm dropping in"!
Ruth: Celo is also getting fairly large
and that makes group process all the more
difficult
Rio: And there arc so many opinions
and the aim is to reach consensus on
everything. It also seems that with groups in
general it's hard to make commitments and
follow through on what you say you'll do.
It really takes supporting each other.
Ruth: That makes me think about
owning land. We owned some land in
Minnesota and I never even felt like I owned
it even though it was in my name. Holding
land as a community feels much closer to
true ownership. I want to call it
stewardship. It's about taking care of land
the way it needs to be taken care of and not
about saying, "I can do whatever I want
with it!" That doesn't even make sense to
me.
I'm really grateful to Arthur Morgan
and the others who started this place - and
all the work that's gone into it over the
years. And the longer fm here, the more I
appreciate it. It's such a healing
place... there's healing going on, and you
can't even put your finger on it - it's just
happening.
SUMMER - 1988
�The "'i4Jhtan4s of Roan
continued from p. 7
The SAHC is leading the way in securing this
much-needed protection. Examination of a broad range of
alternatives has led SAHC to conclude that protection can
best be accomplished through a blend of federal, state and
private ownership. SAHC encourages governmental
protection where appropriate, receives gifts of land and buys
land from willing sellers using donated funds. To date,
SAHC has protected approximately 900 acres through private
means and has partially funded a 693-acre acquisition by the
state of Tennessee. Approximately 9,500 acres still remain to
be protected.
SAHC's protection strategy Involves four approaches:
I. Receive gifts of land, including conservation
easements and other partial interests.
2. Encourage additional acquisition by Federal and State
agencies.
3. Purchase lands or interests in lands with donated
funds; own and manage such lands. The bulk of the
protection will be accomplished by this means.
4. Register lands under the respective Stare Namral Area
Registry programs; since registry is nm binding upon the
registrant, it may be considered only temporary
protection.
Cooperating with SAHC in saving the Highlands are
state agencies in North Carolina and Tennessee as well as the
US Forest Service. Endorsing the program are the National
Audubon Society, the Garden Club of America, the
Appalachian Trail Conference, and numerous state 8Jld local
organizations.
Without an active plan for preservation, it is likely that
much of the area now unprotected would eventually be
purchased by developers. In the early days of the
preservation effort, a part of the area was purchased by
developers. Fortunately these tracts were since acquired by
the US Forest Service. To date there have been two kinds of
development pressures: 1) second homes and 2) high density
recreation. Development activity bas been particularly strong
o.n the North Carolina side of the mountain. The largest
stngle development is on Beech Mountain, about 10 miles to
the aonheas1 of the Highlands of Roan. A particularly
controversial development is that on top of Sugar Mountain
where a concrete ten-story condominium is visible from
many points. Public outcry against this intrusion was so
great that the NC Legislature passed a "ridge law" restricting
construction on mountain tops; however, there is no
equivalent law for the slopes. Numerous smaller
developments are in the vicinity. Throughout the
Newland-Linville-Boone area, second homes are appearing
on many ridges and in rural areas.
The high density recreation developments have so far
been primarily oriented toward skiing. One large tract within
the preservation project boundaries was earlier surveyed as a
possible ski resort and determined to be among the top ten
sites in the southeast. (The same tract was considered as a
site for a Tennessee Regional State Prison.) There are large
ski developments on nearby Beech Mountain, Sugar
Mountain, Big Bald, and at Seven Devils. If skiing business
increases, development pressures will escalate.
The adverse consequences of developments within a
unique natural area are worth recounting: First, developments
limit accessibility by the general public. The owners of
second homes want privacy. Other facilities may be limited to
club members or pacrons. Second, it is clear that the health of
the animal populations within the Roan massif depends upon
an adequate range over which they can roam and feed.
The entire massif provides protection for certain
species that individual tracts a lone cannot provide.
Rare plant and animal species are more likely to survive in a
large area of protected tracts. Third, the views from the
higher summits depend absolutely on the absence of
incompatible development on the massif itself, particularly
within the project boundaries adopted by SAHC. High
density recreation facilities, public or private, could be so
heavily used that the present naturalness-would disappear.
KATUAH- page 25
'lt is cCea.r that the health of the
ani.mat poputati.ons wi.thi.n the
.Roan massi.f depends u.pon an
adequate ran9e over which they
can rnam and feed. The enti.rn
massi.f prnvi.des prntecti.on for
certai.n. speci.es that i.ndi.vi.du.a[
tracts a!on.e cannot provi.de.
SAHC realizes that the task of land protection cannot
be accomplished simply by acquiring lands and conferring on
them a certain conservation status. A continuing stewardship
program must be exercised to prevent damage from
ever-present threats to existing natural values. SAHC's plan
is to keep the Highlands of Roan the way they are: to
maintain the balds, to leave the forests undisturbed. to
encourage retention of fanning and other rural activities on
the lower slopes, and generally to let the lands be available to
the visitor on foot. The overall goal of SAHC's stewardship
program is to accommodate nondestructive scientific,
educational, and recreational uses of the Highlands of Roan
while protecting their biological and physical features.
To assure survival of the rich fauna and flora of Roan
Mountain, SAHC is keenly aware that management plans and
preserve boundaries must consider both habitat diversity
and t he total size of the a rea to be protected.
Boundary and acquisition decisions based on the narrow
distributions and requirements of individual plant species and
a few special plant communities will not suffice. A broad
view of the protection zone-·one which considers
wildlife habitat, animal mobility, and critical
population size--is more likely to ass ure
preservation of both the flora and the vast wildlife
legacy.
Vital to the success of SAHC's plan to preserve the
Highlands of Roan is a strong and successful fund-raising
program. SAHC has launched a major effon to raise the
approximately $10 million needed to complete the private
share of the protection plan. Nearly $1,000,000 has been
raised so far mainly from individuals. Individual
memberships in SAHC are available from a $10 minimum
Subscribing Membership to $1,000 or more as a Life
Member. Currently SAHC bas approximately 1800
members in 40 states.
SAHC also receives donations. The project is an
excellent vehicle for individual tax-deductible giving.
Appreciated land, securities and other property may be
donated without payment of capital gains tax; donors may
take a tax deduction on the market value of the gift as well.
The donation goes into the land fund and is used for the
acquisition of tracts within the project. SAHC also maintains
a perpetual register of memorial gifts. Also a number of
members have named SAHC as beneficiary in their wills; no
estate taxes are payable on bequests to tax-exempt
organizations. Another common form of giving is to take out
a life insurance policy and make SAHC the beneficiary and
owner of the policy. Such donations are tax-deductible as
well as the premium payments.
Becoming a member of the Southern Appalachian
Highlands Conservancy and volunteering time and skills is
an excellent way to participate in the protection of this
excraoidinary treasure-the Highlands of Roan.
~
Southern Appalachian Highlands Conser vancy
P.O. Box 3356, Kingsport, TN 37664
(615) 323-3677
This ar1icle was compiled by Marnie Muller of
Katuah
Journal Crom SAHC materials, panicularly
the SAHC Case Statement. Special thanlcs to Stan
Murcay of SAHC.
SUMMER-1988
�LEARNING COMMUNITY
-Arth ur Morgan Schoolcontinucd from p. 12
'The reason we have such a variety of
experiences and such an openness about
giving the students choices is because we
know that there arc things that each student
can do well. We make an effon to help find
out what they are, and we let them know in
a sincere way that they arc good enough,"
said Patty.
ttEvery situation is approached
slightly differently. We try to give
everybody involved a chance to talk about
their perspective. We try to clarify all the
specifics of any problem. We might use the
chalkboard for writing 'this is his problem
with the issue, and this is what he would
like to see happen' and 'this is her problem
and what she would like to see happen' to
get everything clearly out
'This can be done in a small group,
or in the all-school meetings which happen
weekly. It is a consensus process and deals
with the issue in a way that can satisfy
everybody. Discipline often comes in the
form of a proposal that is carried on during
a trial period, such as from one all-school
meeting to the next. and then re-evaluated."
In this way students have the opponunity to
participate significantly in making decisions
that affect them.
Cooperation is another quality needed
in a healthy community. This means sharing
the work as well as the play. Students arc
involved in all phases of community
responsibility - cooking, cleaning, wood
gathering and spli11ing, and gardening.
Wor k teaches responsibility and
interdependence as well as practical skills.
Patty said. "If a student doesn't want
to do their chore at lunch, and their job is to
wash dishes, then that throws everything
off. It means that whoever is drying and
potting dishes away can't do it, or has to
wait In practical ways like that we try to
poi.n t out that each student's personal
actions affect everyone dse.
"This isn't the right school for
everybody. We want to be clear about what
the school is. We're flexible in trying to
meet each student's needs to an extent, but
if a student has a problem with stealing
things, for example, we're not willing to
lock everything up so that ccnain student
can remain here. If a student can't cope with
the 'freedom within a structure' that we
offer here, we're not going to change our
whole philosophy."
Elizabeth Morgan in her notes
referred to a quote from Mahatma Mohandas
Gandhi that summed up that philosophy: "A
school should be built by the children,
should seek to be self-supporting, and
should never be finished!"
,
DE.SIGNS
by Rob Messick
1
1tus1ra1lon & Design
in Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil
P.O. Box 2801 •
Boone. NC 28007 •
(704)7~;
111.TMVIOLET l'UWICATIOtl AHO fllTBllMO IYITfMI
GM PlflODUCTI • WATSI AHAL\'Ill
.HWY. 107
RAN~
C. LANIER
~2
RT. II IOX 125
CUL.1..0WHEE, NC am
T-SHIRTS, SWEATSHIRTS
For ADULTS and CHILDREN
15 ORIGINAL
HANO-PRINTED
NATURE DESIGNS
EACH COWRFUL
DESIGN IS
PRlN'IED ON
QUALITi T' s
AND SWEATS
Chinese
Acupuncture
and
Herbology
Clinic
M. C. Majebe
Licensed Acupuncturist
78 East Chestnut St. Ashevllle, NC 28801
(704) 258-901 6
KATIJAH - page 26
S~R-1988
�. ........
NABC ill
From Aug 21-26, 1988, Lhe Third North
A meric an Biorcgio na l Con gress
(NABC III) will draw Turtle Islanders
from all over the continent to Vancouver,
British Columbia, for a five-day celebration
of their varied cultural forms and their
commitment to the restoration of ecological
harmony on this pan of the planet
NABC Ill will adopt a cultural focus,
encouraging panicipants to express their
bioregional identities by telling their stories,
presenting displays and mapping projects,
exhibiting their arts and craflS, and sharing
their cerebral and ceremonial activities.
For more information, write NABC III,
Box 99, Lillooet, BC, Canada VOK !VO.
Individuals or groups wishing to contact
other NABC participants from Katliab may
phone (704) 683-1414.
For a copy of NABC ll Proceedings, a
112-page report on the 1986 Congress,
send $11. 50 (p & h included) to Ha.rt
Publishing, Box 1010, Forestville, CA
95436.
Cry, Sacred G round: Big Mountai n
U.S.A. (© 1988) by Anita Parlow js a
compelling oral testimony of Navaho
sheepherders who describe the religious
beliefs that underlie the impressive
resistance to stop a disinheritance from their
sacred ground. The Navahos who share
l11eir stories do so to make certain that what
is happening will not be forgotten - and that
it be stopped. As one Medicine Man told the
author, "our children will know that we
knew how to live.as' Navahos and we knew,
too, how to die as Navahos.
Cry, Sacred G ro und, produced by the
Sacred Lands Project of the Christie
Institute, includes 50 photographs and
artwork by award-winning artist William
Franklin.
,
.
The Sacred Lands Project of th.e Christie
lnstiuae, 1324 North Capitol Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20002
Who Owns North Carolina is a
420-page guide to the largest landowners in
the state's 100 counties, tile result of the
most exhaustive land ownership
investigation ever undertaken for a state or
region in the U.S.
Maps, charts, data analysis, and
interpretative essays offer statistical details
and comparative ranlcings of each county's
largest landowners, data on forestry and
farming in each county, rankings of the
counties by 25 different social, economic,
and political characteristics, and discussion
by the project's investigators of the cultural
significance of their findings.
The book is available for $30 for
Katuah readers (mention our name). Write:
lnstitme for Sowhern Studies, P.O. Box
531, Durham, NC 27702
The International 4th World
Assembly will hold its seventh assembly
this summer, July 31-August 4, 1988 at
Meredith College in Raleigh, NC. The 4th
World is an informal group of people from
all over the world who affirm the right of
urban neighborhoods and rural villages to
make their own decisions abopt their own
Jives. The theme this year is "Community
Economics As If the Earth Mattered".
Registration is open to all. Full conference
fee including meals, lod ging and
proceedings is $150.
For more info: School of Living, 7th
assembly; 3030 Sleepy Hollow Rd, Falls
Church, VA 22042.
Economics as If the Earth Really
Matte r e d is the first in a new series of
books from New Society Publishers
exploring the possibilities for creating an
accountable economy. The book by Susan
Meeker-Lowry offers hundreds of
suggestions of how average people can
invest their money and/or their time in
building a new economy in harmony with
life-affirming values. Subjects covered
include boycotts, shareholder action,
socially responsible investment funds,
small-scale investing, projects i n local
economic control and worker-ownership,
new community economics, tools for
reinvestment and.revitalization, alternative
exchange systems, and seeds for the future.
Dozens of names and addresses and
resource lists round out this unique and
exciting book.
Meeker-Lowry, publisher of Cara/yst-a
quarterly newsletter for those interested in
small-scale socially responsible investing,
offers us new glimpses of ways in which
people are using their participation in the
economic system as a vehicle for the
expression of consciously chosen values:
living in harmony with the earth, fighting
poverty and injustice, combatting feelings of
helplessness and hopelessness, and building
lives which combine diversity and
synthesis, integration and balance.
New Society Publishers, P.O. Box 582,
Santa Cruz, CA 95061-0582
The Ca r olina Associa tion fo r t he
Ad va ncement of Midwifery (CAAM)
is a grassroolS organization whose goal is to
remove the current legal restrictions that
prevent direct-entry midwives from
practicing in North Carolina. CAAM's goal
is to promote competent and legal midwives
to serve the women and families of North
Carolina. CAAM wants members from all
over North Carolina. Membership ($10/yr)
entitles one to receive future issues of
Midwifery News as well as contribute to the
effort to make North Carolina a state where
parents have real choices about giving birlll.
CAAM, Rt.1, Box 201 M, Durham, NC
27705
A unique
summer comp
uduenture
Natural Food Store
& Deli
160 Broadway
Asheville, NC 28801
{704)683-1414
68:M795
Where &oadWay rMets
Merrlmon Ave & 1-240
OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK
Monday-Saturday: 9am·8pm
Sunday: 1pm-5pm
ror
young people
6 - 18 years old
Woods, water, trail experiences,
horses, crafts, Indian lore
free brochure available
Pepperland Farm Camp
Star Rout e Fiimer, TN 37333
{704) 253-7656
KATUAH - page 27
SUMMER - 1988
�€V€0t'S
7-10
LINVILLE, NC
The Highland Games at
Grandfather Mountain. Caber toss, sheepdog trinls,
Highland dancing, bagpipes. $8.00/day. For more
info, call (704) 733-2013.
9
HELEN, GA
·Appalachian Mountain Music
Festival" at Unicoi State Park; Helen, GA 30545.
Call (404) 878-2201.
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
"Big Game Observation." S4S.
Smoky Mountain Field School Sec 6/},5-26.
9-10
JUNE
19-2S
BRASSTOWN, NC
"June Music and Dance Week" at
John C. Campbell Folk School; Brasstown, NC
28902.
SUMMER
20
CELEBRATION
SOLSTICE
22-26
HIGHLANDS, NC
"The Art of Landscape
Photography" workshop with Gil Leebrick and John
Scarlata. $2SO incl. accommodations. Appalachian
Environmental Ans Center; P.O. Box 580;
Highlands, NC 28741
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
"Wild Mammals of the Great
Smokies" field instruction with Dr. Michael Pelton.
$45. Smoley Mountain Field School; 2016 Lake
Ave.; Knoxville, TN 37996.
25-26
29
Full Moon
29
RABUN GAP, GA
"Wild Fems" expedition with
Marie Mellinger. $8 incl. lunch. The Hambidge
Center; P.O. Box 339; Rabun Gap, GA 30568 or
ca1J (404) 746-5718.
13
New Moon
13
RABUN GAP, GA
"Materializing the Shadows."
Investigating stream life with Dr. William
Mcl.arney. The Hambidge Center, SQC 6(29.
17-23
m G HLANDS, NC
"Transcendentalism on the
Mountain" seminar at The Mountain; 841 Highway
106; Highlands, NC 28741
29-31
CELO, NC
"Midw i fery
in
the
Mountains" conference. Workshops on
"Herbs in Pregnancy and Binh," "Medical
Questions," "Body Work," "Tricks of the
Trade," more. With Lucinda Flodin;
Barbara King, MD; Lisa Goldstein; Pat
Roy; others. $55 incl. meals. Lisa
Goldstein; 823-C Hannah Branch Rd.;
Burnsville, NC 28714. (704) 675-5316.
30.31
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
"Mushroom ldcntific.ation," for
beginners. $45. Smoky Mountain Field School, sec
6/2S-26.
22-24
HOT SPRINGS, NC
"Rhinoceros Glances at the Moon:
The Art of Movement as Meditation.• Tai Chi
weekend with Jay Dunbar. $75. Southern Dharma,
see7/l-4.
22-24
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
Family Weekend at Great Smoley
Mountains Institute at Tremont. Hiking,
siorytelling, music, more. AdultS:· $4S. Children:
$35. Write at Townsend, TN 37882 or call (615)
448-6709.
RALEIGH, NC
Fourth World Conference
("break down all the big powers into their
ethnic or bioregional areas") - bioregional
sp~ers, including Jim Berry, Peter Berg,
Susan Meeker-Lowry, and Mamie Muller.
At Meredith College. $150. For more info,
write School of Living; 3030 Sleepy
Hollow Rd.; Falls Church, VA 22042..or
call (703) 237-7507.
24-29
JULY
1-31
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Mountain Sweet Talk," a two-act
play with The Folktellers, Barbara Freeman and
Connie Regan-Blake, at the Folk An Center on the
Blue Ridge Parkway. Advance LickctS: S8.00. Call
(704) 258-11 13.
GREAT SMOKIES PARK
"Teacher and Naturalist
Week" (and anyone interested in learning
more about the natural world). Joseph
Cornell (Sharing Nature with Children),
guest instructor. "Learn about the natural
history of the Smokies and ways of
effectively motivating people toward a
deeper appreciation of the natural world."
$145. Great Smoky Mpuntains Institute at
Tremont. See7/22-24
31-8/4
24-30
1-4
HOT SPRINGS, NC
"Writing Down the Bones."
Writing, meditation and yoga retreat with Natalie
Goldberg and Frances Kean. SJ20. Southern Dhnrma
Retreat Center; Rt 1, Box 34- H; Hot Springs, NC
28743.
ROANOKE, VA
"Celebrate Love• conrerence
sponsored by Visions or Tomorrow at Hollins
College. Cllls.<:es, events, conccrtS. Program: S165;
w/ food, acc. $290. Contact: Jan Settle; Rt. I, Box
310-A; Goode, VA 24556
28
AUG.UST
l
LAMMAS
FESTIVAL
1-28
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Mountain Swee1 Talk," sec
7/1 -31.
1-31
C HEROKEE, NC
"The Art of Cherokee
Fingerwcaving" cxhibil at the Cherokee Heritage
Museum and Gallery; Box 477; Cherokee. NC
28719.
5-7
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
Naiuro Siudy Workshop fOI' adults.
$45. Grct1t Smoley Mountains Institute al Tremont,
see 7/22-24
Full Moon
12
KATUAH- page 28
DAY ( Mid s ummer )
New Moon
SUMMER- 1988
�27
ELKrNS, WV
August.a Fcs1ival - 11adilional
music and dance wilh all the 11immings. Write
August.a Hcriiage Ccn1cr, Davis and Elkins College;
Elkins. WV 26241.
Full Moon
12-14
22-28
WILLIS, VA
"Women's Wellness Week"
with Libby Outlaw (massage therapist);
Carolyn Moore, MD; Katherine Chantal
(herbalist); Christine Byrd (nutirtional
counselor); much more. Pre-register: $295
incl. food and acc. Indian Valley Holistic
Center; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis, VA 24380
26-28
LOUISA, VA
· women: Cclcbra1ing Our
Divcrsily - A Multiculiural Galhcring•
wi1h
workshops, performance, dance, culwml sharing.
S35·75 sliding rec. Wrile Women; Twin Oaks
Communi1y; Louisa VA 23093 (703) 894-5126.
10
New Moon
1-30
CHEROKEE, NC
"Ayun'ini (Swimmer): Cherokee
Shaman" exhibi1 al Cherokee Hcrit.age Museum and
Gallery. SceS/1-31.
2-5
BRASSTOWN, NC
"Labor Day Music and Dance
Weekend" wilh Pelc Sulhcrland, Karen Billings,
Marlha Owen, olhcrs. John C. Campbell Folk
School, sec 6/19-25.
3-5
HIGHL ANDS, NC
"Pinhole in lhe Landscape,"
pinhole camera workshop wilh Eric Renner. "/ use
no viewfinder or exposure meter; I rely upon the
passion and the timing within myself and the belief
that it will worlc." Environmcnllll Aris Ccn1cr, sec
6{22-26.
17-18
HARRISONB UR G, VA
"Restoring Wilderness in the
East: A Deep Ecology Perspective"
conference featuring Dave Foreman (Eanh
First!), Gary Lawless (Gulf of Maine
Bioregion), Jamie Sayen (PAW), Barbara
Dugelby (Earth First!), David Wheeler
(Kataah). Sponsored by Virginia Earth
First! and Virginians for Wilderness;
co-sponsored by Karuah. At James Madison
University in Harrisonburg. Registration:
$10 advance, $15 at door. For more info:
write VA EF!; Route 1, Box 250; S1aunton,
VA 2440 I or call (703) 885 6983.
17-18
HE LEN, CA
"Native Americans of lhc
Soulheast• a1 Unicoi St.ate Park, see 7/9.
4
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS
"Wild Mammals or lhc Grcal
Smokies," see 6125-26.
/'
TU~
f~LL GATME~NG
RND THROE FRIR
SEPTEMBER 30 • OCTOBER 2 , 1988
in Floyd County, VA
Actiuitie s, Music, Dancing, Workshop s
Bring: camping equipment, musical instruments, trade goods
For more information, contact:
Katherine Delauney
Will Ashe Bason
Travianna Farm
Rt. 1, Box 217
Check, VA 24072
(703) 745-2708
(703) 651-3492
Need a ride? Share a ride? Call your local Katuah contact person or:
Eastern slope (NC, GA, SC): David Wheeler (705) 586-3146
Tom Hendricks (704) 689-5382
Western slope (TN):
Sariah Loveday (615) 688-7408
KATUAH - page 29
SUMMER- 1988
�STARSPAN ASTROLOGICAL PROFILES:
Relationships, life chans, forccastS. ChartS and
proCcssional taped readings also available. P.O. Boll
10413; Raleigh. NC 27605
WANTED: LAND in western NC. Flllllily seeks 5
or more acres, preferably near Cullowhee, to
preserve and evenwally inhabit U you have or know
or affordable land, contaeL Bob and Mary Davis; 213
Wesunorcland Ct; Georgetown, KY 40324 (502)
863-4267.
MOON DANCE PARM HERBALS - herbal salves,
tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For
brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm: Rt 1,
Box 726; Hampton, TN 37658
FUTONS by Simple Pleasures - affordably priced.
Send SASE for info 10: Simple Pleasures; RL. l,
Box 1426: Clayton, GA 30525 (404) 782-3920
FREE CATALOG - Our books cover solar energy,
natural foods, mCUlphysics, fiction, and poetry. The
latest project is Black Mountain Rtvitw, with
!hemes on lhe individual vs. society. Write: Lorien
House; P.O. Box I 112; Black Mountain, NC 28711
EUSTACE CONWAY- Guide and 1eaeher of
primitive Earth Skills with emphasis on fire
building, hide tanning., shell.er, and foraging. He
teaches at public schools, parks, environmenlal
cen1ers, and classes of au kinds. For more
information contact him at: 602 Deerwood Drive,
Gastonia, NC 28084 or call Allein Stanley al (704)
872-7972
POLE STAR RETREAT CENTER available for
rental. Days. weekends, or weeks. Conferences,
workshops, CIC. in privalC, rural setting. 30 ft yurt,
camping, swimming. Localed near Boone, NC.
Contact: Rt 2, Box 59: Zionville. NC 28698
(904) 385-2071.
GARDENERS are encouraged to visi1 our Paradise
Garden for instruction and inspiralion (free) and/or
perennial plan1 sale (cheap). ArtistS are inviied. IO
come and crealC in lhe garden - painting, drawing,
and photography are encouraged. We also have a
cabin available in exchange for working in lhe
garden. Mountain Gardens; 3020 While Ouk Crock;
Burnsville, NC 28714 (704) 675-5664.
M. TREE DESIGNS: Illustrations and Design Beyond the pages of lhis journal, I work in pencil,
colored pencil, ink, cul paper, and batik. Fine and
graphic an to express and enhance our lives. Logos,
brochures, books, portrailure, window and wall
hangings. Contae1 Martha Tree (704) 754-6097.
DAYSTAR ASTROLOGICAL SERVICE - natal,
transit, comparison chartS. Very accurate. Only
S3.00 each. Chris and Will Bason: RI. 2, Box 217;
Check, VA 24072 (703) 651-3492
ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY in the Smoky
Mt'ns. of east TN. 10 acres with creek, springs,
views. good neighbors. Be a part for $8500. Call
Leslie (615) 453-1538.
STIL-LIGHT TREOSOPHJCAL RETREAT
CENTER - a quiet space for personal meditation,
group inLCraction lhrough s1udy, and community
work, and spiritual seminars. Contact Leon Frankel;
Rt l, Box 326; Waynesville, NC 28786
WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming.
Songs of bcau1y, meaning spiril, fun, peace.
cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Mon.
evenings, 7:30-9, Asheville, NC. (704) 254-7068.
CRAFTSPEOPLE - send price listings 10 Gifted
/lands of NC, 331 Blake S1; Raleigh, NC 27601
(Au'n: Bern Grey Owl) - unique shop presenting
35-40 craflers' works in Raleigh's City Market All
crafts considered.
HAND-CARVED WOODSPIRITS. mys1i:al
hiking staffs, and wall hangings by Steve Duncan.
For brochure, please wri1e Whippoorwill S1udio;
Rt 4, Box 981: Marion, NC 28752.
ASTROLOGICAL CHARTS - natal. progressed, or
solar re1um. 4-page prin1ou1 includes wheel wilh
planetS and houses, aspecLS, midpoin1s, and
keywords. Specify name, binh time, date, place, and
chart type. StO 10 Phoenix Productions; Rt 2, Box
59; Zionville, NC 28698.
RM DESIGNS - I use the media of pencils, colored
pencils, gouache, pen and ink, and photography in
creating unique fine and graphic art I can make
diagrams, logos, finished prints, and designs for
brochures, calenders, cards, books, CIC. Mandalas and
symbols are my 1cndency among other styles.
Contact Rob Messick (704) 754-6097,
LAND TRUST in lhe forming on 57 acres near
Boone, NC seeking families wilh slrOng visions and
resources to manifest a peaceful place for our
children to grow in love and to survive lhe coming
of lhe new age. Paul and Susan Del Rios; RL 2,
Box 314; Vilas, NC 28692 (704) 297-4937
LETTERS OF FRIENDSHIP AND SUPPORT
would be appreciated by incarcerated brothc.r. Write
10: Rick Whitaker #85670; Box 2000; Wartburg,
TN 37887
DRUMS - Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbccks &
wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Roberts at (704)
258-1038 or write LO: 738 Town Mountain Rd.;
Asheville, NC 28804.
ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY now forming in
the mountains of norlh GA. Join olhers seeking
greater cooperation and self-sufficiency. Based on
spiritual and ecological values. Properly is now
available. (404) 778-8754.
BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid
American/Chinese Dunstan chestnu1 trees - blight
resistant, timber growlh form, productive orchard
crop with large, swee1 easily-peeled nutS. Chestnu1
Alli Nursery; RI. J, Box 341-K; Alachua, FL
32615 (904) 462-2820
BLOW YOUR MIND wilh "Medicine Wind."
Finc-1uned bamboo nu1es and soothing musical
recordings masterfully 1rancemit1ed 1hrough
"Medicine Wind"/Gcorge Tortorelli; 86 NW 55 SL;
Gainesville, FL 32607 (904) 373-1837.
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, herbs, and
organically-grown, local produce at the WNC
Farmcss' Markell Look for the Fairglcn Farms stall,
unitS F and G in lhe wholesale area of lhe Farmers'
Markel; 570 Brevard Rd.: Asheville, NC (704)
252-4414
"ESSENCE" - the all-one skin/dress/
jumper/pantaloons wilh nursing pockCIS. Earlhwcar;
ROI, Box 75-CI; Carl1on, PA 16311
SMALL HOUSE on land trust in rural NC
mountains in exchange for pan-time farm chores and
occasional companionship to creative, joyful,
mentally handicapped adul1 (or olher labor, such as
carpentry). Quaker Camily. Meeting nearby. Write:
Bob and Dot Barrus; Cll!llp Celo: 1349 Hannah
Branch Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714
ARCHITECTURAL ADVICE AND DESIGN:
Adam Cohen; Rt. 2, Boll 217; Check, VA 24072
"TREASURES lN THE STREAM" - a casset1e tape
of songs by Bob Avery-Grubel. SIO to Rt. I, Box
735; Floyd, VA 24091.
WEBWORKJNG is free. Send submissions to:
KatUah Journal
P.O. Box 638
Leices1er, NC
Kauiah Province 28748
ORM DESIGNS
KATUAH - page 30
SUMMER - 1988
�Mtdlcln,..
The KatUah J ournal wants to communicate your thoughts and feelings to the
other people in the bioregional province. Send them to us as letters, poems, stories,
articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kat:Uali
Journal, P. 0. Box 638, Leicester, NC, Katuah Province 28748.
.?tllfts
In the fall, Katuah will look at Castanea dentata, the American chestnut
tree, and its importance in restoring Appalachian habitat. Any information about this great
tree's past and future will be welcome.
"Hand Made," exploring the benefits of living simply and creatively, will be the
focus for the winter issue of the Katuah Jo um al.
·BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH AVAILABLE
ISSUE THREE - SPRING 1984
Sustainable Agriculture - Sunfl~wers - Humm
Impact on the Forest - Children.s' Eduution
Veronica Nicbolu:Woman in Politics - Little
People - Medicine Allies
full C'olor
ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984
Waler Drum - Waw Quality - Kudzu - Solu
Eclipse - Clearcutting - Trout - Going to Waicr
Ram Pwnps - Microhydro - Poems: Bennie
Sinclair, Jim W ayne Miller
T-sfilrts
w
In the traditional Cherokee Indian belief,
the creatures in the world today are only
diminuitive forms of the mythic beings who
once inhabited the world, but who now reside
In Galuna'ti, the spirit world, the highest
heaven. But a few of the original powers broke
through the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the
world as we know it. These beings are called
with reverence •grandfathers·. And of them,
the strongest are Kanati, the lightning, the
power of the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake,
who personifies the power of the earth plane;
and Yunwi Usdi. "the little man•, as ginseng is
called in the sacred ceremonies, who draws up
power from the underworld.
Each is the strongest power in its own
domain. Together they are allies: their energies
complement each other to form an even
greater power. As medicine allies, they
represent the healing powers of the
APPalachian Mountains.
The medicine powers of KattJah have been
depicted In a striking T-shirt design by Ibby
Kenna. Printed in 5-color silkscreen by
Ridgerunner Naturals on top quality. all-cotton
shirts, they are available now in all adult sizes
from the KatUah Joumal.
"To show respect for this supernatural trinity
of the natural world is to in turn become an ally
in the continuing process of maintaining
harmony and balance here in the mountains of
Katuah."
To order, use the form below.
ISSUE AVE - FALL 1984
H:irvcsl - Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng Nuclear W ute - Our CeIlic Heri111ge Biorcgionallsm: Put. Present. and Future John Wilnoty - Healing Dlllkncss - Politics of
Participation
ISSUE SIX - WINTER 1984-85
Winier Solstice Earth Cct'cmony - Horscpasturc
River - Coming of the Light - Log Cabin
Roota - Mountain Agricul1ure: The Righi Crop
- William Taylor - The Fururc of the Forest
ISSUE SEVEN - SPRINO 1985
Sustainable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker
Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help
Credit Union - Wild Turkey - Responsible
Investing - Working in the Web of Life
ISSUE EIOHT - SUMMER 1985
Celebration: A Way of Life - Katuah 18,000
Years Ago - Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in the
Schools - Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems:
Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Ccnicr -
Who Owns Appalachia?
ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985
The \Va.Idec Forest - The Trees Speak Migrating Forests - Horse Logging - Starting•
Tree Crop - Urban Trees - Acom Bre.od - Myth
rune
ISSUE TEN- WINTER 1985-86
Kate Rogers - Circles of Stone - lnicmal
Mythmalting - Holistic Healieg on Trial Poems: Steve Knauth - Mythic Ploces - Tbe
Uktcna's Tale - CryJtal Magic -
I'"
ISSUE ELEVEN - SPRINO 1986
Community Planning - Cities and the
Bioregional Vision - Recycling - Community
Ocdcning- Floyd County, VA - GllSOhol Two BioregioMI Views - Nuclear Supplement
Foxfire Oames - Good Medicine: V'tSion.s
ISSUE THIRTEEN - Fall 1986
Cenicr For Awalccning - Elizabeth Calllri - A
Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest Morgan .
Dealing Creatively with Death - Home Burial
Boit - The Wake - The Raven Mocker Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom - Good
Medicine: The Swea! Lodge
ISSUE FOURTEEN - Winier 1986-87
Uoyd Carl Owlc - Boogen and Mummers - All
Species Day - Cabin Fever University Homeless in Katuah - Homemade Hot Wau:r
Stovema kcr's Narrative - Good Medicine:
Interspecies Communication
ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987
Coverleis - Woman Forester - Susie McMahan
Midwife - Alterna tive Contraception Bioscxuallty - Bioregionalism and Women Good Medicine! Maniaclwial Culwie - ~
ISSUE SIXTEEN - Swnmcr 1987
Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden Vision Quest - First Flow - Initiatjon Leaming ie the Wilderness - Cherokee
Challenge - "Valuing Trees"
ISSUE EIGHTEEN - Winier 1987-88
Vernacular Architecture - Drums in Wood and
Stone - Mountain Home - Earth Enc.-gics Earth-Shch•m'<I Living - Membrane Houses .
Brush Shelter - Poems: Oc1obq Dusk - Good
Medicine: "Shelter"
ISSUENINETEEN-Spring 1988
Per!eandra Garden - Spring Tonics -Blueben:ies
WildDower Gardens - Granny Herbalist Flower Essences - "The Origin of the Animals:
Story - Good Medicine: "Power" - Be A Tnoc
"Dreamspcaking"
~~'
~UA~URNAL
For more info:
call (704) 683-1414
P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28723
Back Issues
Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _
Complete Set (3-11, 13-16,
18-19)
Regular Membership........ $10/yr.
Name
Sponsor.........................$20/yr.
Contributor.....................$50/yr.
Address
Enclosed is$
to give
this ejfon an extra boost
City
State
@ $25.00 = $_ _
T-Shirts: specify quantity
color: tan
S_ _ M _ _
L_ _ XL_ _
@ $9.50 each............$_ _
Zip
I can be a local contact
person for my area
Area Code
KATUAH - page 31
Phone Number
TOTAL PRICE=
$_ _
postage paid
SUMMER-1988
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 20, Summer 1988
Description
An account of the resource
The twentieth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on preserving wilderness in Appalachia with a look at land trusts, the Preserving Appalachian Wilderness (PAW) proposal, and Cherokee perspective on relating to land. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Gil Leebrick, Marilyn Cade, Christina Morrison, Laurie Pierce, Judith Hallock, Carol Lawrence, Billy Campbell, Nancy Barnhardt, Chip Smith, Martha Tree, Michael Red Fox, John Grey, Rob Messick, and Tony Fisher. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1988
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
The Tracks of the Panther.......1<br /><br />Highlands of Roan.......6<br /><br />Celo Community: 50 Years on the Land.......8<br /><br />Celo: Interview.......10<br /><br />Land Trust: Tenure for Our Time.......11<br /><br />Learning Community.......12<br /><br />Mountain Landscapes at Risk.......13<br /><br />Rest in Perpetual Wilderness.......14<br /><br />"The Ridge"........15<br /><br />Farmers and the Farm Bill.......16<br /><br />Good Medicine: "Relating to the Land".......17<br /><br />"It Comes in a Mist".......18<br /><br />Duke's Power Play.......19<br /><br />Cherokee Microhydro Project.......21<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......22<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Sylva Herald Publishing Company, Sylva, North Carolina
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Human ecology
Wilderness areas--Appalachian Region, Southern
Celo Community--History
Land use, Rural--Appalachian Region, Southern
Land trusts
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
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Journals (Periodicals)
Acid Deposition
Agriculture
Alternative Energy
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Community
Economic Alternatives
Education
Electric Power Companies
Geography
Good Medicine
Habitat
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Poems
Reading Resources
South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness)
Turtle Island
Wilderness
Women's Issues
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ISSUE 23 SPRING 1989
$1.50
BIOREGIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS
�~LJAHjOURNAL
Postage Paid
Bulk Mail
Permit #18
Leicester, NC
28748
P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
�THE PISGAH VILLAGE:
A Window into Ancient Ways
..~..-··-·-···-"·-·- ··..·-----··-··-..··-......~..
......
·'
- .......
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Pisgah Village:
A Window into Ancient Ways ..............!
by Kim Sandland
Planet Art in Katuah............................. 5
by Denise Newbourne
The Green City as Thriving City.........8
by David Morris
Poplar AppeaJ .................................... l 0
lJy Doug Elliott
Written and Illustrated by Kim Sandland
Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait... .... 13
by James Rhea
"A New Earth" ................................... 14
by Jerry Trivette
College as Community Resource .......16
by C.B. Squire
Wild l ovely Days ............................... 18
Poems by Elizabeth Griffin
Photographs by Gil Leebrick
Natural World News..........................20
Reviews:
Sacred Latu/ Sacred Se.x
Rapuue of the Deep .....................23
Stopping the Coming Ice Age ............25
Drumming: Leuers to Kafllah ...........26
''Sudden Tendrils" .............................28
a poem by Michael Hockaday
Events Calendar................................32
Webworking .....................................34
On a low rise above the Catawba River there
was a village .....Once, long ago, the village
flourished ..... Flanked by magnificent forests,
with mountains rising abruptly on the western
side, it stood on floodplain soils, with fields and
gardens enriched by seasonal deposits of sih..... lt
has long since been abandoned. and now it lies
underground, a ghost town enslirouded in the
mystery of its demise.....Remains of posts in 1he
ground delineate where homes once stood. cold
heanhs contain fragments of roasted nuts and
seeds and the bones of deer and small game
animals.....Picces of hand-formed and decorated
clay ea.nhenware. tempered with the sands of
village paths, litter old floors .....When one stands
in what was probably once the cemcr of the
village, there is a pervasive aura of kindred
association and the lingering question of why was
this village abandoned by its rcsidcnls 600 years
ago.....
The old town has been named the Pisgah
Village by mhaeologists presently excavating the
Cn1awbn River site. Ken Robinson of Warren
Wilson College and his field workers are only
now uncovering the village, and it will be some
time before a thorough picture of its rcs1den1s'
wiy of life is pieced together. Excavation hns
already taken months of work, and the project will
continue through October of 1989. Laboratory
study of the artifacts recovered from the site,
photography. drawing, mapwork, and
comparisons with other sites will take much
longer.
NOTE. The exact locOUO!t of the "Pisgah VI/Inge"
article 10 protect tlit #le fro111 po.r3iblt
di!.turlJanus before ucawJlion rs c:ompltttd.
is 1101 11l•tlf 111 thU
Archaeology allows us to reconstruct the
lifeways of chose who lived here before us. II
allows us to determine the distribution,
availability, and use of natural resources by
peoples of 1he past; climatic conditions; cultural,
behavioral, and spiritual traditions and their
material representations. Archaeological fieldwork
can also tell us when - and possibly even why •
such cultures dlsappeared.
The Pisgah Village is one of thirty
promising sites that were identified in McDowell
County. North Carolina. Three of the sites were
tested for future study, but this is the only one
currently under inrcnsive study.
The site is interesting. says Robinson,
because of its location at the edge of the mountains
on the boundary between 1 very differe nt
wo
geographical situations. This was not typical of
late prehistoric settlements. The Pisgah village
presents lhe first opportunity for study of what is
possibly a definitive boundary between the
ancestors of the Cherokee and the ances1ors of the
Catawba peoples. whose culrurcs were evidently
very differenL
Anifac1s so far recovered indicate two
occupations of I.he village sire - the first from about
500-1000 AD, the second from about 900·1500
AD. The focus of the current research is on the
later occupation, says Robinson. He hopes to shed
some light on why the Pisgah Village site was
ab3ndoned.
Widespread disruption of narive settlements
throughout the Southeast occurred around
1450· l 550, and the dissipation of such
(oonunucd on p:ige 3
�~LJAHjOURNAL
·-
EDITORl AL STAFF THIS ISSUE:
Will Ashe Bason
Michael Red Fox
Richard Lowenthal
Rob Messick
Christina Morrison
Marnie Muller
Kim Sandland
David Wheeler
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE:
Scou Bird Manha Tree Jack Otaney John Creech Jay Joyce
Marsha Ring Patrick Clark Chip Smith
COVER by Rob Messick
INVOCATION - a poem, •world.~ by Elizabeth Griffin
PUBLISHED BY: Kauiah Journal
PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mow11ainecr Press
WRITE US AT:
Kail1ah Journal
Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
!ELF.PHONE:
(704)683-1414
D1vcrsi1y is an 1mport:tn1 elemcm of bioregional ecology, both
nawrol and social. Tn line wath Iha~ principle, lhe KaJ1'ah Journal uics 10
~e as a forum for the discussion ot regional Issues. Signed arucles e~rcss
only lhe op111ion of the aulbors and arc not necesSill'il)' Ille opanions of the
Karliah Jounw/ tduors or stnff.
The lmcmal Revenue Servtce bas declared Kat11ah a non·pront
organiza1ion under seer.ion SQl(cXJ) or Ille ln1cmnl Revenue Code. All
conuibwions lO Katiiah are deductible from person.al income tl.it.
tNVOC.ATWN
the vJorld is as W9- are
TH£ SOtll'HERN APPALACHtAN BJORECJON
AND MAJOR EASTERN RJVER SYSTEMS
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Herc m lhe souLhcm-most hcattlund of Lhc App:ilnchian mounuins, 1he oldest
mounlllan range on our continetll, Turtle lslnnd; a small bu1 growing group h:is begun
IO mke on a sense of responsibilhy for Ille implicau(ln.~ of lhl11 gcogr.tphicnl nnd
culturol heritngc. This sense of responsib1li1y c:cnu:rs on lhe conccp1 of hvmg w11hin
the ruuural ~ and bal3nce of universal sysiems Md pnllClJllcs.
Wilhan dus circle we began by invoking Lhc Cherokee mime • K;u.Ualt' a.~ lhe
old/new name for this nrca of the mouniains and for ii.s joU!Tllll as well The province is
indicated by •L~ naUDUI boundarie$! the Ro:inokc Ri~cr Valley 10 the nonh; the foollulls
of the piedmont area IO the cast: Yona Mount.am nnd lhc Georgia halls lO lhc :>0u1h: and
the Tennessee Raver Valley to the west.
TI1~ editorial pnootieli ror u:; arc t0 c:o!Ject and disseminate mfonnar.ion Md
energy which pcrL'llllS specifically LO lllls region, nnd IO ro.u:r IJ1e awareness 1h:u 1hc
land i~ a hvmg be.mg de$CMng of our love and rcspeeL Livmg in this manner is a way
IO ansuro the su.~n:ibility of the bao.~phcrc and a la.rung placc for ourselves m 11.S
continuing cvolutlonary process.
We seem IO h3ve readied Ille fulcrum Point of a• do or die • si111t1tion m t.cnrn;
of a quality standard of life for all living beings on !his planeL A~ a voice for lhc
can:lakcrs or llus saarcd land. Kaniah. we advoc:uie a c:enlefed approach 10 Ilic cooccp1 of
dccenlnlli1..otion. II is our hope 1 become a support sysicm for those acocpong lhe
.0
challenge of SUStninabilhy and lhe creation of harmony and balance an a total sense,
here an this place.
We welcome all correspondence, critlcism, perunen1 infonnation, articles,
an work, etc. with hopes th31 K.a.tWib will grow ID serve lhe best in1eres1S of lhis region
and all us li11'11lg, breathing members.
-The EdilOrS
let us desire only
that consciousness
,r
Of life
in which the cosmic will
and the will to be
are.,one
Some of lhe K01iiah JourfllJ] Staff: (le1i IO right)
Foreeround: Andy Ha!I-Bak.cr Middlr: David Wheeler, Mamie Muller, Rob
Messick Standing: Will A.She Bason. Christina Morrison. Chip Smith,
Rithiud Lowenlh3l. Lisa Franklin
Sprt"'J, 1989
�(continued from page J)
well-developed, thriving cultures has never been
fully understood. Robinson feels lhat CJCcavauon
of the Pisgah Village may lend some support 10 the
theory that early Spanish explorers had a
devastating effect on native aboriginal peoples.
lt has long been surmised that Spa.nish
explorers, led by Hernando De Soto and Juan
Pardo among others, came up from the east and
Gulf coasts through South Carolina and then
inlMd to the Little Tennessee River. The routes of
these explorers have lately been re-evaluated,
however, and much evidence now indicates that
they came along the eastern edge of the mountains
~ perhaps even as far east as the Catawba River.
Some of the ac!ual records from the DeSoto and
l>ardo expcdhions contain references to what are
now believed to be villages in McDowell County.
a hand in decimating these large animal
populations.
The burgeoning human population.
unchecked by disease and nunurcd by abundance,
reached a saturation point. The time from about
8,000 BC to I AD is called the Archaic Period.
when human living took on a very different
approach. In the woodlands the Archaic peoples
hunted small game - primarily deer - fished. and
collected plant foods. They were only seasonally
nomadic, capitalizing on the migrations of
animals, the spawning of fish, the maturing of
nuts, and the flush of ripening benics.
The people of the Archaic Period were
efficient enough in their hunting and gathering that
the search for food did not take up all of their time;
they also pursued other endeavors. They made
basketS and mats which have been found
preserved in sites in the dry Southwest desen.
They made hand-polished stone articles - some
done very anistically, others left undecorated fo~
utilitarian use. Graves from the Archaic Period
contain tools, weapons, red ochre (a pigment
associated with ceremonies), beads, pendants, and
dogs - all mcticulo_usly placed to accompany the
dead into an aflcrhfe. Their stone hunting points
were made with stems to be attached to sbaftS, an
innovation from the time of lhc Palco-Indians.
The earliest evidences of human occupation
in the Southern Appalachian Mountains date from
the Archaic Period. They consist of isolated find.~
of a distinct type of projectile point used for
hunting - the Morrow Mountain type - dated to
4500 BC.
The Woodland Period
The Woodland Period of human habirotion
The Spanish brought conflict and murder
along wi1h their pack trains. They also brought
Q.iseases - smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, and
influenza - the likes of which the native population
had not experienced on this continent. The
Spanish, according to their own writings, burned
villages, kidnapped and enslaved natives, abused
the native cullure, and spread their imponed
diseases. They formed trade alliances with some
of the native tribes and introduced European
materials. The full extent of the cultural and social
disruption caused by the introduction of these
trade goods is only now being realized. Robinson
hopes that study of the Pisgah Village site will
provide new links in the chain of undenaanding.
extended from about I AD to 1600 AD. Three
primary developmentS marked the transition from
the Archaic to the Woodland cuhural iypes:
· the development of pottery for cooking,
storing, and transporting food and other items:
- the cultivation of vegetable crops to
supplement hunting and gathering:
- and the first pcnnanent settlements.
People of the Woodland phase settled in
river valleys, where seed-bearing plants thrive.
and became almost sedentary. cultivating native
grains and then com. gourds, and squash as these
crops were passed nonh from Mexico. Projectile
poinis became smaller and more finely crafted.
The bow and arrow replaced the spear and the
dan.
Woodland peoples traded across long
distances. Mica from the Southern Appalachians
and shells and fossilized shark's teeth from the
coastal areas appear in archaeological sites
throughout the southeast
Burial practices continued the tradition of
placing grave goods to accompany the dead. Some
individuals were bwied in elaborate earth mounds,
indicating some status or rank among their feUow
villagers.
Some of the Woodland Period peoples built
tremendous carthworlcs for purposes that are still
unclear to archeo-historians. They show a
remarkable diversity, some being mathematically
executed, others shaped like serpents. birds, and
other figures. The full extent of some of these
landscape sculptures was fully realiz.cd only after
observers could fly above them.
In some pans of the Southeast during the
Woodland Period, clements of what is called
"Mississippian culture" appeared. Mississippian
culture was characterized by temple mounds
(eanhworks which were the foundation for
ceremonial centers). village) fortifLed with
encircling palisades of stakes. copper tools and
jewelry, and inrncruely designed ceremonial an.
The v.intings of early European explorers of
the 15th century describe palisaded towns with an
ehtborate soctal development and material culture.
(continued on JXl8C 4)
The First People
During the last lee Age a land bridge JOined
Asia and Nonh America acrosi. chc Berin~ Strait.
Many scientist:. believe that prehistoric people
followed the large game animals into the new
continent by this rou!e, and by the year 10,000 BC
the first humans were well-established in both
Nonh and South America. These Palco-Indian
people. as they arc called. were nomadic hunters.
They had no settlements, and the only evidences
of their culture that have been round arc hunting
weapons (stone spear points and darts), chipped
stone knives, choppers and scrapers used for
processing game meat and cutting wood, and
animal bones thnt are evidence of their big game
kills.
By 8,000 BC the glaciers had retreated, and
the climate became wanner. Many of the big game
animals - species of horse. camel. rhinoceros, and
bison not seen today. the great ground sloths and
the woolly mammoth - became extinct on this
continent Some scientists believe that humans had
Spr~"'J. 1989
Ken Rotmisnn and
visiring school class
t!t.Omi1U! parrially
ew1WJ1ed grid
.fllUl1re OJ PiSgaJ1
Vi/Inge.
Pho•o by Morme1 Mulltf
�(col\Ullucd from p:ige 3)
In the Southern Appalachians, lhis Mississippian
tradition, borrowed from cuhural influences 10 the
west is called "the Pisgah tradition" by
arch~eologists. Peoples of the Pisgah tradition
were the direct ancestors of the Cherokee.
The Pisgah tradition of lhe late Woodland
Period with its Mississippian influences, marks
the pi~nacle of the cultural evolution of native
peoples in the Southern Appalachians. Although
some cultural traditions persisted until the rime of
the Cherokee Removal, the native way of life was
altered forever with the arrival or white explorers
and seulers.
Pottery fragments, called sherds, cons~ilute
the majority of anifacts from the Warren Wilso11
excavations. Pottery vessels were fashioned from
coils of clay, shaped and rounded. Some of the
containers hnd handles or thickened runs and were
tempered with sand before firing for extra
s1rCng1h. Some were plain and undecorated, while
others bore complica1cd panerns created by
stamping the unfired vessels with carved wooden
paddles. Cords or nets were also used lO l~ve
fiber impressions in the wet clay, and des1~ns
were also incised with small, sharp. marking
tools.
Plnin and decorated clay tobacco pipes have
also been recovered, as well as small s1one and
clay discs. believed to be counters or gamepieces.
Also found were clay and soapstone beads and
polished stone gorgeis. A hole was drilled into
each of the ornaments so that it might be worn
around the neck.
The Pisgah rradition was a way of life
which allowed individualized expression of talent
and beliefs. During this phase livelihood was
secure enough to allow time for artistic
embellishment of functional tools. Carved
soapstone bowls were made in sizes to hold from
Relics AJong the Swannanoa
The Pisgah tradition is best represented by
archaeological discoveries made on the campus of
Warren Wilson C-0llegc in Swannanoa in Kan'.iah.
Artifacts found there preview what might be
uncovered at the Pisgah Village site along the
Catawba.
The Warren Wilson site snw four penods of
habitat ion by native peoples. The earliest
occupation daies back nearly to the beginning of
!he Archaic Period, The snc has been disturbed by
erosion, dig~ing. and more recently by plowing.
Disturbed sues are more dlfficull to interpret,
because artifacts are misplaced, and feature.~ such
as building foundations, heanhs and r::rosh pits are
scauered. Despilc such disturbances,
archaeologists have learned a great deal from the
Warren Wilson site. No anifacts later than the
Pisgah phase have been. recovered ~1 Warren
Wilson. Its residents vanished someume 1n the
mid- l600's and never returned.
two quaris to 1wo gallons of liquid. Polished stone
axes were found, some grooved to be anached to
shafts, others designed to be hand-held. The
excavation yielded monars and pestles of stone for
grinding seeds, nuts, and drie(benies. and caches
of red and yellow ochre and graphite used for
paint pigments.
The villagers who occupied the Warren
Wilson site lived in rectangular dwellings. Over
the years. the sunken posts rotted and left dark
circular Stains in lhe earth, like perfect shadows.
ghoslly visions of the past. The walls were Likely
made of waule-and-daub, a mixture of clay and
grasses. Mose of the dwellings were not within the
village itself, but in outlying farmsteads.
In lhe center of each house was a raised clay
fire basin for warmth and cooking. The heanhs
and the storage vessels buried nearby contained
evidence of the foods these early people utilii.ed,
among them hickory nuts, waJnucs, buuemuts,
acorns, persimmons, maypops, grapes, bl~ck
cherries. and chesmuts. There were also remains
of com, squash, beans, and sumpweed, all of
which were cultivated. Trash pits contained the
bones of 30 species of animals, including bear,
deer, bobcat, weasel, mountain lion, squirrels.
turtles, snakes, frogs, and turkeys. From the
distribution of foods, it is sunnised that the Pisgah
(conbJlued oo page 24)
EXCAVATION
OF A PREHISTORIC SITE
An archneological cxcavarion site is chosen
because of the discovery of surface artifacts.
because of a promising location that looks likely to
yield evidence of occupation, or because th.e area
is threatened by development or by destruction by
vandals.
Fieldwork begins with a surface collection
of artifacts. Surface finds are ploued on a detailed
map of the site, because their distribution may in
itself reveal important information.
The plow zone is scraped away and sifted
through mesh screen 10 separate out any artifacts.
Below the plow zone may lie a surface
undisturbed by the activities of lauer-day humans.
A grid of stakes and Jines is then laid out
over the site, usually in a true nonh-south
alignment, to correspond with grid l~nes mark~d
on a site map. The area of each gnd square 1s
usually one square meter.
Soil samples may be taken with augers to
determine distinct strata and/or the presence of
hidden constructions or features (visible item
which cannot be removed from the site and taken
to the laboratory, such as house floors. burials,
cooking fire pits, etc.).
Selected grid squares may be excavated at
random if the site is large. Small sites may be
excavated entirely. Test excavations help 10
determine where to concentrate digging e!Tons.
As the squares are excavated, the wall of
each square 1s left intaCt m display lhe stratigraphy
(visible layering) of the soil.
Small layers, and sometimes whole strata,
of soiJ are removed using shovels or trowels, and
the exposed surface is levelled. M~terial from each
level is sifted and soned. The an1facts recovered
are bagged, labelled with their exact location in the
soil stratigraphy. Soil samples are taken from each
stratum 10 be examined in the laboratory. for even
mJcroscop1c elements in the soil {such as pollen
grains) may reveal information about the nora of
the area and the climate (such 11s periods of
drought and rainfall).
Each exposed surface level is mapped and
photographed, and details arc recorded in field
notebooks.
Features arc very carefully u~covcred ~s
they appear in the strata. To d1~turb lh_e1r
placement would be 10 destroy the rnformauon
they contain. Small dental picks, 1ooth~:ushes,
and even fine paintbrushes may be uuhzed to
remove the soil from artifacL~ and features.
Laboratory analysis of the artifacts. notes,
maps, drawings. and photographs may take
months, possibly years, of additional work once
the fieldwork is completed.
.
Artifacts and features from each gnd and
srratum and their relationships to the other finds
through~ut the site, will reveal the lifeways of the
people who once lived there - their t<?Ols,_ trades,
rituals, subsjstence. An archaeologist literally
delves into the relationship that ancient peoples
maintained with the world around them.
Archaeological fieldwork reveals details .of th~t
relationship. It may te~ how lo~g lhat ~elauonship
was sustained, and Dllgh1 possibly potnl to clues
as to why it came to an end
;st:t'
Sprtng, J!189 •
�Art
by Denise Newboume
Dream f rQl}ment . ••
Slt.e fell oslup that mghl and as she dre<uttM her spirit was
luult'd through the long spiral tunnel and inII) till! scars.
M1uri-dimtJtSional ribbons with Jhimmering citcu.ils drifted past
aJ incompreJumsiblt spuds Slie realized she was in 1/ie center of
the 1rwi.rplanetary in~rface, a place similar to a radio sroJibn
w/ll!re lJfU! can nW'. into past <JNlfimue choices and possibilities
for any piaMt, and/inc tune w tlic path ofgre01esr harmony.
"Hmmm," she wondered, .,what can that p01h possibly be
for the eartlrr Finding ow ~·as as simple as speaking the roMS
that most corresponded with Earth's vihrationaljreqrumcy ar tlie
prese111 tu~. No soonu had llll! said "John Wayne" than she
fo1uld lu:rself in a lwlogram oftill! Earth.
Her SU&Sitivc a.11ral rectpum M-Ve overw/11:/med a1fv.~t
with an almost 1111/Jearablt colkaion of hurrlingferocities,
terrified srreaming, and lrnpelt!Ss fwiliry. She re111(Ji/led calm,
knowing from experience tll/Jl often tire jint reception ofsuch
planets was the hardest lmagu of marching soldiers appeared
before her, rows ofmen 1n unifonns, who turned on their heels
and became long rows of ballerinas, all dressed in the same rum
dolng rl~ uact SOllW hops and twirls while myriads of musicians
all played variatwns of the SattU'! song. A smal I number of
"others" hod them wrapped in strings, wl11ch the>• kept rig/rt, and
twisted tfl/!nt this Wtl)' and tllDt, like puppets. Then she noticed
thOl'-fand:. of beings sitting i11 tlie darkness.paralyzed The
dancers and musicians wen' used to dii-en rheir anention from
tll/!ir dl!.rperarely repres.ud condition.
Then di/! Sct!nario began to change
the people in
darkness bt:gan to wake 11p and cw the strings. They swpped
allowing tl.e cloned do.nurs and arrisrs to llypnoti:e them and
started dancing tlll!mSelvts. Nor imuating any form, they simply
followed wh1tre their own bodies led tht!ITI. The "official" artisu
also stopptd their/~en.sh reprodJJJ:twnr ofprescribedforms
long en1mgh w listen to the songs and dances from wid1itt They
all begD11 listen.ing to and performing thdr own unique songs and
danus. and helping otlll!rs learn
tlll! s~. More and 1111>re
strings were cw. and tlle ligliJ gr~ brigluer wilh t!llch ""e's gift
of color. until of/ the beings became a mandala ofilrlerw<J\'tn
harmony and beawy.
Her anelllion tllrMd to a man in a belly dancers silks and
veils, doing rhl sinuous, anciefll dance of binh She looked
closer and saw it war .. John Wayfll!! "What a nice resolurilln,"
slie mused to herself. "It doesn't seem so hard looking at ft from
oUlhere.··
"'do
We are now witnesses to the ultimate dead-end created
when reason attempt~ to dominate spirit, men to dominate
women, science to dominate an. and "civilized" peoples ro
dominate "'n:uive" ones. The5e are all external eumples of a
fundamental split and sttuggle within e:ich of us. We have come
so far from our primordial heritage of wholeness. that many of us
arc at a los:. as to how to regain it We are still StrUggling to learn
lhnt our fundamental problem is not any category of people. but
the \'Cry existence of ~~teg~es.. 9ur problem ~s nOt science.~
power. not an, not ~pintuahty; n 1s the pcrcepuon of these tlnngs
as sepanuc rather than facc1~ of a unified whole.
,\ key clemenr of the 1houglit sys1cm in which we perceive
each Other ns lw lhan whole 1s the notion lhat some people arc
creative and Olhm arc no1. Thi:. is extremely discmpowcring
becllusc the power to cn.:.ltC is a cenrral attribute of divinity in all
n:ligions. Thi~ c~tivc now from within provides us with 1he
knowledge of our own power. b:iJance, and self-wonh. lf we
believe that we do not have this rcgcnenitive power, then we
promote scarcity for ourselves and others. So here we all nre
amidst terrifying psychological scarcity collectively creaccd by the
majority of the population who for one rcawn or another do no:i
belie~ they arc creo.rivi- nnd powerful The planet cnn only a1wn
the pence thut com~ from wholenes.~ when the beings who
comprise it acknowledge •heir own and each others' wonh
An. ai. we know 11 today. b a mirror for our plnnewy
condiuon. There arc some people who do it. and they are n:vercd
:is if they have something others do not. There is a funher
dhtinction between "fine" an and "folk" an, with the unplicarion
that fine an is somehow nobl~-r and better than folk., because it is
non-funclionnl. TIUs 1s the alienating idea that an is only real if it
is removed from the daily now oflifc.
When a peoplCli: he.1.rlfclt. arti~ cxprcs.sion is_ lo;-t or
s~tenurically extingu15.hcd, they begin to feel empty inside and
often beccmc caught up in a funle effon to saiisfy themselves
with utemal g~. 11us exu:mal grasping often IC3ds lO the
phenomenon o! ~ictiveness The fact &tlat ~e !'ow ha~oe whole
societie~ c:."pcncnang desperate levels of addlCtlOn :uid_
1is
a11endan1 destruction is a signal that it is ume forchoosmg to heal
ourselves. One way we can do this is by tapping our unique
expression~ and bl~ing ourselves llild the planet ~;th the
creative energy that Oows from our spinL
Our culrural definition of an needs to expand from the
activiucs or an elite few to that or all people. Jose ArgueUes, in
his latest book Surfers ofthe luvuya, provides such a definition:
"You've all gott.t undcrsuind th:tt you're artists. Nothing fancy,
but anists of life. anists of reality....Anything that's harmoniwl.
that's an. This is an imponnn1 point ... since the planet's got to
(conunllCld on PQ&ll 6)
SJJrin9' 1989
~ ~~~ - 1'.!'9'1 ~ y
�be cleaned up and rehnm1omzed, there isn't any1hmg that isn't
Planet An." With this kind of definition. an becomes intrinsic to
the flow of life. \Ve are now beginning to realize that a11y
expression that comes from our own spirits i'> valid, even if it
docs not confom110 formerly prescribed ideas of'' an".
To see an as a force for hnrmonizing our world is also to
odd a higher di~s1on '?f social respon~i~ility to it. 111~.
question "Will this conmbute to harmomzing our plam:t?
becomes a standll!"d pan of the creative process, and an irnpon:mt
criteria for whether or not 10 mar.ifest nn idea. Also integral 10 a
holistic perspective is the understanding that an and science are
not separate but are indivisible facets of a life-oriented culture.
This understanding would ~1e a much-needed ~1al . .
responsibility for everyone m all areas of human producuvny
What exactly is Planet An? It is about reclaiming our
concept of an to encompass all forms of exchange with our
world. An is the language our species has used to communicate
with the universe for thousands of years. Primitive an focussed
on the intimate relationship of a tribe to it~ particular homeplace
and all of its inhabitants. Now our homeplace has become the
entire planet and beyond...aod our an has begun to rcllect this
reality.
Planetary an is a conscious awareness of the whole Life
community in which we participate and a strong intent to
.
hannonize with it. lt is vital to our species' survival that we shift
to this more active engagement and interplay with the universe. Jn
this way. the many facets of our reality become intimately woven
toget.hcr...our own interior world, our human cultural
communiry, our planetary life community and the rest of the
universe.
How does the Harmonic Convergencu fit in with all this?
Broadly speaking. the purpose of the Converge.nee wa.s 10
reactivate our ay, an:ness of the earth as a consc1ou~ b<:ang and to
pro-.idc a time to rcatlirm our choice to co-create with her. Those
who consciously made that cho1ce at that umc are the people
Arguelles is now calling the "Eanh Force".
By next year, Arguelles feels that this Earth Force will
begin to manifest itself as a global and cultural phenomenon. He
also feels that all need 10 move in a much more direct, mobilized
way. By the second anniversary of Hannonic Convergence, he
sees the opponunity for a Rainbow Peace Event. That would
signal that the Campaign for the Earth has coalesced and bonded
enough in the underground to begin 10 manifest as an alternative
force of allied, planetary, non-government organizations moving
in concen to take measures int0 our own hands.
When I think of "art camps" and the "alternative force of
allied, planetary, non-government organizations", the bioregional
movement comes to my mind. We are a ready-made resource of
diverse people who are awan: of the Earth's aliveness and are
choosing to assist with her healing process. Karuah is a very
supportive communuy for Planet An, and a strong network is
already fom1ing. Here are some examples of Planet An going on
inKatuah...
Heart Dance
Pat Sharkey, who lives in Floyd, Virginia, makes beauoful
jewelry from crystals and stones. One lhing she has learned from
working with crystals is that our own bodies operate in a similar
way ... that is, they can be programmed, and they amplify
energy. These conceptS have inspired her to create ways for an
and science to become pans of a whole... through sacred dance.
"Dance is like a gridwork, a system of conduction," she
iold me. "By encompassing tones, using our bodies as
conductors by arranging them in specific geometric
configurations, employing corresponding herbs and stones, and
consciously utilizing the energy gridwork of Icy lines on the
planet, we can attune oarselves to move any specific energy
through, and use it for healing."
This kind of work could be done at key sites alJ over the
eanh ...those places that amplify energy as well as those in need
of healing. She Stressed the impon.nncc of a disciplined
preparation of daily meditation for at least a month before coming
together to do sacred dance.
"The more preparation, the clearer the channel, the more
juice we all reccive...the more we personally understand
-something, the more authentically we can put it out to others."
One way that planetary art is manifesting is through
networking. Jose Arguelles, one of the key figures in the 1987
Harmonic Convergence, helped to found The Planet An Network
in 1983. According to Arguelles. it is far too late for anything
else save for artists, from all medias, 10 converge and produce
inter-media performance rituals and other forms of planet art.
He feels that these performance rituals should be simulcast
via satellite to as many cities as possible to raise the
consciousness of humanity. He sees this as a higher purpose of
our extensive system of mass communication. When we are able
10 liberate this media system from the forces of fear and
domiruuion we will have an incredible tool for dispersing
immediate visions of peace.
Astrologer Amero Alli envisions "the emergence of
multiple 'art camps' ...clusters of resonant core groups dedicated
to varied forms of planet an." Again.. the indicauon is that this
an js a grassroots, collective phenomenon.
Some of the elements for such activities could be music,
dnnce, comedy, drama and sign language, combined with visual
an. lighting, costumes. holograms. crystals and audience
participation. There is no limit lO the possibilities!
Drawing by Sbe.IJ Lodge
The example she gave is for a Hean Dance, in which men
and women would come together nnd fonn into a Star of David
...men forming one triangle, women the other. Rose quru:ii;
would be in the center. Pora month beforehand each pamcipant
would have spent time meditating daily on healing between men
and women. They would then come together in meditation and
symbolic movemenrs. and allow their energies to interact for the
purpose of healing. The same concept can be used with any
symbol, for any healing purpose, anywhere on the planet.
Groups could begin travelling 10 other countries f~ the expres.s
purpose of performing sacred dance there to amplify the energies
of hannony and healing.
"This is a way we can utilize all the systems we've learned
- astrology, numerology, the tarot...and combine them in
perfonnance through our bodies. High technology has become
so overspecialized that no one can see the whole anymo.rc. By
using our bodies as holographic componenis we are going back
to lhe source of all recbnology...our inner beings."
Pat is interested in organizing an Earth Dance gathering,
and in exchanging inspiration and info with others interesled in
this idea. Her address is P.O. Box 606, Aoyd, Virginia, Kaulah
Province 2409 l.
SprLf19, 1989
�Orandmottu
A planetary art exhibit ...
The popular Gmndmothc:r band in Asheville, North
Carolina is a group tha1 is already doing visionary planet an. The
group is composed of four women who each play several
different insD"Uments and sing h:innonics 1ogelhl'r. They arc a
visual, muhi-me<lia band. incorporating inro !heir performances
creative movement, sign language. masks, costumes. acting and
comedy. Their inclusive approach 10 music provides an
enthusiastic vision of peace. leaving nudiences with a tremendous
feeling of satisfaction. l talked with Deb Criss. one of 1he
founding members of Grandmother, on her thoughts about Pl:lnet
The People of Lhc One Song
UV!NG ART F!Xll/B!T
An.
Her inspiration for Grund mother crunc to her when she
was visiting lhe pyramid sites at Palenque. Mellico. She sa1 for
long periods of time in the part of the complex that had been the
Mayan's theatre. There :;he had visions of "blending ri1ual art
into a music concert with respect to 1he four elemems and a ~ensc
of oneness with 1he eanh, using costumes and masks. and
finding ways io reach ou1 and dec~se 1he distance be1wecn
audience and performers.''
''The original vision l had was for an intentional way of
doing a show, beginning by smudging the area, a group prayer
and quie1 rime of positive thought We could then play with
1oncs, color, and lights, blended with modem-day music 10
induce frequencies tha1 unify heart, will, and higher mind.
People of1en become uncomfonable when things are quiet,
sacred, and serious for 100 long, so comedy is also an important
part of our shows."
Grandmother is very community orienled ... at one of their
shows !his past fall four women joined 1he show for theatre and
signing. One of them was an 89-year·old woman from
Waynesville, the "honored Grandmother" of the evening. "I feel
1hat i1's important 10 in1cgra1e all ages, so that we all have a fuller
understanding of the circle of life," said Criss.
Their group is a dynamic process of consensus, and
chooses to be open to additional aclS (with prior pl!lnning) being
part of the show. "Grandmother is the ancient spiri1 of the winds
Lhrough lime that speak through the earth to all people ... if
s..meone feels that inner voice speaking through them. it is good
10 claim it and find a way to express ii. We hope 1hat
Grandmother is a catalystic agent to inspire others 10 do this."
For more information about Grandmother, call Deb Criss
at (704) 253-4831.
Contact Improvisation
Also going on in Asheville is the quie1 revolution of
Contact Improvisation, a newly arising dance form. Its emphasis
is on releasing individual and group creativity through
spontaneous movement rather than following a specific 1echnique
or choreography.
More than traditional dance forms, Contact relies heavily
on suppon and cooperation among the dancers. II strengthens
both the "I" and the "we" because the movements come from
one's own center as well as being shaped by one's interactions
with the other dancers. It's a way for 1 physical body to learn
he
trust. •. in a literal fashion, through physical imerac1ion. rn
Contact, there are no wrong steps or movemcn1s---1here is only
more or less fiowing, depending on how relaxed, trusting, and
sensitive the dancers allow themselves 10 be.
Contact is also p:utidpatory rather th:m perfoml!lnccorlented. fl is primarily an expenence for the d:lncel'li instead of
for an audience. The movemenlS spring from deep v. ithin and nre
a continual source of surprise, even 10 1he dancers This makes 11
nlJ the more dynamic to Y.itness. Audience and dancers are
brought together llS both expcnence in different ways the
everchanging now of movement coming from spiri1 into form.
Leigh Hollowell and Christina Morrison are co-1e.'lching
the first Conmct Dance class in Asheville. Chrisuna had auendcd
a Dance New E11gland Conmc1 ln1ensivc la.~1 summer and
rerurned home excited 10 share this fonn with others. She
immediately began teaching friends in Celo and talking with
Marnie Muller abou1 the possibility of a regional Dance Kn11"1Ji.
Spring, 1989
(continued on pago 29)
Who are the People of the One Song?
They are ILf a1ul nwre ...They are inspiratian ...
/>a.rt 14ah.ng into furure ..Funue leaking into
past. We invite rlrem into prese111 being ro help
us remember rite word.f to The One Song Singing
in rite liearrs and mitids ofall Earth's People.
Tile People of rlie One Song is an art exhibit centering
on the clay pottery faces and masks by artisl/poner Jane
Avery-Grubel. The faces, strikingly adorned with
beadwork, .shells, and feathers by artiM Jeri Dewey,
represent a culture of people dr:Jwn from archetypal memory
of natural tribal living. and from the vision of a futuri.~1ic
tribe we may become.
Out of lhe faces have come stories, written by local
poet Colleen Redv.onun, tha1 1ell of the uibe's dreams,
ri1uals. roles. and relationships. The exhibit will also fua1ure
many local crafts people's works such as baskets, jewelry.
clothing, musical insuurnents, pottery and herbs that v.ill
repre~ent the tribe's anifacts of everyday living and
celebration.
The People ofThe One &mg is a \ision of a tribe
leading resourceful, crea1ive, peaceful lives in relationship
with the Earth and each other. The concept is an expression
of 1ime transcending--a merging of pa~r. pn:o;en1, and future
10 cn:ati: a cuhure of our wildcs1 d~a~...one that may have
been...could be.
The artists involved sec Thr People nf'The o~ Snr.g
as a modcl....''Through art we can nffirm a fuum: that i~ noc
so dependent on modem 1echnology. Most c~cry1h1og
cxhib11ed can be made, grown, or found m na1ure 111e
show is a ·work in progress that we are continually crra1ing
and recreaung, jus1 as we create our every day rc;tli1y. It's
like opening our minds and doing an archeolog1cal dig into
1hc: future."
Open through April 1989 at Old Church Glllery. M:un
Street. Floyd, Virginia, Katuah Province 24091. For more
infonnation or to schedule additional gallery engngcments: _-~
(703) 7-i5-4849 or 745·3316
~
e
•
"-I
...
>Can.ah Jourrnal pCMJe 1
�THE GREEN CITY AS THRIVING CITY
Implications For local Economic Development
by David Morris
This April, David Morris ofthe I nstiture for Local Self-Reliance will
be the key1Wte speaker for the WNC Environmental Summit '89.
Here is an article from the conriner110/ bioregionat publication Raise
the Stakes that highlighis some ofhis thoughrs.
In discussing the greening of ciLies. one is reminded of Lhe
slogan Lhat the French s1udents used in 1968. On their posters they
said "all that we want to change is every1hing," which comes from
that famous ecological dictum, "everything is connected to everything
else." When we pull a thread, we may in fact unwind a sweater.
The 1wo fundamental assumptions underlying the way we've
designed our communities nre the assumptions of cheap energy and
cheap disposal cosis. Jn constant dollars, a barrel of oil that cost five
dollars in 1910 cost a little over a dollar in 1965. The cost of
lhrowing away a ton of garbage remained preuy much the same from
1900 to 1960. We could lherefore ignore lite operating inefficiencies
and wastes of the systems that we developed.
Cities reflect that inefficiency and waste. Our cities are
dependent creatures. A city of 100,000 people impons 200 tons of
food, I 000 tons of fuel and 62,000 ions of water a day, and dumps
100,000 tons of garbage and 40,000 tons of human waste a ye:ir.
We've accepLed long disaibution systems as the price we pay for
progress and development. Jndeed, we've elevated separation to
Lhe status of vinue and internalized those principles into our way of
thinking about our local economies.
J was recently reminded of how much we take 1ha1 state of
affairs for granted when Twas in a SL Paul, Minnesota res1auran1.
After finishing lunch. 1 got a toothpick, and of course all toothpicks
now have an obligatory plastic wrapper. The word Japan was primed
on the wrapper. Now, I thought to myself, Japan has no wood, bur
it has been considered economical 10 take pieces of wood and send
them LO Japan, wrap them in plastic and send lhe whole thing back: 10
Minnesota. Thal toothpick embodied 50,000 miles within it. Well,
not to be outdone, Minnesota just set up a fac1ory. Ir's producing
chopsticks and it's sending them to Tokyo.
This brings to mind an image of two sh1ps passing each other
in lhc Pacific, one carrying lildc pieces of wood from Japan to the
United States, and the other carrying linle pieces of wood from the
United Slates to Japan. That is economical only if one acceplS the
twin assump1ions noted at the outset - those pillars upon which our
economic system has been established.
This impon-expon paradigm is the way our economy runs. It
is also the way our waste economy runs. Washington, D.C., for
instance, was becoming overwhelmed by its. hum:in wastes, and paid
a consulWlt $150,000 to come up with a solution. He suggested they
barge them to Haiti. That recommendation was approved by D.C.,
but Haiti vetoed lhe idea. Haiti decided though they'd been offered
the wastes of the c:apiLal of the Frtt World, they preferred nOL to be
shat upon.
The integrated planetary economy was supposed to make us
more secure, but has it? Global trade expands and so do planetary
tensions. For example, developing counaies arc now exporting more
and more food to the developed counaics to eam the hard currency
necessary to repay debts that they incurred primarily to build up their
expon indusaies. lndusaial development and utilizacion both have
increased. The developed counaies are in an inlCTesting protecrionis1
free trade dance, a pas de deux of late planelruy economics. in which
each country tries desperately to preserve ac lease some amount of ils
sovereignty and its productive assets. at the same rime trying not to
interfere with free trade and the mobility of resources.
Capilal has become the lubricant for the planetary economy, the
grease that lets the planetary machine functioo. We fervently believe
lhat capital should flow at least as freely as raw maLerinls and
products. Last year 20 times more currency was iraded than was
needed to underwrite world trade.
We are more reluctant to embrace the unimpeded rnobili1y of
the third factor of production: labor. But we're inching up to it Six
months ago the Council of Economic Advisors recommended
abolishing all barriers LO migration in order t0 improve the economy.
JC.cu .(ui.h ) o"rnal. p~ 8
We've lost sight of the underpinning of a society - lhe sense of
community. Mobility is not synonymous with progress. Weve
ignored Benjamin Franklin's advice: those who would trade
independence for security usually wind up with neither. We have
made tha1 crade and in the process have become an increasingly
dependent and insecure people.
But now the rules have changed. Cheap energy and cheap
disposal are no longer available. Despite the recent drop in oil prices,
lhe cos1 of energy has risen more than 1000 percent in the last 15
years. Disposal costs have risen even more dramatically. In 1975 it
typically cost about three to five dollars to dispose of a ton of
garbage. Today in the U.S. it costs between $30 and $50 to dispose
of that ton of garbage. In 1970, to dispose of a barrel of hazardous
waste cost berween $5 and $10 a barrel •• although most companies
just spilled ii on the side of the road. Today, to dispose of hazardous
waste costs abou1 $300 a barrel, and for many companies the
disposed hazardous wasce now has a legal liability attached to it that is
po~ntiallyenormous.
What's imponant to note about these price changes is that they
have changed not because or the real world exhaustion of supply, but
because of a change in political a1tirude. The rising price of oil did
not occur because oil began running out, but because OPEC
artificially limired the supply. The cost of W3SlC disposal did not rise
because we suddenly ran out of dump space but because
communities, by establishing new disposal rules, anificially limited
the supply. We consciously and willfully changed the cost of doing
things the traditional way.
One of lhe enduring legacies of the environmental movement is
that it bas managed to begin to move the price of doing things to the
cost of doing things. The price is what an individual pays; the cost is
what the community pays.
Let me give you a specific example of price versus cost Rock
salt is used 10 de-ice roadways. lls price is very cheap: one to rwo
centS a pound. There is at least one alternative to rock salt, made out
of plant mau~: calcium-magnesium acetate. It can be produced a1
present for abou1 20 cents a pound · 10 to 20 times more than rock
salt. That's ilS price. However, rock salt has some problems. It
corrodes the undcrbody of cars, it corrodes bridges, and ill New
York City, Coosolidnted Edison has found that it causes a great many
problems in the electrical supply system which runs through the
sewers.
Sprlf\9. 1989
�Sewer water, c1111yi11g dhsulved rock sah. can corrode
insulation and lay bare wires. A neoprene gas can be genmued and if
a spark occurs. an explosion can send manhole CO\et'S flying. By
one estimate Consolidated Edison spends S75 million to n:pa.ir
damage caused by rock sah. Thu's part of the cost of roclc salt.
Another cost is polluted groundwater and the devastation of
vcgetntion. New York S!Atc has made an informal esumate that the
acruaJ, internalized cost of rocl salt is 80 ccnlS a pound. Which
de-icer should you buy?
The individual is unt1warc: of this cost. It is the n:sponsibility
of the community 10 make price and cost similar.
Even though the rules have changed, we haven't yet adopl.Cd a
new paradigm, a new way of organiting our knowledge and our
information. One of the principles of that new paradigm should be to
extract the mnximum amounl of useful work ecologically possible
from the local resource base. Thar sounds like a very modest
proposal, but it has profound repercussions. As we begin to obtain
more and more u~ful work, we (ind thnt we've begun to be more
and more self-reliant and self-conlll.incd.
ls self-reliance economical? Whnt do we mean by eoooornics?
Whnt do we value in our economic system? Those who praise the
global economy and trade as the underpinnings of our economic
henlth invariably point to the benefits of comparnrive advantage and
just 11s invariably point to the example of bananas. Surely local
self-reliance docs not mean raising our own bananas in the United
States when the clirruue 1s so much more favorable in Guatemala.
Il may be cheaper to impon those bananas. once again,
depending on what the price is versus the cost. Bananas that come
from Central America cooie from countries that do not pennit unions.
arc produced by companies that do not pay any iaxcs, and are grown
by production methods that have no environmenta: regulations. I
submit that if you ca.lcuhued the number of dollars that have been
spent by the Unil.Cd Sratcs in military intervention in Central America,
and dh'ided by the number of bananas that 11.rC imponed into the
United States, you would find that it's very costly co tmpon bananas
rather 1h:ln 10 grow them you~lr.
When we look at c<:onornic signals, we need ro look at them in
a holistic sense. first, we arc leamio&, as our s)",\tems get ever
larger, tlw the downi.hle rhks get com:spondingly gru.icr. Twenty
years ago when we wked about a cau1strophe, it meant a flood or an
earthquake. Today when we talk about a catastrophe we mean the
end of the ozone layer. the end of the human species. Local
self-reliance also has a downside risk: you could try '>Omething and it
might not work. but the risk Is modest.
Second, locnl self-reliance leads to a diversity of
cxpcnmenmion. As communities experiment with differcn1
technologies, we advance on the learning curve. Third, local
sclf-reliBnCe by definition reduces pollution by improving efficiency.
Fourth, local sclr-rcllancc Is economical because It recycles money
internally for more productive purposes that would otherwise have to
be spent on maintaining the system. A crude estimate that r made
recently :;uggcstcd that 15 years ago the United States was spending
between one and three percent of its overall income for system
maintenance and cleanup. Today we're spending almost 15 percent
of our income fOI' that purpo~.
And finally. an advan1.1gc of local self-rcli.tncc is that we begin
10 channel our ingenuity into developing new bodies of knowledge
that may be appropriate 10 a world that is in a vef} dlITcn:nt cond1tioo.
The technologies that we're developing 1n North America, for
example, art technologies appropnatc to ruuions that arc resource· rich
and pcople·poof. But ISO percent of the world's popufauon li\lcs in
countries that 31C rc~·poor nnd peoplc·nch.
ff you try 10 make the United State~ !>Clf-~ufficicnt or
sdf·reli:mt, the technologies you develop tO do so will be neither
appropnaic nor comp:inble wnh the needs of dc\•eloping nat.tons.. Bui
if you move towazd m:tking our tknsely populated and rcsou~-short
cities sclf·rcliant the i«hnologicsdcvc:lopcd \I.Ill be appropnate to a
resource-poor 1.1.orld. The kno1.1. lcdge generated can become a fll!ljor
export commodity.
But the pnmary benefit or local sclf·rcliancc J~ not economic;
it's psychological and ~oc1nl. II improves decision nuldng because
the costs or the decision fall on the smne community. We do not
separate the productive process over long.dhtllllC~ Psycho.logicall)'.
we improve the setf-<XX1fidencc 11nd socunty of our commuruues. We
begin to miniaturize the economy. h means achieving v.hat Fritz
Schumacher, one of the great cconomim of our time, dreamt of:
local productton tor local markets from local rcsourct$.
SprU\9• 1989
ls that theory or is that pr3Cticc? ..yeu: it rums out that in ~c
scrap metaJ industry, the scale of producuon IS much smal~ than 111
the raw matcrittls industry. The best ex.ample J know of is 1he steel
industry, where the newest technology is called the mini-mill. They
used to be called neighborhood mills. but the industry decided t.h:u
that would rais.c the image or Mao 1.e-<long's backyard fumaus. aod
they didn't feel this was good advertising.
Miru-mills use 100 percen1 scrap, and arc very sm:all- 200.000
tons a year average produc1ioo. A raw ore-based, vcnically
integrated steel mill produces between two and three million ions a
year. The healthiest. fastest-growing pan of the steel indu~try is
based on scnp that comes from regional matb:ts and products often
sold regionally.
Another example 1~ the chemurgy movement, created SO yean
ago by scienlisti-. from around the world concerned with using the
then-large agriculrural surpluses lb mdustrial products. In 1932. the
ltalian ambass3dor 10 Oreat Bnlllin arrived at the coun of St James
dressed in a sun made or milk. That is, Italian scientists had
discovered how to weave the casein in milk into clolhes.
Tn 1941, Henry Ford, a devotee of the chemurgy movement,
unveiled his biological car. The car body was made or soybeans. lhe
fuel came from com, and the wheels were made of goldenrod. The
soybean plastic body weighed hlllf as much as a steel-bodied car, so
the car was more fuel·eflic1cnt. lf you dented it modestly, the dentS
could be knocked back out. The C11r was wanner in the winter and
(COISinuoj ... pq• lO)
Green C ily
11
How-To 11 Mnnual---Just Published!
"Cities need to be<ome more 'green'. They must be
transformed illtu places that are life-enhancing an<l
regenerarfre." • PelCr Berg
<:rr~a Ci11 as a "how-to• m~nual (Of mdlv1<tUllts and O(JJ.n11AllOns
antcmo1ed an a :iuswnablc future. tis intnl3C i.s &hat urban att.aS Cllll Cl.isl
lunnonlou\I)" with na111nll 1ysu:im • :md 111nctudca bolb practical mid visL;xury
:aw1tcut1on1 lh11I •re uppllc•btt 1;; ny ci17 or 1ino11. lbcte ts also 1
~ 1ts11ng of volllllUlet o.:uv11a with i:lc:a. llbout gctllftS: wried and womns
0
IO'll<-.ds D £n'C1)" fuwrc.
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with lbc hl·annu.:11 ne11;1p;pcr lfluu tM Suills llld Olhcr public:atiol\1 for ~i:
yearly membership rec Sl5. Thta llddtc.ss Is PIAnet Drum FoundaUon, Boit
31251, Son 1'111nt11COCA 9413t
�POPLAR APPEAL
written and illustrated by Doug Elliott
W hen I tell northerners Lhat 1 built my house almost
entirely of poplar, including the framing, rafters, interior
panelling, and exterior siding, they seem confused. When I go on
to say that there arc a 101 of old log cabins in 1hc Carolina
mountains built from large poplar logs. they look a1 me like I'm
crazy.
I'm finally learning that to a nonhcmer, the word "poplar"
refers to the aspens and other related trees whose wood is light,
soft. and vinually useless for house construction. After a bit
more discussion, we finally ge1 our terminology straightened out,
and I get the response, " Oh, you mean 'tulip tree'".
Yes, this magnificent tree has many names and even more
uses. It is not a crue poplar, but was so named because iis leaves
are attatched to its branches by long petioles (or leaf stems) that
allow the leaves to move m the breeze in a manner not unlike that
of a quaking aspen.
The tulip poplar is actually in the Magnolia family . ' l ts
scientific name, Liriodendron tulipifera, translates roughly to
m~ "tulip-bearing lily tree". This is a fitting name for the ttee
because itS flowers look like a combination of a tulip and a lily.
They are a light greenish yellow and each of the six petals has a
blaze of orange at its base.
OUJ ofa giant tulip tree
A grem gay blossumfalls on me;
Old gold andfire iu petals are.
Ir flashes like a/al/Ing swr.
- Maurice Thomas
A large tulip poplar lit up wilh hundreds of these large,
cup-like blooms in spring is a magnificent sight indeed.
The tulip poplar is the king of the magnolia family. 11 is
considered to be the tallest hardwood tree in North America. In
the old forests of the southern Appalachians il has been known to
attain a height of 200 feet with a straight ttUok 1en feet in diameter
and clear of branches for eighty to one hundred feet .
The largest tulip poplar on record is the "Reems Creek
Poplar" in Buncombe County. It was I98 feet 1all with a ttunk IO
fcec I I inches in diameter four feet above the ground. When it
was burned in April.1935, it was believed to be the largest tulip
poplar in the world, possibly over a thousand years old.
"But despite the splendor of its dimensions. there is
oothing overwhelming about the Tuliptree, bm rather
something joyous in ilS springing straightness, in the
candle-liU blaze of its sunlit flowers, in the fresh green ofus
leaves, which being more or less pendulous 011 long slender
sralks, are forever IW'ning and rusrling in the slighres1 breeze;
this gives the tree an air ofliveliness, lightening iJS grandeur.
So even a very ancieltl tUlip tree has no look of tld abou1 It,
for not only does it make a swift growth in youth, but in
maturity it maintains itself marvelously free of<kcay.
This look of vitality comes partly from the vivid paleue
from which tire Tullptree is colored. The flowers which give
it 1/Us name are yellow or orange a t base, a liglu greenish
shade above. Almost as brilliant are the leaves when they
first appear, a glossy, sunshiny pale green: they deepen in
tint in summer, and in awwnn tum a rich, re1oicing gold.
Even in winter the tree is still flOt UJllldorned.for the .•.cone
remal'ns, candel/Jbrum f as/Uon, erect on r/le bare twig
...(1111Iil) all the seeds have.fallei1."
- DoNJld Culross P~
Each of the seed cones 10 which Pcauic refers can produce
l 00 or more seeds. Each seed is located a1 the end of a
blade-shaped wing, called a samara, which keeps it airborne. On
windy days 1hcse seeds whirl like tiny helicopters and are
dispersed over great distances. Because they are released
gradually all through the winter, the seeds arc important to
wildlife. They are ca1cn by many kinds of birds as well as by
squirrels, chipmunks. and other small rodenlS.
On a bright snowy day rwo friends cross-countty skiing in
the Pisgah National Forest were surprised to see a white-footed
mouse scampering all over I.he snow, so busy collecting and
devouring freshly shed tulip poplar seeds that ir seeme~
eomple1cl y unaware of their presence.
Old Uses
Indians had many uses for the rulip poplar. Us.ing fire and
stone tools, they carved dugout canoes out of large straight
sections of the ttunks and taught pioneer se1tlers the an. One of
the first accountS of this was in 1590 in Thomas Harriot's brief
and true report of the new-found land of Virginia:
" ... rite irrhabitams that were neere 10 us doe comrtlQnly
make tlleir boars or Canoes of the fomi oftrowes (troughs), only
with the helpe of fire , ltarcl~IS of stoMS and shels; we have
known soml! being so great ...tluu they have carried well XX men
at once besides much baggage· 1/ie timber being greor, ta/,
streight, soft, lig/11, & yes tough ...".
Captain John Smith in 1612 reported canoes large enough
to hold 40 men.
Daniel Boone made such a canoe 60 feet long, capable of
carrying five tons. Into it he loaded his family and all their
possessions and in 1799 they floated from Kentucky down the
Ohio River and on into what was then Spanish territory. The tree
is still known as "canoewood" in some areas.
Poplar blossom time is very important to beekeepers. The
poplar is one of the most dependable sources of nectar in the
Southeast The yield of nectar per bloom is possibly the highest
of any plant on the continent and has been calculated at an
average of 1.64 grams - or about one third of a teaspoon - per
flower.
During a favorable season, poplar nectar is secreted so
abundantly that honey bees and other insects cannot carry i1 away
as faSt as it appears. Sometimes one can feel the nectar dripping
down like a gentle sticky rain when sranding under a blooming
wlip tree in a light breeze. (People who park their shiny new cars
under tulip trees often complain about this.)
Because the poplar blooms early in the season, many
honeybee colonies are not strong enough 10 fully utilize the
abundance. For StrOng hives, however, harvesLS of 100 pounds
of hooey per hive have been recorded during just the three week
poplar bloom. The honey is dark in color and is sometimes called
Spf'tn9. 1989
�"black poplar honey". When held up to the light, however, it can
be seen tha1 it is actually a deep amber-red in color. Though it is
not as light as locust honey nor as sought-after as sourwood
honey, it has a rlch full-bodied flavor that can sweeten fruit
salads, yogurt, tea, and other beverages. Poplar honey goes well
on pancakes, waffles, cereal, biscuits, cornbread, and other
baked goods. Rarely a day goes by that I don'1 eat some.
If you want the ultimate tulip-poplar-tasting experience, sip
the nectar straight from the flower like the bees do. You need to
find a freshly opened blossom within reach. Pick or lower the
blossom carefully without josrling it. Then lick. the drople1s on
the inside of the petals, and taSte tha1 ambrosial Sometimes the
nectar collects in a puddle on one of the lower sepals. If the air
has been warm and dry, the nectar will often be thick like syrup.
After one taste, you will know you have imbibed the nectar of the
gods!
In European gardens the tulip poplar is one of the favorite
"exotic" American ornamental shade trees, and it has been so for
mOTC than 300 years. In fact, the tulip poplar was first described
botanically in 1687 from a specimen that had been brought from
the New World and was growing in an English garden.
In the early part of the 18th century John Lawson,
Surveyor-General of North Ol.rolina, reponcd a hollow tulip
poplar "wherein a lusty Man had his Bed and Household
Furniture, and lived in it till his labor got him a more fashionable
MMsion." Of course the senler's "more fashionable mansion"
would probably have been no more than a log cabin made of tulip
poplar logs. There is many an old tulip poplar log cabin still
standing today and new ones arc still being built
Using Poplar Lumber
The first significant cutting of poplars in the new world
was by settlers who were clearing ground for farming. They
knew that where the tulip poplars grew, the soil was the richest.
Today this still tends to be true. Ginseng hunters look for stands
of tulip poplars when SC'Jnning distant mountainsides in search of
the moist soil that characterizes good ginseng habitat
lt was not until two decades after the Civil War, when the
r:>ilroads began 10 penetrate the rugged mountainous areas of the
Southern Appalachians, that the huge poplars and other southern
hardwoods were harvested. In those days only trees over 30
inches in diameter, each yielding more than 400 board feet in
lumber, were accepl.ed at the mills.
In some areas tulip poplar grows in almost pure stands. In
1912, a tract of land near Looking Glass Rock in Transylvania
County yielded 40,000 board feet of tulip poplar lumber per acre.
Nowadays loggers are pleased IO get 10,000 board feet per acre.
Foresters call tulip poplar a hardwood because it is a
broad-leafed tree, like oaks and maples. Pinc, fir and other
conifers arc called softwoods. The wood of tulip poplar
however, is as soft and workable as white pine. Because the
extensive heanwood is a yellowish tan in color, it is known as
"yellow poplar" in the lumber business. The sapwood is creamy
white and has been used as interior panelling. When used in this
capacity, i1 has been called "whirewood". Because of its lighmess
and strength. ii is used for boxes and crates. Yokes for oxen
were often made from tulip poplar, because it was so easily
carved. lt was one of the favorite materials for building aircraft in
the days when airplane bodies were built of wood. Poplar wood
has the ability to return to its normal shape after being
compressed under great pressure. This property accounts for the
wood's popularity for building barrel bungs.
Poplar lumber is used extensively in the furniture-making
industry. Its porosity and ability to take glue makes it an ideal
core upon which to glue fine wood veneers, and, because it
talces a polish beuer than any orher native wood. poplar wood is
itself often used as a veneer.
Kiln-dried yellow poplar wood makes a good framing
lumber for house construction. It is moderately lightweight, yet
stronger than spruce, fit; or white pine. Unlike the whole poplar
logs used in cabin construction. milled, dry poplar lumber has
little tendency to split when nailed. The Nonh Carolina Building
Code accepts graded poplar lumber as a framing material.
However, it has been infrequently used in recent years because of
the.abundance of low cost softwood timber, such as Douglas fir
and spruce, shipped in from the western Sl4tes. As the supply of
western softwoods decreases. tulip poplar may come back into
more common use.
Dead and Rotting Wood
Tulip poplar is also valuable when dead and rotting. The
stumps decay quickly and provide an ideal habitat for various
wood boring beetles. These beetles and their larva are one of the
favorite foods of the majestic pilca1ed woodpecker (often called
"wood hen" by mounroin folks). The pileated woodpecker is so
named because of its brilliant red crest. It 1s our largest
woodpecker. almost as big as a crow. These and other
woodpeckers regularly visit decaying tulip poplar. and some
people purposely cut poplar slumps high or use the Jogs in
gn:rden beds near the house in order to artmct them.
Dead tulip poplar is also the favorite growing medium for
cenain fungi. most notably the delec1nble oyster mushroom
(Pleurorus osrrearus). Oys1er mushrooms arc one of my favorite
'Aild mushrooms. l learned to identify them by Clll'Cfully studying
them in mushroom field guides. They arc f.urly easy 10
recognilC, hence they are one of the safest of the edible wild
mushrooms. They grow in cluster:., usually out of the sides of
logs or stumps. They vary from a creamy. "oyster" whi1e to 1.1n
or gray in color and arc distincbve because the gills run down the
entire length of the stem. They arc delicious in soups. on p;ista.
and can be saut6ed and gently stewed lO make an elegant side
dish. Once l had oyster mushrooms fried in fritter batter, and
(conunucc1cmJllil&e30)
they actually tasted like oyster mttcn..
~'°"""
J--'
9"'JS t t
�The bark of the poplar tree can be remo1Jed in the spring
and early swnmer and has been used in many ways. Large sheers
of Ir were used by the Indians as CO\'trings for wigwams,
wickiups, lodges, and orher living quarrers. In the Nonfl
Carolina mountain.s, poplar bark has bun used as siding on
frame houses. When I first disco11ered it on some homes near
Burns11ilfe in Yancey County, I was suuclc by ir.s rustic, }'et
eleganJ beaury.
As I was building my own house at the time, I wonted to
/ind ow how poplar bark siding wa.f made and how long it wollld
last. Wizen l asked around, however, it seemed tlw.t most of the
builders of these hauses Jw.d long since passed on, but t~y had
left a legacy ofpoplar bark. siding thol was sdll holding up well
qfter 70 or more years.
1 finally found one older man who was a poplar bark
crafts11w..n, and he tk.scribed tlie process UJ me. In early swnrner
when the "sap's running", large sheers of the bark are removed
from mediwn-sized trees. The bark is carefully pried off tlie trunk
with a to0I know11 as a "tan bark spud". This tool hark.ens back to
the days w}ien the collecting ofoak, chestnut and hemlock bark
was o pan ofevery timber cutting operation. The bark was sold
to tanneries as a source of tannic acid. A spud could be
Improvised mu of a stout curved stick with a chisel-like edge
carved on one end. Those made by blacksmiths look somewhat
like a small-lieaded spade.
After 1/ie bark is remo11ed, it is cut illro large rectangular
sheets, taken ro a barn or other dry p/act and "stacked and
stickered" like green lumber with na"ow strips ofwood between
each sheet of bark to allow air to circulate. Rocks or other
weights pilled on rop of the stock ofbark en.sure that the sheets
stay flat and do not curl up as they dry After a month or two of
drying, rhey can be cut 10 length and nailed like slung/es onro the
building.
Armed with th8se minimal instructions. and a lift·long love
of tulip poplar, I knew I had to onempt co/leering bark 10 cover at
lea.rt part ofmy house. A friend who was building ms own lwuse
was about to CUI some poplars on his land 10 use as suppon
beams. He told me that if I'd help him cut them and haul them
down to the building site, he'd help me get the bark.
The first tree we/tiled was aboUI afoot in dianieter, and it
fell uphill. We trimmed off the upper br01iches, until we had a
length ofclear trunk abou1 30 feet long. With 1he chainsaw, we
mode one long CUI throught the bark down the entire length ofth4
l.og. Then, staningfrom the bonom, with one of us on eilkr side
of the log, wt wenr at it with the bark spuds, ourf111gers, hate/let
blades and whatever else we collld improvise to genJly pry the
bark from the log.
. .. -
TIU! nt•wly formed cambium layer benn•e11 the bark and the
sapw(l(Jd was sofr, slippery and Yer)' juics. As the: bark gave way
10 our efforts arul .tepararedjrom ti~ rrunk, it made a slurpy
hissing noise. !Ve gradll(l//')! worked our Wll) up the log . The
bark was coming ojf bc:outifully. When wc:j1r1ally reached the
11pper end oftlu: log, tire remaining section f1f the bark StpcJrated
wirh a rtsowuling hollow "pop"
We stood up and ~ere congrarularing ourselves on a job
well dmu:, when we heard a noise. lt>okinR down we sow our
newly-skinned log heading off down the hi/IT ltsfreshl)• removea
bark had created a trough t/IQJ was slick.er tlllJll any bobsled run,
and b>· rhe time that log left that piece of bark, it had picW up a
terrific amo1u11 of speed and momenlltm.
It we111 careenin,g down the mountainside, and all we co11Jd
do was watch in astonisl11T1enl as thoJ log leapt over rock ledges
and crashed through thic~ts. It fi111Jlly .rropped uh0111 fl!ry yards
down the hill when i1 collided with a srump jusr above rhe house
.tire.
We breathed a huge sigh of relief. If it had nor been
sropped by the s111mp, that .flippery bauering ram would hove
done considerable damage to rhe ho11se founda1io11. Afrer rhar, we
senved a rope to each log before we removed ilS bark.
I found ow larer rluJt mountain loggers hove a word/or a
log sliding down a nwu111ainside. TluJt log is nball·hootin'," and
it is recognued as a serious danger in logging steep f1W11n1al11
,f/opes during spring and s1unmer. As one old logger told me,
'Them poplar logs is bad/or that. Wilen the sap's up, that bark
can slip off a log you're dragging and if tha1 log gets loose and
goes a balf-Jwotin' down the mou111ain, buddy, 'hit can kill a
ma11l"
The bark of small poplar trees can be scored and folded
into carrying 11essels ofall sizes from berry baskets to backpacks.
/11dia11s daubed the seams with pine pitch and used them as W(ller
buckets.
I was first introduced to bark basketry by my mountain
neighbor and friend Paul Geouge, wlio has been mak.i11g baskets
for years. I was enchanted by the way he explained their simple
practicalily;
"So you've been out fishing all morning .following the
creek up in.lb the nwuntain.t. You're cau:hlnJl some of 1/iem nmive
speckled trour, bUJ afrer a while the srream gets too small. So you
call it quir.s and head up onto the ridge/or rhe long walk home,
There you TUii into the biggest patch of ripe huckleberries you
halle ever seen.
~You'd 1011e to take some of them berries lwme, hut you
ai11'1 go11101hing to carry 'em in. Whor collld you do?" Paul asks
wirh a twinkle in his eye. "Well, if you knew how 10 make a
berry basker, you'd just find you a young poplar rree, make you
a poplar bark basket, and tote tllUn berries home. Now they'd
taste mighry g()()d after a fish dinner! ...
Between the ower layer of the bark and the sapwood is a
layer rich in fibro11s vascular material known as bast. When
rorred under controlled condirfons it can be used to mah ropes.
twine and other cordage. Ir was high/}' valued by Native
~ricansfor rhese tiles
Poplar bark has also been 11sed medicinally as a tonic and a
remedy/or fevers, stomach ailments, dysentary, rhe1unari.sm and
gour. It is a source oftulipiferine, an allt:aloid that acrs as a heart
stimulanr.
/
2
! ff.'"
• Doug Elliou's most recent book, (that includes step-by-s1ep
instruetions on how to make a rulip poplar bark basket) is entitled
Woods/ore and Wildwood Wisdom. It can be ordered from him
at Possum Productions; R1 1, Box 388; Union Mills. NC 28167
for $10.00 post paid.
Sprl·"'J· 1989
""''
.... -
�CLEAR SKY
a drawing by James Rhea
The concept for the drawing derives from my years
growing up in the southern foothills and hearing Cherokee
follclore, and being fascinated by their lifestyle and contributions.
I have always been inspired by other culrun:s, especially so called
primitives. This picture is pan of a series of portraits of healers or
philosophical leaders, who arc inspirational to their people,
representing cultures throughout the world.
From that I envisioned a change of bean from a life of war
and bloodshed to one of service and ~ce. This choice was
indicauve of several individuals who laid the foundation for the
later culturnl flowering of the Cherokees.
Clear Sky is more of a composite of an ideal figure lhan a
definite ponrait. The Cherokee people in the late l700's were in a
state of despair and desperation because of the encroachment
upon their lands and military defeat by European scnlcis. SC\'Cral
individu:tls came to the forefront to encourage and inspire their
people. To the Cherokee. they were lcnown as beloved persons.
both men and women. They felt a need for a transition or
integration into white society, but at the same time they hoped to
retain the best of their past for cultural survival.
Clear Sky's dress is typical for the time. He wears a blue
EngltSh bro3dcloth shin and has a Spanish trade blanket around
his waisr. The necklace is wampum with a silver gorget. The
eamngs are archaic beaten copper with slit earlobes. The hair is
trimmed with a dyed egret feather ornament In his band he holds
a turkey feather (an with natural bead work. a sign of respect and
dignity.
lsk.agua CJtr Clear Sky was listed in Duane K. King's book
CMrolcee Indian Na1ion as being present and signing a document
protesting the tt'Catment of Chickamauga Cherokees by the
Americans. The petition was sent to King George m of England
aslcing his government to intervene. At the time of the signing, or
thereabouts 1789-1791, he changed his name from NeMnoataah,
or "Bloody Fellow" to lsk.agua. "Clear Sky."
Spr~nAJ.
I used several sources Ill compiling his dress, ornaments
and general demcaner. but the most informative was the JnditlJIS
of the Southeastern Un11ed States by John R. Swanton,
Smithsonian Anthropology.
James Rhta lives in an old farmhou.st in a rural pan of
Cabarras CoUllt)'. Ht is illlertsttd in organic gardening and
environmental issul!S and spends time canoeing and hiking for
inspiration and peace of mind. His artwork includes tM subfecrs
of wildlife as well as portraits. "In gentral" he says •1 favor
world peace and holistic liftstyks".
,/
1989
Xat-~ )o\UnoL ~ 15
�II
a
Early, al tine o'clodt IWO sbocb ol-an
anbqaUe Wlft felt. Tbc boule D
cuM:d mid
ew:rytbing WU ID mowmelll.
The bcns fell to the paid fJOm lheir room
ud set up a pi.tifol cry.
You cm see chat the white people mR
diffaalt bc:ings from us, we are made
or.red clay. they of white sand.
About lbe J'Cll' 1811 IOIDC of the
Cleroba cbamed ud Olha'S
RCtiwd. in various ways.
cQ11111mictricw from lhe Oral
Spirit. all lr:Dding IO discredit die
ICbane ol c:ivilization.
See 10 ll dw you get back your old
Beloved Towns.
Yoor mother is not pleased you punish
each other so ha1d.
I have told you what the Gn:ac Spirit's
will is, and you are 10 pass on iL
la on:tcr that you might know bow things
want to tell you
what happened bcrc in the Nation ju,st the other
day.
~Pl in die Wkl IDday, I
Jusr dne rughis ago I was at a Wk in
C>o&1mally. To tha1 place came~ man and two
women who to1d that while they were on 11
journey, Ibey came eo an unoccupied house near a
hill called Rocky Mountain and enlCttd it in order
to spend the night thcte.
Just as it had become dark, they heard a
violenl noise in che air.•.As !hey went outside to
sec abou1 ii they saw a whole crowd of Indians
~g on I.be hill from the sky•...
nding on small black horses...their leader
beating a drum. .•came very close.• .They were
much frightened .•.•.
"Don'1 be afraid. we arc your brothers
and have been sent by the Great Spirit
10 spcalc co you.
The Great Spirit is dissatisfied that you
arc n:ceiving the white people into your
lnnd•.•..
You sec that the hunting is gone, you
are planting lhe corn of the white
people. go and sell ii back to them and
plant Indian com and pound it in the
manner of your forefathers. do away
with the mills.
The Mother of the Nation h~ fOtY.lccn
you. •. her bones are being broken
through the grinding. She will return co
you if you put the white people out of
lhe land and return to your fonncr
manner of life.
If you don't believe my words then
look up at the sky."
They did and saw the sky open...an
indescribably beautiful light and in it four white
houses.
"Such houses you are to build in your
Beloved Towns...
for white men who can be useful to
the Nation.. . ."
I mn not Ible IO delcribe lhe creat
perplexity into which we C11D11 Jasa ...L
Our dwelling bowie was in die most violent
mDVellXIH IO lhu it seemed IO be Deir II> be
falling in.
.. .a strongviolent noise beard
from the W.N.W. _ .and stteaks of
l.ighlning.....
This morning between 7 and 81>'c1ock we
felt tw0 more shocks without the sli1thtcst noise.
...our house was r:rembling..•the roof moved.
The m:es were in movemen1 wilhout !he
slightest wind.
It is true, the white people must all go from
lhe Nation; boWevcr, 4 smiths, S()tne school
ceachers a.rid those who arc building mills
for us a.re to be toleralbd. but later. they too
must return to their own country..•..
Some of them anribuce the occurrence
co the sorcerers; some, to a large snake
which must have crawled under their house;
some to the weakness and old age of the
eanh which will soon cave in.
. •.they held a grand feast and celebrated a
great medicine dance. .• ..
. . .if they believed and obeyed, then game
would abound, the white ll1!ll1 would
disappear. . • .•
.• .instead of beef and bacon they would
have venison, and instead of chicken they
would have turkeys.
. . •we heani today from a traveler
tb:u in Taloni. •. thiny miles from here
along the road to Georgia. in a field 13 sink
holes appeared as a result of the earthquake.
the largest of \\<hich is 20fcet deep and 120
feet in circumference and is. • .full of
gn:enish water.
. . .he would like
to know whether
lhe end of 1hc world
were not near. .•• •
sprin9. 1989
�J
...many lndians believe that the white
people were responsible because they had already
taken possession of so much of the Indian land
and wruned still more.
The Great Spirit is angry...and be wanted
to put an end to it through eanhquakes.
, Soon after the eanh had tremble4 an Indian
was silting in his house in deep thought, his
children were lying sick in front of the fire.
...a tall man appe~ clothed entirely in
the foliage of ihe trees, with a wrca1b on his head.
..carrying a small child in his ami.~ and had a
larger child by the hand.
"The small child on my arm is the
s
ClJC:it Spirit.
l am not able to tell you whether the
Great Spirit will soon destroy the
earth or not.
1be Great Spirit is not pleased that
tbc lndillll$. have sold so 111uch land
to the white man.
:rugalo, wl!K:I\ is now possessed by
white people, u; the r~t place the
Great Spirit created.
There in a hill he placed the firs& fire.
for all fin: comes from the Great
Spirit.
. . .the white people have built a
house on th3t hill. They should
ab:lndon th~ place; on thru hill there
~hould be grass growing. only then
will there be ptaee.
...the Indians no longer thank the
Great Spirit before they enjoy the
fust fruits of the land. They no
longer have dances in his honor
before they eat the first fruit~.
You arc sad because you thin.le your
childn:n m ill, they are not renlly ill.
but have only taken in a. little dust.~
•.. he gave him two small piece5 of bark from a
certain tree ••• and told him to cook them and to
give the drink to his children. and from that they
became weU right then.
7
...the residents of one wwn fled into the hills and
tried to crawl into hiding in the ho!~ of lhe rocks
in order to escape the danger of I.he hail stones, the
size of half bushels. which were to full .••..
...numbers of the aibe.. .abandoned their bees.
their orchards, their slaves, and everything else
that might have come to them through the white
man, and...took up their toilsome march for the
mounwns of Carolina.
..•mills. clothes, feather beds and iables
- worse still •.. books, and domestic cats!
This was not good· theieforc the buffaloes and
other game were disappearing. The Great Spirit
was angry. and had withdrawn his protection.
The Cherokees must return to the customs
of their fathers. They must kill their cats, cut
shon their frocks, and dress as became Indians
and warriors. They must discard all the
fashions of the whites, abandon the use of any
communication with each other except by word
of mouth, and give up their mills. their houses,
and all the ans learned from the white people.
~ Oicrokecs arc at this time in a
rcmarlc.able manner - occasioned by the late
shocks of the eanh ·endeavoring to appease
the Anger of the Ore3t Spirit
They have revived thcnr religious
dances of ancient origin to appease the
Anger of the Great Spirit....with 115 much
solemnicy as ever was seen in worship In
our churches. They then repair to the water,
go in and wash. These ablutions arc
intended 10 show that their sins are washed
away and that they are cleansed from all
defilements.
These fanatics or prophelS tell them
that the Great Spirit is :ingry with them for
adopting the manners, customs, and habfo;
of the white people who, they think. are
very wicked.
Some of the females an: mutililting
fine muslin drcsses and arc told that they
must discontinue dancing n:cls and country
dances whieh have become very common
ampn~l the young people.
. . .!here is llllk
...in the space of 3 months the moon
would again become black. and thereafter
hail stones as large as hominy blocks would
fall, all cattle would die Md soon the earth
would come to an end.
A sorcerer said uncil then there would
be peace; how things would be after thnt he
did not know.
that a new earth
will come into being
in the Spring.••..
•• ,it has bc!en revealed by the Great Spirit
th:u there would be an intense darkm~ss and that it
would last three day~ - during which :lll white
people would be snatched away as well as 1111
Indians who had any clothing or household
articles of the white man's kind.•••
•.• they should put aside everything that i:.
similar to the white people and that which they had
learned from them, so that in the darkness the
Great Spirit might not mistake them and snatch
them a~ay.
... many llre doing away with
their household articles and
clothing.•.•
The above ma1trial if parr fJf a /011ger work in
progress. Jr is drawn entirelyfrom actual occounLS
uf the events ~ntitmed, a.s recorded in ltrrers and
diaries from the period, many of wlrich were
locared in rhe Mortn•ian lfrchh'es In
Winsron·Salem, North Carolina.
5
�Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five
years, if similar projects were begun in cities and
communities all around the region and beyond....
A Look at the Black Swan Center
By C.8. Squire
College students encouraging community economic
development in the community that surrounds their campus? Thai
is exactly what's happening in the Swannanoa River Valley. The
effon is being carried out by student-faculty teams from Warren
Wilson College working ou1 of the BlacJc Swan Center.
The Black Swan Center. named for Black. Mountain and
Swnnnanoa, !he two towns in !he Valley it embraces. is currently
located on the Wnrrcn Wilson campus and serves as a community
resouN:e organization for the entire area. A key ob)ective is to
explore how small colleges can "serve as catalysts in their own
backyards for community and ce-0nomic development projec ts,"
according to Black Swan directors Laura Temple Haney and Louise
Solomon.
Initially funded by grants from the Z. Smith Reynolds
Foundation and the Broyhill Family Foundation, the Center
operates with a work/study crew made up of students and faculty
advisers responsible for various individual projects of the Center.
This "work crew". made up of fifteen students majoring in
Sociology, Environmental Studies, Social Work, Political Science,
and English, meets regularly to review their various projects
centered around !he "community economic developmem" concept.
The Black Swan Center grew out of lhe Swannanoa Valley
Projcc1 (SVP), a land-use planning and economic development
study carried out in 1985 by Swannanoa Valley residents and
Warren Wilson College Staff, faculty, and students. Funded by the
Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation and TV A, the SVP found that
most project participants wanted the Valley to reverse its downward
economic trend "while remaining an essentially rural area wilh a
viable economic base." It became apparent thm what wa!"> needed
was an ongoing community resource center to serve these needs.
Thus, the Black Swan Center was born.
The vital importance of a community planning and resource
center such as this cannot be overestimated. Tf we wish to
preserve and enhance the quality of life here in Kaniah, in ways thar
nre ecologically and economically sound, we can no longer allow
the haphazard and Shon-sighted type of growth and development
that has predominated for decades. The key factor in reversing this
trend and in finding truly workable solutions is to encourage local
initiative, self-reliance, infonnalion exchange, and cooperative
effort. This can be a very powerful grassroots movement, with
far-reaching effects, but it demands susmined local commitment and
involvement. This k:ind of sustained effon can best be supported
JCQti&Qh
Journot pc:M)e
by citizens and businesspeople acting in concen with local academic
institutions. After all, should we not make the mo.st of all of our
available local resources, in order to assure the contin ued
well-being of our communities? Only in this way can we
intelligently deal with the tremendous forces of change that are
confronting us. It is now critical !hat we re-learn and re-create the
an of community - and projects such as the Black Swan Center arc
beginning 10 lay the groundwork for !his crucial renaissance. In
fact, this dynamic pilot project has already achieved tangible
results. Imagine what could happen over, say, the next five years,
if similar projects were begun in cities and communities all around
lhe region and beyond. ...
A key objective is to explore
how small colleges can "serve as
catalysts in their own backyards
for community and economic
development projects" ...
In its first year, the Black Swan Center has been focusing on
three essential components: (I ) A community economic
development class for Warren Wilson students to prepare them to
work in the Center; (2) development of a college work crew made
up of faculty and students which operates and coordin:ncs Black
Swan ruitivitics; and (3) a community-based education course for
Valley residents designed to promote new business ventures,
develop rural leadership Skills and teach community economic
development concepts. AU three components are in place, with the
community-based education course starting in March.
Organalcd by Lisa Waners, a Sociology mnJOr, the course,
"Community Development and the Economy in the Swannanoa
Valley,''. is ~imed at .~elpmg Valley residents (l) "gain the
leadership skills and ab1hoes that can make positive changes in the
lives of the people that live in the Valley; (2) explore the
Swunnanoa Valley community and its resources; (3) understand the
problems facing the local economy; (4) seek: solutions. and; (5)
determine what small businesses might succeed in the Valley."
16
Sprl.n.g, 1989
12
�As Lisa points out. this type of course was designed by the
Highlander Center in Tennessee and has been used in such
co~uniri~s. as Jellico,_Tennessee, and Dungannon, Virginia.
Unlike tradiuonaJ educauon, the course doesn't separate learning
from doing, theory from practice and education from work. "When
Y?U put 'community' in front of 'economic development'," says
Lisa, "it means ordinary citizens revitalizing their communities and
stimulating quality economic development from within rather than
waiting for the 'expens' to do it, or for outside industries 10 come
in and provide jobs." In the long run, "community economic
development doesn't only mean jobs. because ic can aJso make the
difference in peoples' environments and quality of life."
exploring options for municipal structures for the community of
Swannanoa. He is also helping to draft a legal document that can
be used as pan of an offical petition to the state to incorporate
as a township.
Christy Allred, an Environmental Studies major, and
Katherine Crum, a Social Work major, are working with TV A 10
identify fanners in the Valley who are interested in growing
specialty crops such as shiitake mushrooms and baby
watennelons. Two workshops are planned, one in May, the other
in the fall of 1989, that wiU bring Canners from Buncombe and
Madison County together 10 discuss agricultural problems and
trends facing the area and how to effectively market specialry crops.
The 10.week course will be fnciJiiated by Louise Solomon
and Laura Temple Haney, both faculty members at Warren Wilson,
and Marilyn Bass, of the YMJ Cultural Center in Asheville. In the
second part of this course, they will be joined by Tim Richnrds, of
the Small Business Technology Development Center, and Dana
Smith, of the Self-Help Credit Union, who will specifically instruct
participants on how to work with a business idea.
One of the more impn:ssive activities growing out of the
Black Swan Center is a waste management center, directed by
Melissa Gildersleeve, an lntercultural Studies major. Alrendy in
operation on the College campus, the Center includes a processing
pavilion for rccycleable items, including a baler for cardboard and
specially designed "drop-off' bins for recycling glass, cans and
newspapers. The waste management center grew out of a class
exercise in an Environmental Policy cl:iss artd has resulted m the
recycling of much of the 25,000 lbs/yr. of ttash generated by the
collegc--trllSh that had been caned to the county landfill at a cost of
up to Sl2,000/yr. Melissa bcheves that within a couple of years the
college's waste management costs will be entirely covered by
n:venucs from recycling. Her bu.~iness plan includes e~panding the
College's program by establishing five more "drop·off' collection
sues in the Swannaoa Valley, possibly as early as this spring.
While important to carrying out the aims of the Center, the
course in communicy economic development th.is spring is by no
me~ns ~h~ center's sole: agenda_. A small ~usincss development
project is in progress with the rum of "keeping more money in the
Valley" by encouraging businesses in the area to buy from each
other whenever possible, explained Brad Brock. another Sociology
major and one of the Business Development coordinators for the
Center. He added that the Black Swan Center and the Swannanoa
Valley Ch:tmbcr of Commerce have almost completed a business
directory of the Valley with one section made up of chamber
members and the other. "the green pages". listing all valley-owned
businesses.
Brad and his partner. Rebel Bailey, an Environmental
Studies 1113jor and owner of a flourishing backpack business. have
a!so been working with Nonh Carolina REAL Enterprise (Rural
&onomic Alternative Leaming, localed in Raleigh, North Carolina)
10 design a curriculum on developing student-owned enterprises for
Wam:n Wilson College. Fffty people attended a five-pan series of
workshops called "Business Basics''. Post-workshop follow-up
has resulted in consulting sessions with four entrepreneurs with a
"good strong prospect" for getting a business up and running in the
Valley. Still another project for Brad and Rebel is the Stan-up of a
breakfast club, modeled after the Briarpatch program on the west
coast, that will provide networking opponunities for local
entrepreneurs and owners of small businesses in the Valley.
Another Black Swan project, headed by Heidi Erick.son. :in
Environmental Studies and Education major, is a literacy program
with a new twist-worlting directly with the business community to
improve literacy. Heidi explains that those unable to read and write
are often reluctant to tell their employers or their lack of reading
skills. But one area employer, Charles D. Owen m, has agreed to
have a literacy project operating at his plant site, with employees
receiving half-pay for the time they spend on learning to read.
Heidi's project has already trained 12 people at Warren Wilson
College to teach such courses.
Still another project of the Center involves working with the
Alternative Energy Corporation. based 1n the Research Triangle
area, in developing a "Community Energy Campaign~ for the
Valley. This project plans to help weatherize non-profit buildings
anc,1 to audit heat loss in college and community
buildings-including the former Carver Alternative School property
in Black Mountain which the county has just acquired from the
town's Parks & Recreation DepanmenL Eventually, with this
campaign, the Center hopes to help the community save much of
the 40 miJlion dollars a year or so lhat leaks out in energy cosrs in
the Swannanoa Valley.
Dan Scbeuch, a Political Science major, has been working
with Swannanoa Valley residents and the Nonh Carolina
Department of Natural Resources and Co1TUI1un1ty Development in
Sprt.nq. t989
Although all the ~tudents working at the Black Swan Center
have different 'main' projects they are working on. they all have
one thing in common. Each panicipates in one another's
programs... wch as lending the experti~e the1y have gained in
desktop publishing, to knocking on doors of local businesses. to
picking up the College'!\ waste and recycleablcs from around
campus once a week.
For the future, chc Black Swan Ccnu;r hopes 10: organize n
Swannanoa Valley community work day: perhaps relocate the
Center more into the heart of the community: encourage other small
colleges in Appalachia to explore setting up a similnr program. and,
in general. coordinate the community development projects and
courSCS and the starrup of at least one student-run entesprise.
One of the most promising aspects of this entire project is for
the Black Swan Center to serve as a working model for other
insututions in the region. They. too. may want to embark on a
similar cooperative program of community development that., in the
words of the Center's grant application, "will overcome the
'LOwn-gown' barriers that separate so many colleges from their
neighbors."
To quote Gnscom Morgan, son of Arthur Morgan who
founded the Cclo community in Yancey County. and who bjmself
for the last four decades has inspired and assisted the cause of
community through his association with Community Service. Inc.;
"We need fol,k colleges-people's colleges...not jus1 for intellect.uals
or whites, b11t to do what Highlander College (now Clllled
Highlander Center) has done for Appalachia and the South. lf we
had folk colleges 10 which the working class and rural people from
across a region could come and htive association with the
intellecruaJs--then rerum to their local communities with the strength
and conviction of their own culture--tbese different groups of the
common people could reinforce each other.•
Morgan's dream is being rcallz.ed by a group of pioneers:
so~ fifcecn students with very diverse background.<>, two faculty
advisors, and an involved community•..... You are welcome 10 visit
this dynamic center or call for more infonnation.
The Black Swan Ctn1er, 701 Warren Wilson Road, Swanrwnoa,
North Carolina 28778. (704) 299-9306
�wlld lovely days
the wild lovely days
come
with a wind tossed violence
they awaken
a tantalizing bitterness
of memory
the spring morning of lilacs
the wilting high noon
of orange poppies
the late afternoon sun
of autumn marigolds
and now
the great wheel of night
spins with dazzling circles
of blue and gold light
�dancer
the tender talents
of earth swelling
with rapture
birdsong and blue sky
fluttering encore
a thousand thousand
leaves turning
rich dark colors
awaiting
opulent carnage
exalted limbs rising
against dark skies
crucible
answer
I who hurried thru lhe years
running this way and that
sometimes strangely knowing
sometimes weeping beside the road
spent at last, alone
bereft of all I sought
you came to me
slowly without my knowing
you touched me
the stream carries me
my face is wet
I am submerged
I will not let
fear of drowning
darken the bright water
all that rs bright and clear
filters thru the translucent waves
of faith, the ineffable substance
that fills the
yearning crucible
with timeless light
endless peace
Selections from the book Wifd Lovely Days. portraits of moments In time and nature expressed in complementary words and images.
THE POET·
THE PHOTOGRAPH:R;
Ellmboth Griffin Is an artist, poet, and former lawyer residing in
Highlands. Katuah Province.
Gii Leebrick is an environmentally concerned falher, husband, mediator,
photographer, and director of the Appalachian Environmental Arts Center in
Highlands.
�.:•····;••·....................................
.,....
..
....
....
.~~·
~
~
i{ NATURAL \~.
: wORLD :
~
~
~
~
·!
i:
\. ..
:I
..
NEWS
..
..
·~.
.(
.~ ..
"!,
·:.
.:
~~~~~.·~··· · · ~·.·.·.•.•.•.·.·· · · ....~::::::!:
.!·
?·
PANTHERTOWN RESTORED!
Nllllnl World NCWJ Str-i=
In one Inst expression of disdain for
Congress and the Appalachian b1orcgion, the
Reagan administration m the la.~L days of its reign
took away money slated for the pun:hase of the
Pa.nthenown tract high in the headwaters of the
Tuckasegee River.
Through an arrangement with Duke Power
Company, which wants to run a high-voltage
power line across pan of the Panthenown area,
Congress hod appropriated $8 million to buy the
remainder of the propeny for inclusion in National
Forest Jnnds. Under a rechnicaliry the our-going
administration stole away that money. plus $47
million for other land appropriations. to pay the
costS of fighting the famous Yellowstone fire and
other fires that occurred in the summer of 1988 in
drought-soicken western states.
On March 13. 1989, however, the Office of
Management and Budget reversed the order, and
put the money back into the special Land and
Water Conservation Fund, where it is once
available for land acquisition purposes.
It is expected that the Panthcnown purchase
will be able to be completed this summer.
COLEY CREEK IS SAFE!
Systems Research Group, to review the Coley
Creelc plan. The study group pointed out that fuel
prices would have to escalate considerably lO make
the Coley Creek project economically viable.
However, cbe consultants' review found
that the most economical approach would be to
emphasize "demand-side programs." These
programs hcreate" extra energy by promoting
conservation on the pan of utility customers
through steps such as rewarding customers for
efficient energy use pancrns and helping to cut
down on energy consumption by wealherization
programs, promoting energy-efficient appliances,
etc. A more careful and judicious use of energy
reduces the need for increased energy production.
The report showed that through energy
conservation Duke could make avnilable the same
amount of energy that the Coley Creek pumped
storage project would have provided. but at
one-third the cost. The repon outlined five
different demand-side programs and gave
srep-by-srep directions for their implement.arlon.
Bill Thomas, co-chair of rhe Jocassee
Wate~hed Coalition, said, "h could be very
imponant for a company like Duke to stan a series
of pilot programs in energy conservation. Even if
they weren't completely convinced that this was
the best way to go, they should :u least experiment
and find out for themselves what programs wo11ld
work and what wouldn't."
"In September the Nonh Carolina Utilities
Commission will hold a series of six hearings at
locations across the stare to gather public comment
on a proposed least-cost planning rule that will
include demand-side management items. A good
tum-out by people s~ak.ing on behalf of these
measures wouJCI show the COinmission where the
public suppon lies."
The Jocnssee Watershed has obtained a
reprieve from funher depredations by Duke
Power, but efforts continue to gain binding
legislauve protection for the basin through
designation of the Thompson and the \v'hitewater
as Wild and Scenic Rivers. (The Horsepasturc
River already has protected stntus.) Preliminnry
studies have already been completed, and show
very definttely that further srudy is justified.
"We need to g~t legislacors to press the
North Carolina Natural Resoun:es and Community
Development Department to complete their sruclies
so that the lcgislat.ion can proceed," said Thomas.
"We arc asking people interested in the future of
the Jocnssee Watershed to contact their state
n:presentatives and ask them to get involved with
this.''
...AND NOW CHAITOOGA
Duke Power Company has announced that it
is postp<>ning indefinitely the Coley Creek Pump
Storage Project, which would have done
devastating environmental damage in the beautiful
Jocassee Watershed area in the foothills of the
Blue Ridge.
Officially, the company said that a review of
fuel prices and the economics of the pumped
storage alternative convinced them that providing
power by coal plants or combustion turbines was
economically more advantageous. What the
company did not mention was that they had met
stiff resistance to the project every step of the way
from the Jocassee Watershed Coalition, a
broad-based organization of hikers, hunters.
fishermen, and environmental groups. which may
also have influenced their decision. With a grant
from the Babcock Foundation. the coalition had
hired an independent consulting firm, the Energy
~
)o"'nat P • 20
Officials of Rabun County, Georgia and the
Associated Consulting Group are conspiring to
build a jetpon on a mountaintop in the upper
reaches of the Chattooga River, which is
designated as a Wild and Scenic River.
Preliminary design studies of the site
illegally conducted by Associated Cousulting at the
request of the Rabun County government have
detennined that they would need t.o level the entire
mountaintop to make room for the jet planes to
land. The jets would take off and land directly
over the river and roar over remote wild areas in
their flighL
The potential impacts on the Chattooga
watershed would be devastating. They include
massive sedimentation, wildlife habitat
destruction, and noise pollution, as well as the
fouling of the water and air. The remote and wild
character of the Chattooga whitewater run would
be severely degraded by the low-altitude
overflighcs.
The US Forest Service has refused ro talce a
position to protect the "wild and scenic" status of
the Chattooga despite their legislative mandate
under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act to do so.
The agency has even backed down from an earlier
comrninment to require an Environmental Impact
Statement for actions affecting any Forest Service
site. The American Rivers organization and a
coalition of local citizens is working on behalf of
the river. They say, ''Since t.be Forest Service has
refused to direct the county away from the
Chanooga site, citizen voices are essential to
prevent the Chattooga site from bemg selected.
The county and Associated Consulting are known
to have a bias in favor of the Chattooga site, and
only overwhelming public sentiment against lhe
site can change their minds."
Make yourfeelings known! Write:
Associated Consulting Group
3 I5 W. Po111::e de Leon Ave. (Suite 125)
Decatur, OA 30084
Kenneth Henderson, Forest Supen·i,s()r
Cl111ual100d~e National Forest
508 Oak St. NW
Gainesville. GA 30501
American Rivers
801 Pennsylvania Ave. SE (Suire 303)
Washington. DC 20003
WHAT'S AN EIS?
(or JUDGE HALTS VULCAN)
There will be no rock quarry in Flat Creek nt least not anytime soon.
Vulcan Matenals Company had planned to
dig a 58-acre, open-pit quarry near Weaverville
despite protests from local residents until
Buncombe County Superior Coun Judge Roben
D. Lewis voided Vulcan's state permit early this
'd
year. Some 450 North Buncom be rest ents
snowed up at the last public hearing in October of
1987. Most were against the quarry projecL The
group fonned the North Buncombe Association of
Concerned Citizens, which filed suit against
VuJcan, a Fortune 500 company, and several state
officials. Residents claimed in their suitS tha1 the
mining permit was issued 10 the company despite
evidence from expens that the quarry, which
would have been sited about two miles nonh of
the town of Weaverville, would deplete and
pollute area groundwater.
Spri-n9, 1989
�INCINERATORS THREATEN
AIR QUALITY
Jllmnl World News Service
"Cloudy skies" would be the long-term
weather forecast for meb'OpoliUUl Knoxville and all
points downwind if four new waste incinerators
were to come into operation in the area.
Three proposed incinerators in the
Knoxville area and one that is already constructed
1hrea1en 1he Great Smoky Mounrains National
Park, only 40 miles downwind, and the already
beleaguered mounrains of the Kan1ah province.
Cum:n!ly, air in the Smokies ranks it among the
ten most polluted of all the National Parks. It used
to be that the Park was only "smokey" during the
summer months when natural chemicals from the
forest vegetation combined with panicles in the
air. Now, even on a clear winter day, the view is
noticeably hazy. An estimated 70% of the pall is
due to air pollution.
The Department of Energy (DOE) has built
an incinerator at the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant
in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. According to engineer
John Patton of the Division of Air Pollution
Conttol for the State of Tennessee, it is licensed
under the Toxic Substances Control Act to burn
radioactively contaminated polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB's) and other wastes which are
generated at the DOE facilities at Oak Ridge,
Paducah, and the Ponsmouth Gaseous Diffusion
Plants. The incinerator bums only propane gas
now, but when it goes on line in the summer of
1989, it will burn 3000 pounds of r.idioactive
waste every hour. A similar incinerator was
defeated in Rocky Flats, Colorado through public
opposition.
A private company mis-named the Safe
Ecology Group is proposing to build another
incinerator on Bear Creek Road in Oak Ridge that
will bum low-level radioactive waste for volume
reduction. According to Lisa Finaldi of the Nonh
Carolina Clean Water Fund, this incinerator will
take low-level radioactive waste from states that
are members of radioactive waste compact
agreements, such as North Carolina and New
York, reduce the volume of the waste, and then
send it back to the states for disposal. The
capacity of this incinerator will be 10,000 pounds
of radioactive waste per hour.
Also in the site selection stage is the East
Knoxville mass burn incinerator that will be
operated by Foster-Wheeler Power Systems of
New Jersey. The proposed incinerator will bum
900 tons of municipal garbage a day.
According to a Solid Waste Authority
spokesperson in Knoxville, "The incinerator and
recycling will be used to decrease landfill
dependency.''
Opponents of the incinerator,
however, declare that incineration will decrease the
recycling incentive, since the operating company
has a flat guarantee from the city and the county
that it will receive a certain amount of waste to
bum 10 produce electricity. Recyclers fear that
quota will be filled by waste that would otherwise
be potentially recoverable.
. Electricity sales will not cover operation and
maintenance costs for rhe incineraror facility. A
group called CARE in Knoxville claims that the
Solid Waste Authority did not compare the cost of
incineration, which will come to $370 million over
a 20-year period, with the coStS of alternative
methods of reducing solid waste, i.e. commercial
Sprl.ncj, l989
and household recycling, baling (compressing
THE FATE OF THE ROSE
garbage), and composting (brush, leaves, etc.).
Even with an incinerator, about 40% of
from• n;iort by N~ Blmhlrdl
solid waste must be landfilled. A new landfill will
Years ago the Agriculture Depanment
be needed in Knox County whether there is an
incincr.1tor or noL Incinerators actually raise the brought the multiflora rose into Virginia for soil
cost of disposal, because incinerator a.sh is a conservation and to attTact wildlife. Now the state
hazardous waste and must be sto1ed using encourages the eradication of this plant and may be
expensive protective techniques in special making a mistake that will tum out to be far more
serious than the spread of the shrubby muhiflora
landfills.
The CARE group also points out that, even bush. Montgomery and Grayson counties have
with air pollution conttols, incinerators pose a passed, and Floyd county is considering,
risk to public health that carries an incalculable legislation to force landowners to keep the plant
cosL The most dangerous chemicals cannot be from scrting seed on their propeny.
Farmers say that the roots of this plant arc
seen or smelled.
hard to lc:ill. Pulling multiflora roots out of the
Finally, next door to the proposed site for ground usually causes tbero to start new plants.
the Knoxville mass bum incinerator, the Dixie The multiflora grows in too many out-of-the-way
Cement Company may bum bai.ardous waste in a places to keep it all cut. Therefore, the st.ate
convened cement kiln.
recommends herbicides to lcilltbe plant - herbicides
that are particularly apt to contaminate
groundwater. Dicamba and 2,4-D arc both on the
list of pesticides which the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) considers most lillely to
leach into groundwater. Piclorfam, which is also
on the EPA leaching list, is conrained in the pellets
ofTordon, a restricted-use herbicide.
SLUDGE ISSUE STILL STEAMING
Though 2,4-D is not restricted and is
classed only as a "possible carcinogen," it may
soon be reclassified, because recent studies by the
National Institute of Cancer have shown a link
There is a new development in the bat!le between 2,4-D and cenain types of cancer. As
over the fate of Buncombe County's sewage 2,4-D breaks down, it can form products of
decomposition rhat are more toxic than the original
sludge: Advanced Alkaline Stabilization.
With encouragment from the Buncombe formulation. Like Tordon and Dicamba, 2,4-0 can
County Commissioners, the Buncombe also be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are
Metroplltan Sewerage District (MSD) has agreed cancer-causing. or more immediate concern is the
stress which pesticides put on rhe kidneys and
10 hold a hearing on this waste treatment process,
which mixes sludge with kilned lime dusr other pans of the human body.
William
(quicklime). ~ng pathogens and raising the pH agronomy at Wes1 Bryon, associate professor of
Virginiu University Wiil> quolcd
of the mixture, thus binding heavy metals and
making the resulting material suitable for in the Roanoke TimtS of January 29, 1988 that
herbicides cannot eradicate the multiflora rose and
spreading on farm pastures. The hearing is are not wonh using. He also mentions a natural
scheduled to be held in Asheville on March 21.
rosette disease
Foes of che sludge incinerator say that che control called Missouri. Thiswhich is spreading
this way from
disease, spread by
outcome of that hearing will detennine their future a mite, can accomplish what the herbicides can't
strategy. "If the MSD continues to favor the and kills the multiflora in a few years.
incineration process," said Paul Gallimore of the
(conlinucd on next .-ae}
Long Branch Environmenral Education Center,
"we will push for a review of the Environmental
Protection Agency's health risk assessment that
OK'd the incinerator proposal.
"The EPA assessment is flawed. They
looked at only one possible pathway for airbome
pollution from the incineraror to enter the body by air inhalation - when actually there are four
other possible parhways - through direct
contamination of food, food grown in
contaminated soils, dermal exposure, and
inhalation of contaminared soil or dust.
"After some method - any method - of
sludge treatment is chosen, the next step is to put
pressure on the MSD to righten up industrial
pre-ueatrnent standards for wastes. Carcinogens
and heavy metals should not be allowed to leave
the point of origin regardless of the waste
treatment technology selected."
The MSD has agreed to institure a pilot
operation to tesc the feasibility of composting
sewage sludge no mauer what treatment process is
used for the bulk of the county's wasre.
"This is very positive," said GaJJimore.
"Where an incinerator will give out in 20 or 30
years and have to be completely replaced at great
expense, a composting operation just keeps
turning out the humus. Biological microorganisms
just don't quit."
�(CQn.tinucd from pag$ 21)
MOUNTAIN PEOPLE SAY
"CUT THE CLEARCUITING"
Nanni Wcxld News Savice
The Western Nonh Carolina Alliance
(WNCA) bas launched a public campaign to
Fuade the US Forest Service (USFS) to change
us primary timber management technique,
even-aged management. Under that scheme
patches of the National Forests up to 40 acres in
size an: cut to the ground so that the resulting
regrowth is of uniform size and easier 10 harvest.
Alliance members held an anti-clearcuuing
protest demonstration in front of the Forest
Service headquarters in downtown Asheville.
Banners and signs proclaiming "Cut the
Clearcutting" were hoisted by the protesters who
want the Forest Service to adopt a timber
management strategy that relics heavily on
uneven-aged management, which is based on
careful examination of individual siteS and logging
prescriptions that call for the thinning of
undesirable trees as welJ as the removal of good
sawtimbcr. so that future growcb is improved.
Uneven-aged management requires greater
expertise and auention to detail on the part of
foresters, and the Forest Service claims it docs not
have the budget to suppon these extra demands on
its staff.
Demonsttators lined the sidewalks in front
of the USPS offices with tree stumps to ~give the
flavor of what a forest of stumps looks like," said
WNCA member Monroe Gilmour. Also displayed
was a 90-foot long petition containing over 1,700
.names of Katuah residents opposed to
clearcuning.
The campaign was also carried into local
ranger districts at several meetings held to give
local community members a chance to speak about
proposed clearcurs in their immediate areas.
Over 100 Clay County residents auended a
community meeting in Hayesville to protest
planned clearcutting in their county. Retired
fores1cr Walton Smith, chair of the WNCA Timber
Management Taste Force, told the gathering that
since the clcarcuuing method was iniri:ued the
qualit) of the timber production had substanrially
declined. Smith noted that the growth of sprouted
limber, as found in clcarcuis. was substantially
faster, but produced trees of poorer quality than
trees grown from seed. Sprouts produced a
cross-grain growth that created a weakness in the
lumber, he said.
Smith recently walked scveml clearcuts with
USFS Regional Supervisor Bjorn Dahl. Smith
said Dahl was "quite surprised'' to see a tract under
uncven-:iged management thnt W3S full of young
seedling trees. whereas the clearcut areas were full
of sprouts.
In another meeting with Forest Service
personnel and a.ides to legis!Ative representatives,
150 Madison County residents met to protest
proposed road construction and clcarcuning at the
top of Bearpcn Ridge. The residenis complained
that the road and the clearcutting operation would
cause sedimentation in Hickey Fork Creek and
would destr0y the trout hatchery there. The cold
creek waters offer challenging fishing for rainbow
and native brook trout
The steep. remote forests in the Hickey
Fork Creek watershed ~ovide excellent habiiat for
bears and other wildlife, and the area is popular
with bunters. Many in the assemblage were bear
hunters who were concerned that the new roads
and the clearcutting would cause bears to shy
away &om the area. They were especially alarmed
JGcitilah 'o~Ml P • 22
to learn that a stand of large white oalcs on top of
Bearpen Ridge were t0 be included in the clearcut
The hunters. who were all familiar with the woods
and wildlife in the area. agreed that this .stand was
one of the most imponant mast-eroducing areas in
the region and that it was heavily used by bears.
After hearing their concerns, Frank Roth of the
USFS indicated that he would set aside an acre of
so of the largest trees so that they could continue
10 provide wildlife food.
The WNCA is plannning a "Cut the
Clearcuuing" rally on April 15 at 11 :00 in the
City-County Plaza with music, talks, and
presenta1ion of a protest pe1itioo to USFS
officials.
For copies of the petirion in favor of uneven
-aged forest management, or more informt111on
on the "CUI the Clearct1tting" campaign, write or
aJil:
The Wesrern Nonlr Caro/iM Alliance P.O. Box
18087 Asheville, NC 28814 (704) 258- 8737
To win $50 in the "Ugliest Clearcut Photo
Contest," send entries 10 tlU! Alliance by April I.
Bjorn Dahl, Regional Forester US Porest
Service Box 2750 Asheville, NC 28802
(704) 2574200
.
.............
PEREGRINE FALCONS FLEDGE
While the Natural World News often seems
gloomy. here is a linle light:
Scott Ball. a temporary eml'loyec of the NC
Wildlife Resources Commission's Nongame
Program, perched high up on Whiteside
Mountain, observed lhe first confinned
naturally-bred peregrine falcon to fledge in the
Kal\fah province since 1957.
With the help of volunteer falcon wa1chers,
wildlife biologists found five pairs of peregrine
falcons defending territories at mountain cliffs last
ycor Three of these pairs made nesting attempts.
Two pairs each raised a single chick to fledging
age.
Wildlife biologists seem cau11ously
optimistic. While this level of reproduction will
nol sustain 1he newly-established peregrine
population, these successful auempts may augur
well for the fuwre of this magnificent predator in
Karuah.
Biologisis will continue releases of young
captive-bred peregrines for several more years. but
will release a smaller number each year. ln 1988
18 young falcons were released along the Blue
Ridge near Mt. Mitchell and on Grandfather
Mountain. Biologists have released 63 young
peregrine falcons in the mountains since the
restoration effort began in 1984.
If five breeding pairs can be csmblished in
the Southern Appalachians, the program's
emphasis will then switch to protection and
management of the nesting peregrines.
Excerptedfrom a report by John_ Alderman
\..:
CHEMTRONICS SPEWS POISONS
Toe infamous Chemtronics plant in
Swannahoa. North Carolina has dumped hundreds
of thousands of potinds of a highly toxic industrial
solvent into the air over the past several months,
despite pleas of a company chemist to install
equipment that would h.ave caught 90 percent of
the chemical.
.
The plant has released 256 596 pounds of
tetrachloroclhylcne, which is acutely or chronically
toxic. according to \he US, Environmental
Protection Agency '<EPA). The .solvent i~ also
believed to destroy ozone in Jiu; high atmosphere,
allowing increased pen~~at1on 9[, l;larmful
ultra-viol~t radi;nio.o from ~he sun.
Terrachloroethylene is also a suspected carcinogen
and contribwes 10 s111o,g and air poJtutfon close to
the Eanh's.$urface.
.J
•
,
Cbemtronics senior sc1entiSt, John Tylldall.
who charted the releases. said a11
9ne.poln1t 'The
cnvfronmental . impac~ (<~f the (eleases) is
enormous. and wt:. need \o act on this situation
immediately." He has since beep laid off by
Chemtronics.
Plans were approved for the installation of a
recovery system to capture the escaping solvent,
but Chemtronics' parent company, Halibunon
Corporation. never advanced the money to pay for
the lnstaUa1ion, according to a ~ll_en;llronics
official.
rn other recent and' rel~ued news,
negotiauons between the companies responsible
for dumping toxic industrial wastes at the
Chemtronics Supcrfund site in Swnnnanoa have
broken down, delaying clean-up of the former
military munitions plant there. according to the
EPA. Chemtronics, along with former owners
Northrop Corporation and Ce~nese Corporaiion
cannot agree on who should pay how much.
The breakdown in ncgotialions means a
delay of months and possibly years in the clean-up
operation if the disagreement 1s submiued to
litigation. according to EPA official John
Bomholm.
Celanese Corp. bought the now-polluted
propcny in 1959 and made explosive!\, solid
propellants, shells, rocket motors, and chemical
agents the.re. Northrop Corp. bought 1he facility in
1965 and continued the military contracts. Jn 1971
Ainronics. Inc. leased the site and continued the
work through its Cbemtronics division.
Chemtronics bought the plant from Northrop in
1978, about the same time the EPA discovered the
presence of more than 50 organic chemicals which
had leaked into the surrounding soil and
groundwater.
In another recent corporate shuffle, the
Halibl.lrlon Co. has dissolved its Chemtronics
branch. and has turned the Swannanoa plant over
co its Je1 Research subsidiary
"We'rl! going LO be a lot more responsible
company environmentally," said Bob King, Jet
Research vice-president. "Jct Research makes
warheads and other explosives for the military, but
the processes will not involve the release of
dangerous substances into the air and
groundwater, as was the practice at the plant for so
long."
-SprLnq, 19U
�REVIEW:
Sacred Land Sacred Sex RapIUTe ofthe Deep:
Concerning Deep Ecology and Celebrating Life
by Dolores LaOuipelle
(Pinn Hill AIU; Silvcncn, CO; 1988)
'7n this kind of learni11g, there is no knowledge, in the usual
stnse, to process and convey; thert is instead a deepening of
anenlion to the pattern ofall lift around you, so tltat you ~gin to
/Jw 'JOllT life accordUtg to thal pattern.• - DoWu LaC•Ue
"Biorcgion" is a word of power. It encompasses what
scientists call an "ecosystem," but goes beyond the mechanistic
limitations of scientific nomenclature. A bioregion is clearly a
community, a land alive - plants, animals. soil, water, sunlight, all
the elements of life womng tOJCther. each sustaining the others.
"Bioregion" is a word with the nng of rightness to it.
The word "biorcgional" follows. It is descriptive, "panalcing
of the qualities of the lioregion," but it is a little longer and the truth
that resonates in the original noun is just ever so slightly
diminished.
But "bioregionalism" is a word that cmies no force
whatsoever. Whenever the odious "-ism" is added to an otherwise
usefuJ root idea, it completely drains whatever value for powerful
communication that original word may previously have possessed.
That simple suffix, just three letters, hardens a worthwhile
approach to life into a dogmatic school of institutionalized thought,
limits flexibility, and rums a life-giving relationship with the natural
world into a set of precepts to be debated pro and con in sterile
classrooms.
"Deep ecology" is an alternative phrase inspired by
Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess to define the auth of our
individual and collective relationship to the natural world.
The phrase has drawbacks. It is based in part on the Greek
word meaning ''study," because ecology was developed as an
interdisciplinary course of i:nstroction to explain the relationships
between the different elements of a place and how they work
together to sustain life. Now, however, the word "ecology" has
grown beyond the idea of "a course of study" to mean an acrual life
community and the web of relationships on which i1 depends.
"Deep ecology" lacks the evocative sense of a phrase like
"furure primitive," which describes people living in the world.
"Future primitive" predicts a technology thar is sophisticated to the
point of simplicity. It refers to a people whose culture is beautifully
complex rather than needlessly complicated, because it is based on
primal values as well as biologically accurate observation.
Yet, while the actual choice of words may be somewhat stiff,
the definition of "deep ecology" is eloquent. lt is ecology with a
difference. The essential tenet of deep ecology is that there is
intrinsic value to life in all its fonns. To fully understand deep
ecology one must identify one's "self" as "all that lives." This in
tum demands perceiving the world with more of our brain than the
neo-conex, the seat of the intellect. Sensual and instinctual
responses are as valuable for survival as intellectual analysis. It is
also assumed that a full realization of the principles of deep ecology
requires that one acts on them - it is necessary to defend the Earth
and to work at changing our culture.
This is what living is all about. This is "bioregionalism" as it
should be.
"Deep ecology" is useful as a t:ranSitional concept to describe
our odysse.Y back into the world. It is not the perfect turn of phrase,
but usage ts what lends definition, and those who are maJctng the
strongest stance for the Eanh are doing so in the name of deep
ecology. It is deep enough to suffice until we simply can say
~being," and other people undersmnd.
~ing,
Because that is what it is all about, isn't i1? Being, simply
here. Yet in these times that is such a complicated mauer.
And it is the hardest of all things to express. The sages have always
said, "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao.•
And that is where Dolores LaChapelle steps in. She has
attempted the impossible - and done it valiantly. Her book Sacred
Land Sacred Sex Raprure of ti~ Deep oies to communicate in
words what can only be known through experience: the essence of
deep ecology.
Dolores LaChapelle herself is well aware of this paradox,
which is faced by anyone who writes. And, like all writers, sbe
feels compelled 10 wrestle with iL
So in writing about deep ecology she takes another approach.
Like a hawk, Dolores circles, circles. She first describes the
essential mystery by describing the conditions of itS absence, and
tells us the story of how we Lost touch with it. She then directs us
10 teachers who can demonstrate ic our animal relations in their
rituals; authentic members of primitive cultures; scientists and
psychologists who explore our deeper self And she introduces us
to guides who can help us to find our own way: sage, the drum, the
gourd rattle, Tai Chi, ritual, and, of course, the mounulins.
Sacred land Sacred Sa Raprun of the Deep is a beautiful
book - as deep in the telling as in the subject maner - created
through a blend of hard scholarship, an unswerving dedication to
the sacred, fierce passion, and the life experience of one of the true
elders of our clan.
(continued on next page)
�(continued rrom page 4)
(cantinuad fJom ~ 23)
It is a difficult book, because I.he closer one approaches lO the
essenr:ial truth, the more do ideas become unbound. ~e more do
words betray their meanin&. But Doto~ La Chapelle is a_
woman
of great intellectual stamma. Th~ stones and observatt.o ns we
encounter along this convoluted JOume.Y arc ~th ~mg and
wonderful. and each episode of the book is absorbing m itself. But,
tnken together, the insights delineate an infonnational fiel~ that
conveys a full sense (not mctely a pinned-to-the-board analysis) of
what deep ecology is all about
Impossible as it is to transmit an experiential stnte through
linear type, the book Sacred land. Sacred ~G ROf~"e of tlu! Deep
expertly i.rtfoans inclividuaJ cxpenence. It 1s a trauung manual that
reaches the reader how to open up to the deepest elements of his or
her own life joumey.
After reading Dolores LaChapelle's book, we know the
danger signals to watch for in our culture and in our own psyche.
We know where io look and how to call for instruction. And we
know what it feels like when we reach hannony, the center of the
world We arc prepared to experience the sacred.
Hopefully, the day will come when the concept "deep
ecology" is obsolete, books will no longer be needed, and our
minds won't be enmeshed in ideas. Then we won't have 10
sacrifice U'CCS to our earnest attempts IO explain the Mystery. Then a
story, a night of love, a smile, or the wind moving a leafy branch
will be communication enough. But until then we should be glad
we have teachers such as Dolores LaChapelle.
• reviewtd by David Whultr
#'
"AFFORDANCES"
From
Sacred land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep
phase peoples cultivated most of their food, and supplemented their
crops with native foods hunted and gathered from the forest.
There was a ceremonial center with room coougb for large
gatherings, built on raised earthen mounds. Ther~ wer~ semisubterranean eanh lodges. progenitors or those bwlt dunng the
historic Qualia phase by the Cherokee.
.
.
Pisgah phase peoples ma.de cane mats, the 1~prcssions of
which were found in graves, even though the actual amcles no longer
remained. Graves were dug in the floors or dwellings, and the dead
were usually buried in a flexed posicion (lying on their sides in foetal
position). They were accompanied by turtle shell rattles, bone
neck.laces, tools of srone and bone, and pottery.
Support Your Local Ar<:haeologist
The Pisgah Village sue in McDowell County has been
excavated primarily with volunteer labor, much of on the pan of local
residents. Robinson is grateful for such suppon; in fact, it was local
interest that made excavation possible in the first place.
Archaeologists usually receive funding to conduct retrieval of
information only when n site is threatened by development The rather
comical image of the archaeologist busily sifting through the din in
front of a moving bulldoi.eris all too real
Robinson urges everyone who discovers artifacts or a possible
archaeological site to contact him at Wam:n Wilson College, or get in
touch with any archaeology laboratory. such as those located at
Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, the University of
Tennessee at Knoxville, or Appalachian State University io Boone.
Archaeological sites are resources to be preserved, protected,
and revered. It is only by careful recovery of the infonnatioo they
contain, which often takes many years of study, that we will benefit
from these historic resources. At a time when population saturation,
disease, and decimation of our narura.I resources threatens our very
survival, we cannot afford to desrroy the evidences of our region's
past, which might perhaps offer answers for our fu1ure.
Persons i111erested in leaniing f11()re abow archaeology can
contact the Archaeological Society of Norrh Carolina; Research
Laboratories of Archaeology; Universiry of Non/1 Carolina, and the
Friends of North Carolina Archaeology, NC Depanmenc of Cu/rural
Resources; 109 E. Jones St.; Raleigh, NC 27611.
Archaeologist Ken Robinson may~ co111acted by writing him
a1 Warren Wilson College, SwannallOQ, NC 28778 or calling (704)
298-3325.
~
"The affordances of the environment are what it offers
the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill."
"Afford." as a verb, is found in the dictionary, but (James J.)
Gibson (of c.ome11 University) made up I.he word ''ajforda.nce." He
explains that this word refers to both the environment and the
animal (including the human) "in a way that no existing tenn does.
It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment."
This is precisely why I think this word is so important In
our culture, we tend lO think that humans have discovered all these
amazing things; in some ways we believe that these things didn't
even exist until humans found them. I've been trying 10 break
down this laner presupposition throughout this work; first, by
showing how the affordancc we call the gourd gave us agri.culture
and later with other examples. Once you begin using this word,
you will find that every day you will realize how nature provides
affordances for us to use. It's all there before us - it's not
dependent on humans to figure it out This is a giant step forward
in overcoming our culturallr,-induced split from nature.
These affordanccs 'arc the way specific regions of the
environment directly address themselves to particular species or
individuals. Thus, to a human, a maple tree may afford 'looking at'
or 'sitting under,' while 10 a sparrow it affords 'perching,' and '? a
squincl it affords 'climbing.' But these values are not found inside
the minds of the animals. Rather I.hey are...a reciprocal interchan~e
between the living intentions of any animal and the dynamic
affordances of its world ...The psyche .. .is a property of the
ccosysLCm as a whole."
_,
- Dolores LoChopelle
'
FOR FURTI!ER READING:
Dickens, Roy S .. and J(JJ'MS l. McKinley. Frontiers in the
Soil: The Archaeology of Georgia (Chapel Hill; Fronriers Pub. Co.;
1979)
Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians (Kn<>xville;
University o/Tennessu Press: 1978)
Keel, Bennie C .. Cherokee Archaeology: A Study of the
Appalachian Summit (Knoxville; University of Tennessee Press;
1976)
Mathis, Mark A. and Jeffrey J . Crow. The Prehistory of
Nonh Carolina: An Archaeological Symposium (Raleigh, NC Div. of
ArclUvesandHistory: 1983)
McHargue, Georgena and Michael Ro~rrs. A Field Guide to
Conservation Archaeology in North America (PhUadelphla: J.B .
Uppincorr Co.; 1977)
Wetmore. Rwh. First on the Land: The North Carolina Indians
(Winston-Sa/em; l<>hn F. Blair, PublishQ; 1977)
Wa.m:n Wilsoo College will offer an archaeologic:al f"icld 1thool 1his
summer lhnt wdl focus on the Pisgah Village site. SllldclllS will lc4m survey
and excavation leehniqucs mid will also be involved in lhe aruilysls of altifact
and site da.13.
Contact: Kt11 Robinson. Proj«t Dim<:t.or; Box 5277; Warren Wiison
College; Swanannanoa. NC 28778 (704) 298-3325.
s
�Video Review:
"Stopping the Coming Ice Age"
Dirccled by l.JuTy Ephron
Produced by the Institute for a Future (57 minules)
Looking back, it ~eems tha1 1988 was ~ ye:ir for
important, "new" environmental issues and concerns to surface.
ln particular, ibis was the year in which the idc.i or lhe so-called
"greenhouse effect" finally gained public acceptance. if not
notoriety- a year lhat saw record-breaking drought. hurricanes,
and forest fires. Suddenly, the idea of global warming was
appearing everywhere in che media, and it seemed that concerned
scienliSlS and poliricians were unanimous in their suppon for the
global warming scenario.
However, this unanimity is an illusion, media coverage to
the contrary. ln fact, there is much contr0versy within the scientific
community ns to the chmatic effects and socio-polilicctl
nunificalions of the greenhouse effect. It is far from cenain that the
climate changes we're seeing arc leading to/caused by global
warming. In fact, there is ac1ually considerable evidence that points
to a very different conclusion: lhn1 1he planet may be teetering on
the brink of another Ice Age.
One of the foremost proponents of this laner view is John
Hamaker, a mechanical engineer who has cx1ensively analyzed
clima1e and ecological paucms, and hn.<; developed a comprehensive
and holistic approach to understanding global climate change. His
lheories, expressed in h.is book The Survival of Civiliza1io11, arc
now being supported and dissemina1ed by a foundation called
"Institute For A Fu1urc", which re<.-ently created a remarkable video
pr~ntation: "Stopping the Coming Jee Age".
This video is inspiring, frightening, challenging, and very
infonnative, as it takes us around the world in search of answers.
While Hamaker agrees that the greenhouse effect is a very real
Lhrea1, he believes - and backs this up with hard data and expert
opinion - that it will [ll2l.warm ihe Eanh unifonnly, but instead will
increase the temperarure differential between the equator and the
poles, causing increased thermal convection, atmospheric
turbulence, and rapidly shifting and biz:zare weather patterns.Jn
this scenario, high winds moving from the equator tow111ds the
poles will drop their abundan1 moisture in the h.ighcr latitudes in the
form of snow and ice, often creating drought condicions in the
temperate regions. He believes that lhe tropical and sub-tropical
zones will indeed get hotter, but the tempenue zones arc likely to
get cooler and drier.
Hamakcr"s understanding of the greenhouse effect talces us
far beyond the popularized, watered-down information available
Lhrough the mass media because he explores deeper levels of cause
and effec1, process and purpose. The mos1 profound information
presented in this video concerns the connections beiween lhe
greenhouse effect and the development of an ice age, and the
importance of understanding long-tmn cycles (100,000 years!) of
clima1e change. The video demonstrates the causal connections
linking together all the different environmenuil/atmospheric
phenomena that combine to bring on an ice age:
1) soil erosion and demineralizntion
2) the subscquem weakening and dying of the forestS
3) the resulting increase in insect inrestations, forest decay,
and massive fortst fires
4) I.be dramatic increase in C02 released into the atmosphere
by these na1ural causes, which induces the greenhouse effecL
5) and m the 20lh century - as opposed to 100,000 years ago
man-made pollution and our destrUCtive tampering with the natural
balance of life are intensifying and hastening the process.
According 10 Hamaker. an ice age performs a vitally
necessary natural function. As tbe glaciers advance and then
retreat, they move and grind up immense quantities of roclc,thus
spreading gravel and rock dust over much of lhe Lcmperate zones.
This process, along with the winds that help distribute lhis rock
dust even further, gradually l'Cllllneralizes the soil· which feeds the
planis and forests, promoting rapid and healthy growth • during
which lime the plants breathe in much of the excess C02 in the
atmosphere • wh.ich gradually stops the greenhouse effect! The
plants of the world breathe in C0 2, use the carbon, and release the
o>cygen back into the air whlch we, and all other animals, breathe!
SprLnq, 1989
Thus, n primary function of glaciation i~ to ttminerali1.e and
help reforest the Eanh. The reason this video is called "S1oppfng
the Coming Ice Age" is that Hamaker thinks we humans can indeed must. if we wanr our cwilization to survive • reminemlizc
the Earth oursefres. We ourselves can fulfill the vital rolt pluyed
by an ice age, rendering ~uch a geological event obsolete.
This means, however. that the government~ and peoples of
nil countric:; and regions would need to make it a top priority to
remineralize our depleted ~ils, and also to engage in massive
reforcs1ation projec1s, planting billions of trees worldwide.
Without hc:aJthy forests, we have no chance at all of slowing the
ttemendous C02 buildup which fuels the greenhouse effect. As the
video pu1s it." The trees of the world are our best friends now. and
only they can save us". Obviously, then, we also need 10 i;iop
clear-cutting our foresis. both here and in the tropics, and to limit
our fossil fuel burning, wh.ich has been accelerating the greenhouse
process. Only by doing all these things, says Hamaker, can "e
avoid horrific consequences for humani1y in the very near foture.
The audacity of this theory and lhis proposal lies in its utter
simplicity and common-sense quality. Yet many people may not
heed H.ama.ker's message and information because we have become
so enamored of "high- tech" solutions and shon-tenn planning,
gratification, and profit. Hamaker's plan demands a clear
understanding of our planetary dilemma. and a deep comminnent t0
creating a viable future, as well as some sacrifice or comfon and
convenience. The video concludes with these questions: "Have we
got the guts to do it? How much do we really want to be here?"
Whether or not Hamaker's proposal is ever implemented on
a large scale, we can all do things individually and collectively to
help educate people and help heal the planet. The video pointS out
1hat even if these theories aren't totally "provable", or even
completdy accurate, we should X1ill do the things Lhat Hamaker
suggests, for 1he sake of ecological balance, conservation, and
planetary sanity.
rn addition to the ideas discussed in this review, this video
explores JDl!.W! other aspects of our ecological and social dilemmas •
many more than can be dealt with here. There is so much vital
information presented, within such a comprehensive framework,
that this video ranks as a definite "must see'· for anyone at all
concerned about environmental issues and social change.
• "Stopping The Coming Ice Age" is available for $20 from:
lnstitue for a Future, 2000 Cenfer St. Berkeley, CA 94704. For
info on other offerings of the lnstirutc call 1·800-441-77Cll
• To arrange a showing or this video in the Asheville area, or for
more information, call Richard Lowenthal ar(704) 251-2526. ~
LOCAL RESOURCE I ACTION INFORMATION
• The December t988 issue or "American ForeSIS" m;igirant (published by
the American Forcsuy Association) 11 cle110~ almo~1 ent.Ucl)' IO tropical
defore.suuion, lhc gJCCnhou.sc effll(:I, and lhc prc.~ng n~ to ref~ the e:inb.
II highlights the AlSOCiotion's nx:ently-formcd Olobal Ro-Leaf prognun, which
aims to cducaLC Americans aboul Ille vil,DJ 1mpc:111.a11CO of rcfottsuulon. lllld to
"cl'Cl!IC a new ruulon31 nctwort. (If c1ti~n aetiv1su· whU:h will, 11 i• hoped,
plant at l~t 100,000.000 ll'Ce.$ nntiOCl·wiclc over the ne~1 sc~eral ycatt. For
more informalion, wriie to: Amcriciln Forestry Association, PO Box 2000,
Washinguin, DC 20013
(202) 667-3300
· WNC Alliance "Cut l.M ~Jng" c.imJiaign (st.o pege22 ! :
P.O. Box 18087, A&be\'IUC. NC 28814
(704)2$8-8737
• Forest Voices - •an /;jormatlon netW'Ofk lhat assi.sls citiz.cm m pal'_llcipating
in
1hc planning and managcmcmt or the Pisg:ih and Nant.ahala .h'!uional
(919j.182-36'33
Fol'CSIS"· P.0 Box 1275. West. lcffttiOn. NC 28694
• Adopl a Tree· a muhi-faceted ~on which "works 10 make the vital
connection between (IC(ll>lc 111d ttee•' and wcrts &c!;tly will\ rtfon:St3tion:
P.O. Box 144, Supr Gnwc. NC 28679
• The Fctwwy 1989 publ~ "Mounuun ~Al Risk! the FulllTC of
the Southern Appalachlari National ~13" )160+ pages, intludina 1ru1ny
cxccllentchart$ and appendices). Available on rcqucst from:
The Wilderness Society. 1819 Peaclusee Rood N.E. (Suite 714) Atlanlll , OA
30309
Drawing by rob mcJSlc:k
(404) 3SS-178l.
�What a wondetful journal! - a beanening combination of slwp-eycd
icalism and full hearted poetry. I feel rve encountered a true compt111ion.
Thanks IO D3ve Albert who passed iL on with your review of my book.
J0311na Macy
Bctb:ley, CA
DRUMMING
LETIERS TO KATUAH
Friends in Kallia.h -
"In the field or opponuni1y, it's plowing lime again.·
Those or you working in the cnwonmenllll. public henlth, resource
ma.nagcment fields may be questioning (tllllhority?). 1f your profe.~slOllal
orienllllion is on the same path as your human development and land~lhie
perogntivc.
My Friends at Katliah Journal·
Your publication is beautiful and 111Spirlng. I n:c:eived a
complimentary copy {Auwmn, 1988) conceming the great chcsmul n:vival.
and enjoyed lhe entire journal.
I visil I.be Kaul.ah bioregion each year (feeling very Sll'Ongly lhat I
was and am "born" lheic.) I am so cooccmcd about lhe negative human
impact on this n:gion, and would be in~ed in anylh1ng I could do for
l'CSIOnllion. rd<Xallll.ion. pl'CllCCUon, eu:..
Blessings.
Nancy Llgnitt
Olalhe, KS
P. S. • Forgive my ignorance-.could you please lei me lmow the
correct pronunciation of "Kanlah1"
(Sure! Probably o lot of otltu ~pie have b4ie11 woNlerilog, IOO. bul
Soy, "lea - TOO • ah.•
jiut did11'1 d/Jre IO osk. Reody, fl/JW?
Guruu!Mil!
• eds.)
Dear Kat.Udl •
Many friends or mine propose pcrfeclioo (In lhe ronn or intcrpCtS0031
peace) as a .solution 10 Ille llul:aL or wincllOCl. I tell them, "Hey, I don't
think we've got Ume.• l think I saw the snmc thing happening In Katli.ah
JourMl 22 bul in an opposilC way. Thete the dhugence of individual,
corpome. and govtmmcntal behavior from the ideal was plCSClllCd so
forcdully as tO make any suggesuon of solutions ou1 or place. i wnnl tO
argue lh41 in both lhcsc in.~ ideals malfunction when they an: mnde
JWOX}mn1e goals rather !ban guiding beacons.
One p;ndox of idealism is lhlli lhe greai.cr the con1ras1 bdWllCll lhc
IC.Ill and ldCal behavior of people, the more wfficuh it Is to argue lhal Ille
JdcaJ is naturul (to them). the mon: claboralC mast be the explanation as to
how they got so aberrant. and lhe tw rusonablc it IS to hope Ibey will Ulkc
the 1113Jly.111lUly steps from one to lhe other. Usually the conimst is sortened
:wt hope ~by thc stnuch or cenlUries, millenia or aeons presumed 10
inluvcne between ~ and ideal But in the presclll crises the conuast and
~are ui=ased. Wh'fl
Wlw I see happcnmg 11 thal lhe apocolyplic p0!>'iibili1y of our
cnviroomcn141 and mililllrist trues is malung people shnnk the middle
ground bctwcoo rc:il and ideal, mlllung them tlunk the ldeol m1m be nuained
right away, u we are to survive. The resuh Is that the I~ ome lhctl) is left
for clunge. the mocc of 11 is demanded. We use ideals to get at wlufs trul)'
wrong bul then in a cnsis rrusiake lhcm Lo be a pracllcal progTI1111 for se1ung
thmgsright.
In conuas1. thc closer we appro:ich disaster 1he mote focused should
be our analysis, the less suidcnt OU/ Judgcmcnl.s, the more specafte and
llmillld our prcscripuons. Out ideals C:tll still gwdc 11$ bu! from a dl$UIJIOC.
subonlloate to a goal of swvival as a ~ics w11l1 a 5uswnable OIOde or
exislcnc:c. Once that is a,s_'>ll'Cd weC1111 resume lhc ncYCJ endulg wOlt or
moving oursclvt$ and the world IOW8td the 1dc;al
Respectfully yours.
JlcltOwley
M:idison County, NC
I would like to begin gcncmting plans fora small compt111y of
icsponsiblc people co promote land S?ewardsbip lllld conscrvlltion of natural
resources. We11 provide professi01131 and 1.CChnico.I consulUttion and CSU!blish
bioregi.oJllll criteria for environmerually sensitive site devclopmcnl
silviculturc, archiiecturc. fanning. wau:r use. nnd small Cl\C.f&Y production.
rm intcreSICd in communicating with others who an: ready with ide:is
for lll!lking ~ TRANSmON to perpetual livelihood in a Clll'CCr lh;t1 will
reward our f11111ilies as well as our PLANET.
Sincetely.
Steve Ovcndcn
Box;JS
Pntmcuo. Ft. 34220
Dear Katllah Friends ·
I saw the "Sheller" issue of your journal and especially love and use
the Invocation (to WlnlU) - k's so beautiful to say. l was CMCCived and born
8lld also love those moun1auJS and tree$ tllld fresh air and flowing creeks.
1banlc you so much- .. the issue I saw wns bcauuful. iruly.
Blessings,
JUlllUI Forest
Octr0it. Ml
Docs my dog bite1
Lady. Lhat dog's so old
lllat he'd only gum you
If he caught you
if he even hnd the gumption
toehaseyou
which he don'L
Why do I keep him?
Hah!
Lady, that'~ the best watehdog
ICYCJhad
bar none.
How do yau mean?
Why, he don't chnsc chldtcn•
or run hvestoek
or keep me awake
barking all night.
Burgl:!n7
Lady, 1fyou see
anylhing around here worlh r.i.cahng
point ltOUI
and l'll nulc:e )'OU
a 11!31 good price on 1L
'Ccpl mlybe my dog.
• RonJohnson
Spn."9, 11109
�:
..
equal "p:lttllCrSlup" with all Olher living entities. I dream of a world whcie
long-sllllldmg cu1Lu!'111 tr3d11ions are honored and s upponcd, bolh in
hCICIOgcncous groupings of oil kinds of people living 1.ogcthcr and in more
isolntcd, sell-conlllined indigenous communities.
h 1s being said · and even channeled · lhal we are entering o pcnod
of 30 to 50 years of ca1BClysmic changes on the eanh. Some beings will
pass on in this ume of purging, while othetS will come in to !like iheir
place. Some or us wiU sUllld in the forefront of change and IJUllsmut.ation
while others of us wiU follow close behind. Let us begin then LO create the
v1s1ons that will ullimaiely provide the blueprints for our future on !his
planci., and begin to eultiva1e the liUlc poclu:IS oC mmly and wholeness Lhal
will evemually be the models from wrueh the rest of humanity cnn draw
msp1r.11ion and duectioo. The time has come_ dear comrades, lei us dream
...
together·
Jay Joyce
Asheville. NC
·.
Dear Friends·
c.ome. dream 11 liuJe dream with me.
As we all sil~ inexornbly tnLO thc not-so-nif1y nmcties. its becoming
clearer nnd c:ltlim dial life as we trow it mLISI be draWcally altered if we ait
to reverse the lides or ecologic:il desuuction gaihcring fon:e nround the globe.
h is clearly ume for us iocn:aie new visions for the rurure. lO look iownrd
the 2 lst centW')' with a sense of hope and purpOSe and direction, and OOl just
foreboding. And it i.~ in this spirit that I'd like to offer a few personal images
far a new bcguming, an altcmru.ive futun: - and LO invite compatriots
everywhere to color in these prclimm111Y skcu:hes fwther.
Farst of all, I sec a plllce where boclc:ynrd fences have been lOOI down,
and neighborhood gmdens, quiet ~cs, play SUUCUUCS. and gathering pl:ices
sprawl acro&s the land insicad. Theo l see community ocntcJS blossoming
:i.mong the dctri~ of ab:lndoncd school buildmgs nnd agmg warchow.es,
where recycling proJCCU, compost dumps, and communru gardens repklce
blllciclOp parking lots; and where weekend Ilea mnrkel.nnd bloclt panics.
moon celebrotions, and ecology fairs fill those huge l<>nely spaces. where
computer nctwolks and refemil scrvtCCS and gallery car~ keep people in touch
Greetings Brochers and Sisu:ss of Ka111ah •
r love you all and pray with you always, and alwoys my heart is so
full wbeo I receive my copy of Ka1Uah JourMl. ll takes me back to the
Appalachians and the memories flood m.
r thought tha1 if your magazine came OUI be fan: Lbc equinox, you
could pnn1 something from • Aoccwoo,• the Maori name f<W" New Zealo.nd.
since ii seems 1hc chcslnut arucles (KOJiiah Journol #21 · ed.) cre:it.ed some
communicauon.
We rue organizing o gaihering on a friend's propeny 111 lhe end of o
rood in a Nal.iOlllll Par1t, one or the mos1 beautiful places m lhe world. This
is the only gruhcring this year as our annual "Towards 2000"
workshop-oriented gathcrin~ wcrcn'1 held this yu.T. The annual nonh island
"Tc WaiOU3" glllhcring hosn't happened foe lhc l3Sl two yClll'S or our "Hui
Waiata." which is a musical glllhcring.
Although there arc loL\ of open-minded folk and mony good things
bnppcning here. we are going through a phase of fcwct gnthcrings ond feel the
need for folk t0 gel tQgct.hcr to share their ideas and views and feel strong in
their commitment to healing lhe Earth along with other brother! and !isters.
Hopefully, our pthcring will provide llus opponuru ty, as it's mo
progre$$ive area wilh communities. ocgaruc forms. and iCs a long way rrom
any ctties or polllllion. so a lOt of naturul beauty along wilh a good growing
climiue which has aurnc1ed 1'11311Y ovcneas follt. so we have an opponuouy to
share Lbcir visions, as ITIOSl of them come from a vccy comamintued Northern
Ht.maspbcrc.
As USUllJ, alu:malive folk find 1t hard to deal with local authorities,
but this is one of the few areas where people can make the effort ID be pin of
local dc:cislon·makmg and help make folk fll01C aware of what is hnppcrung
to our Mother and the roles W$ can play IO bcal Her and OUl1iClves.
with each other.
t look forward also LO a time when we all learn LO lhink about each
thing we "tlvow away" long enough to decule how u can be recycled or
properly disposed of. I imagine a place· ll Smithsonian of the mind. if you
will • whc:re a few old TV's, microwaves, electric am-openers. wa1apiks,
air-purifiers, etc. are kept in a museum lO remind us of whal we almost
buried ourselves in . .• while the rest oC them ~ no longer nccdcd or
wanted. I dlcll!n or a time when we no longer use tars, and freeways a.re no
longer necessary eitcept roe skalcboordulg, sledding, skhng, bicycling, and
wllldsurfing. I envision a scienlifx: communny thal seeks ou1 ways to gel
rid or the nukes, cleanly, lO biodegradc the phlsuc. 10 trunsfOJ111 ihe 10X1e
chemicals, IO clean up thc :ur and w.ucr, to cure the diseases, and IO develop
stmplincd, life-nunuring ways Cot all ihe criUCIS still 3.m0f18 us LO reinhabil
the pbneL
I look forwllr<l to a lime when children learn IO love leaming, when
they arc iniegmtcd into ihe life of their communities and when !hey Ill'!:
openly adcoowlcdged and supponcd ror the grC&l comnbutions they mlllcc to
our lives. 1 imagine a ume when people enj()y learning a> much ttbout lheir
loctll ccosySlCITI as they now blow about the plol developments of the lalCSI
soap opelilS and lhe lifcstyles or lhc rich and famous. I envision a time: when
bUIDQll betn.gs 1cam LO QCCepl I.be Cllc:1 lha1 !hey tnhab11 one small niche m the
pta& an:le of the eanh's ccosysicm end therefore leam IO uucmct m loving,
Drllwmp by Sheli Lodge
Love,
Pc1ctOay
16 Jarrow Plac;c
Christchurch 3 New 7.ea1ruld
�Earliest February I begin
searching along a neighbor's hedgerow
for just a tendril of the coming miracle.
Or gatlog as one stricken upon the si Us of morning
when the fir'lt dreamy memories of daffodils return.
l breathe a wisp of a vast movement stirring and alluring me.
Deep in e veins of southern sloping woods.
I know beside the coldest laughing waters
bubbling and glittering in the soft. buucry sun
some rich, mysterious. fragile awakenings unfold.
Long before the geese come winding surely homeward,
I discover and behold an anicle of r.ransfonnation
that by narure disregards mere joy or faith or sorrow,
to which uncr defeat or sheer victory remain the same.
So even in this old hean of winter full of woes.
the barrer1 season ofdui.t and frost is washed clean away.
And this, I suppose. is why l wander seeking ccnitudc.
ruming a 11one over by the path, or gazing above treetops.
or gliding clflike lhfouJh the forest's solemn ~lonnadtli.
for in this ~un-goW rime as the eaith starts siirring,
c:ven the ~' n dcith of my brother is cased and gree
the
ve, delicaie, relentless mari:h of Spring.
Alt. 1i\U..
~ '""
1'4Wah )ournal p«UJe 28
- Mitliattl Hockaday.
Sp rlfMJ, l 989
�Planet Art
conunucd rrom page 1
Christina then found Leigh Hollowell who had srudied Contact
extensively on the West Coast and who was also very interested
in seeing Contact happen in this area. Leigh enthusinstically
agreed to co-teach a ContAct class with Christina. They knew
that if they wanted to have people to do Contact with, they would
have to help create a Contact community first.
Leigh love:; Contact because "it's natural - it'~ not based on
socialized preceptS but on an open exchange with other people in
the reality of the present moment." She is aware that for many
people dance classes and physical education have been
emotionally painful and repressive, because they were not
encouraged to learn their own natural movement but to imitate
others. Her main goal is "to provide a positive movement
experience for people so they can become friends with their
bodies and learn to perceive it as a resource of creativity."
I asked her how she felt that Contact would affect the
larger community, and she said. "Because it is not based on any
one culture's movement and is a form naruraJ to all human
bodies, it is an effective way to trunscend barriers between
people..• it would simply create a more trusting, and therefore
more peaceful, community."
l have been panicipating in this dance class since
November and have been able to experience it "first hand". ln
Contact dance, we maintain a ''point of contact" with another
person, and it constantly shifts as both move. When we try to
control where the movement goes with our minds, it becomes
stiff and awkward. When we stop trying to control and simply
focus on the point of contact, that point guides us in a flowing
way towards movements that are easy and spontaneous. Our
minds are shocked at how well we can do without their control.
Imagine a society in which we allowed our interactions to come
from our point of connection instead of our differences!
For more information about Contact Improvisation, call
Leigh Hollowell at (704) 252-4475.
Art here in Karuah has begun to reflect the reality of our
connection wilh the planet.... making art-all fonns of creative
expression and ritual-a pan of our daily lives. By
acknowledging the sacredness of our co-existence with the rest of
~Water Systems
WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT
SOLAR PRODUCTS
Membar NC Water O~lty AasoclaOon
RANDALL C. LANIER
704-293-5912
HWY 107
RT 68 BOX 125
CULLOWHEE, NC 28723
che universe, we are beginning 10 harmonize with it
Many of us, though, have closed off our energies to the
vision of a hnrmonit.ed planet because it seems so elusive and far
away, and we don't like feeling disappointed. Others have
refused to sec and accept the truth of the planet as it is because il
is painful .. and think that if they "shut their eyes it will go away.•
The tnJth 1s that the sooner we open our eyes and accept what is
there, the more effectively we will be able to deal with iL
In a book called The Path of Ltas1 Resistance, a simple
and effective method for manifesting a choice is given. This
method can apply lO planetary as well 3S personal mmsfonnation.
lt is lO constantly hold in our minds two things ... exactly what
our vision is and the full truth of our current reality. It is based
on the idea that "in order 10 ge1 where you want to go, you need
to know where you are."
Since we are all planet anisrs, this technique needs to be
widely understood. As we hold our vision firmly in mind and
continue to acknowledge what's happening now, new nod
unexpected ways of achieving our goals will come to us. Jn order
10 do this, we need co be aware of the deep, undercurrent
regenerative processes that exist around and within us that we can
tap into. As more and more of us choose to love and accept our
planet and all her inhabitanlS no matter what is happening, the
easier it will be.
A lot is happening in our region, and J'm sure there are
many more people here with ideas and enthusiasm to contribute
towards a biorcgional program of Planet An. Some suggestions
arc... a traveling multi-media show that would tour the region to
network and share bioregional idens...communicy rituals for
healing the la.ad... restoring our environment with "Clean-Up
An" events... synchronizing with planetary peace and art events
... All Species Day with parades and festivals ...Joining in the
preparations for Earth Day '90. There is no linu1 to what we can
dol...there is no shonage of things to rcharmonizel
It's time to find out who we all are as anists and get our
networks in place. At the next K.atuah Gathering we can come
together and bntinstonn. t can be contacted by wrirtng P.O. Boll:
278, Asheville, North Carolina, KatUah Province 28802 or _,,
~
calling (704) 253-4831.
~
DE.S IGNS
by Rob Messick
Illustration & Design
In Pen & Ink and COiored Pencil
Po eox 2eoi • Boone Nt. 28W7 • 171l41r...i 1>0117
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T-SHIRTS. SWEATSHIRTS
For ADULTS and CHILDREN
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l\ta&icRob6
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_A,. ......,.,
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THE ALTERNATIVE HEALING HOT-LINE
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l'bollt' I~ HOT-UN£ fo Rr>d Cltli how yo1it pr•cti«,
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N•tloMI Oirttto •
Sprl.fMJ, 1989
.u
Jler/Jg11J111 eti1tit
'lljaee, 'Ry~r 'Na@r~
FREE COLOR CATALOG
e1ti1te1t At11p1Utct11re
Drt~PillOW'I
Appliqu&I &: Painted Deslgns
Fur R/J1111I, ThtalT~, & S11f-&mpow1rmtt11
Send S 2 ror fuU-<:olor caulog/ Custom onlcrs llYlilablc
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P.O. Box 178, Asheville, NC 28801
(70-4) 25).431
�POPLAR APPEAL
Green City
conunucd rrom p.9
cooler in the summer. and it wai. quieter - if you knock on steel and
then knock on a soybean, you unders1and the sort of deadening
chMIClerislics on the inside of lhat car.
The dreams of Henry Ford and the rest of the chemurgy
movement were postponed. but they seem to be resurfacing again.
Russell Buchanan. a scientist in Maryland, envisions the rise of
botano-chemical complexes, as he calls them, rather than
pcrro-chemical complcitcs, as we learn to eittract from cellulose the
same things that we extract from pcuoch~micals. One ts a
hydrocarbon; the other is a carbohydrate. Compare these words and
they're basically the same. One of the differences. however, between
a botano·chcmical complex and a pcrro-<:hemical complex is that it's
easy 10 transport oil over long distances, whereas it's not easy to
transport plant mauer over long distances. So botnno·chemical
complexes will tend to be locally based and rurally based near their
sources of raw material~ and supplies.
Local self-reliance can become an economic developmem
strntegy, and cities ate the best place to try it out, for several J'C3.'\0llS.
Mose of us live in cities. Cities tend to be large enough 10 have an
internal market, and can in fact become laboratories. Cities are
concentrations of science and technology. They have the ingeouil\',
the expertise and the machine toolshops to build prototypes and try
them out. Bur what is your nearest city's research and development
budget? h's probably zero.
The local self-reliance scenario is not inevil3ble nor is it even
probable. It depends on political decisions. Economic development
must be seen as a means to an end and not an end in itself. Alben
Einstein once said that perfection of means and confusion or cods
characterize our age. We're so mesmerized by technology and
development that we forget to ask, "Technology for what?" and
"Development for whom?" We have become consumers of change,
bul we don't know the difference between change and ,erogress. To
Bertrand Russell progiess is ethical and change ls scientific; change is
inevitable, while progress is problematic. In other words. progress is
valw:·laden and as we change, we need to ask ourselves, "Will we
progress?" We can have a green city within a brown world by
moving all or our production and disposal systems for away from our
city. But 10 truly embrace the ecological motivation behind a green
city, we must ~ome responsible for the wastes that are generated
for our convemence. And the only way to do that is 10 begin 10 return
that loop of production, use and disposal, b.'ICk to the community.
Marcel Proust once said that the voyage of discovery consists
nm In seeking new lands but in seeing with new eyes. It is in seeing
O!Jf communities and our citi~s with new eyes, in pursuing a globe of
Vlllag~s and not a global village, that we begin to create a new
paradigm.
@ lnsli1utc for Local Sclf·Rcli:incc. 2425 Ulm Sucet, t<W WllSbinguin. DC
2000!>. Also w1lh pcnnission fl'Ofll Raise IM Stt1lls. Planet Drum Foun<bLinn,
P.O. Box 31251, San fran(isco, CA 94131. This anlclc appc:arcd 1n Winter 19118
issue.
M.El>1.CtNE ALLtES
'J-SK1.1t'J
tQllUnued from page 11
h wru; always a rare
oy~rer mushrooms - that is.
und special occasion when I found
until I su1J1cd roaming the hills with
my older mounuineer buddy Theron. Theron was rai~ed
gathering roots and herbs at his grandmother's knee, and he
knows the woods well, but he had ulw11ys been wisely hesitant
about sampling unidentified wild mushrooms •tllc first few times
in our wanderings when we found some oyster mushrooms.
Theron would help me gather them and he would carefully
examine them, but be always declined to share the harvest nnd
rnke some home to em. However. after heming me talk so much
about how good they were (and seeing that I was still thriving),
he finally tried some. He and his wife enjoyed them immensely,
and from then on it seemed that. with Theron's help, I was
hardly ever without oyster mushrooms.
From Theron I learned 10 visit areas 1ha1 had been logged a
few years previosly and look on tulip poplar stumps after a spell
of rainy weather. In the$C Meas we could find man)' pounds of
the savory mushrooms in any season of the year. We often found
enough to dry and store for times when the fresh ones were
scarce.
When Theron and I sn down together and share a meal of
oyster mushrooms and other wild edibles, I think about what a
strongc pair we make: me, a naturalist from the Oat land with a
university education, and him, a tradjtional mountain wood~man
and fanncr who barely finished eighth grade. Yet we both realize
that if we hadn't met and been open and receptive 10 each other's
knowledge. neither of us would be earing this delicious wild
mushroom supper. Traditional knowledge and book learning can
go well together.
©1989 by the tlJ.Uhor.
Reprl111edfrom Wildlife in North Carolina Magazine.
"Ranger Doug" EUiolt, as he is known to rite cltildren i11 the
group, is an excellent naJuralist, but is also known as a lively~
storyteller and ''a real nice feller."
p
A Directory to
North Carolina's Natural Areas
(published by 1.he NC Natural Heritage Foundation)
As pan of its important work in rare and endangered
species identification and habitat preservation, the North Carolina
Natural Heritage Foundation, a non-profit organization, has
compiled the guidebook, A Directory to North Caroli11a's Namral
Areas. The compact guidebook features dC!ieripcions of more than
100 natural areas open to the public in the state. The descriptions
of each aro:i include infonnntion about natural history, geology.
1111d uuvcl information.
To obtain copies of the book, send S5.00 10 the NC
Natural Heritage Foundation; Box I I 105; Raleigh, NC 27604
Each is tl1c suongcst power 1n iis own domain.
Together !hey lll'C allies: !heir C1111tgics complement each
01hcr m rorm an e\'et1 greater power. As medicine ollics,
they rcpre«ent 1he hc;Uing powers of lbC Appalnahian
In lhe tr.1d1uonal Cherokee Indian belief, lhe Moun1:11ns.
TI111 medicine powers of Kl!uiah Juve been depicted
crca!Ure\ in the world lOclay arc only d1minu11.ive forms or
the mythic beings who once mlUlbucd the world, but who in o ~1r1l.;ing T-shin design by Ibby Kcn11:t. Printed in
now fC$idc in Oal11na'IJ, lite 5pmt world. the highest 5-coloc silksi;irccn by Ridgerunncr Nnwr.ils on top qu:ility,
he;ivcn. BuL • few of the ongmal powcr~ broke lhrough !he all-couoo shin.~. 1hcy arc avallnble now in all adul1 shes
!!p1riLUAI barrier and exist yet m the world a~ we know il. from KALANU; Boit 282; SylYll, NC 28779.
These beings arc called with rcv.:rcncc "grandfalhas" And
or tl1cm. the suonges1 arc K.allilti, lhc ligh1mng. thc power
Pl~ specify ~ir.t: Sm .• Med., Lg.. X·Lg.
or the sky; utsa·nau, 1he r:mlcsn:tke, who pcrsoniries the
Prke: S9.SO pOStf131d
power of lhc cnnh pL'lllc: lllld Yunwi U!ldi, "I.he li1Llc !Mn".
W.98 pns1pa1d for NC re.-i!knts
as ginseng is called in I.he S!Crcd ceremonies. who draws up
JlOYo er from lhc underwocld.
"To .f/ww TU~l"lftx lhlS lll{lctflOllll'DI /Tinily of thl:
Miura/ world iJ 10 111 111111 bcc0t1v t111 ally tn thl: con1i11w11g
fll'OUS!. of niai111<Un111g harmony and bal1111Ct htrt 111 thl:
moll/IJJJJJU of Ka1Uah"
Spri.f19. 1969
�Emironmcntol Politics:
11Vlou.nttiln Ug'hl H!!:twork
Lessons from the Gras.'>routs.
Bob Hall. Editor
Mountam Light Network is an eclec1ic, 1n1entionally
group of people living in the Kaulah srea. Th<:
tntercsts of the group include 3 deep commilnlCnl to 1nd1vidu:il
llnd planct:u) peace. and to ecological hannony, with emphasis
on coopera1ion between human, animal, plant and mineral
kingdom~ . Other areas of interest include subtle energies,
h~::iling, and techniques for utilizing new forms of power. Many
w11hin t~c: g_oup n:lion::ite wi1h N?tive Indian philosophies and
r
;;eek to h~c in ~~c1ous balanl'c ~nh the land. The mu;ority are
involved in hohsuc heallh, explonng new paths now developing.
Some _ re invot:--ed in the Anciem Wisdom and spiritual
a
<li-•c1phnes. Survival and food 11toragc are also of interest to
many individuals
We meet 4 times a year at the Franklin Communitv Center
on Sundays. at 2:00 PM near the Sol"iccs and Equino11tes. There
iU'C tables for those who wish to 5ell products or promote ideas;
many books arc available a!; welt. We feature a speaker at each
meeting. We have a directory of names. skiUs and intrn-~1~ Our
aim is to provide a time and place for communication and
exchange of ideas to become neighbors in a loose-I.nit network
of people in our area.
Part1c1pauon in meetings is free and open to all people of
Like mind. This year our meetings an: on March 19, June 18.
September 17. and Dcccmbct 17, 1989. For more anform:uion,
call (404} 746-2454.
~structured
ln.'itltule for Soul hem Studies, P. 0. Bo>< SJl,
Durham. f\C 17702. 1988. ~7.00. 12? pgs.
Whal can you do when an our·of·slalc corporation
an_nounc~
plans for a hazardouli was1c rrearment facility a few
nulc:s from your home. or when stare officials ~ay 1hey wan1 to
pave 11 highway through your neighborhood? Where can you
mm for help if real esta1e developers wuh close ties 10 local
politicians decide to build a condominium or shopping center in a
sensitive water;hed are;i?
_
How much energy should you devote 10 door-to-door
organizing, or seeking auention from the media, or gelling
involved in elecrorul pohtics?
For rhe past three yc:.m;, lhe lns111u1e for Southern Studies
has conducted an investigation of environmental and land·u>e
controversies in one state, Nonh Carohna. rn a remarkable
number of cases. locnl citizens groups · even lhosc in relatively
!solatcd. rural areas • have won s1gnifican1 victories ag:unst
1mpress1ve odds. They h:ive beaten well-endowed corporations
and forced state policym:ikcu to change regulations, enforce
ex1snng standards, and enact new laws.
_Th~y have built ad hoc coalitions and enduring
orgamzauons, occas1onally across rucc lines, more often across
class and cultural divisions within the white community. And
they have moved from crisis-oriented, hit-and-miss organization
to sophisticated political lobbying and effective electoral activi~m.
The key ingredients of these successful citizen-led
camprugns are described in dwlll in the first chapter. The next 10
chapters chronicle the episodic. fragmented, yet growing
cnv1rorunental movcmenr in consc.rvwve North Carolirui. The
focus h less on the grim threats to life as we know it than on why
pe~p~e respond, whar they do to win, and how grassroots
acuv1s_m and electoral politics (including lobbying and voter
educanon) imersec.1 to produce i.nstitutionru change.
The result 1s a storybook of grassroots experiences. a
handbook that lets our own past teach us bow to wodc. for a bener
future. And while the location may be Nonh Carolina, the
common lessons running through these stOrics are plainly uc;cful
to people throughout the Soulh Md beyond.
- excerpted from tlie preface
,..0 &..ot4(;t" WA.) I " '
..nw i-c.t
t,_f
------
TPC.. two ~Kt H~O M&.L.01.0
AMO I loll', 1' C.111''1 HO!ISf..l
SprL119. t 989
JUST RECEIVED'
Mountain Treasures at Risk:
The Future of lhe
Soulh~rn
Appala&llian Nalional Fonsts
by Laura E. Jackson
The N:uional Forests of the Southern App11lachian
Mountains are the last remaining habitar area available for many
species of pl3Ilts and wildlife. The book Mountain Treasuru ot
Risk says that these valuable habitat areas should be managed
from a regional viewpoint and offers valuable infonnation tQward
rcaliting n new vision for forest management which emphasizes
the values of life suppon and ~gional biodiversity.
Handsomely bound, profusely documented with photos,
tables, and charts.
Copies free on requ~t from The Wilderness Society; 1819
Peachm:c Rd NE (Suite 714); Atlanta, GA 30309.
... Katuah Journal is not just lull of Information. It is
also full of images, and we appeal to all visual artists
interested in ennching lhe pages of this journal, plus some
exposure for you, to send us copies of your work Many
times we need graphic images that are specific 10 a given
article, yet there Is often space to put Images that are not
specific You would be surprised the kinds of
synchronicities that can happen when you send wori< in•
Drawings in Ink. prints, photographs, borders, symbols.
and cartoons that you think have some relevance to the
journal are all welcome Don't be shy. we need your talent
and image·ination to help visual-eyes a clearer relation
with Katuah ...
�evencs
2-8
BRASSTOWN, NC
Spring Music and Dance Week. Music.
StOries, dance, nature. John C. Campbell Folk School
28906.
8
BLOWING ROCK, NC
Ocan-up of the Glen Burnie Falls Trail .
Blue Ridge Group. Sletra Club. Call (704) 264-3931.
MARCH
8·9
HIGHLANDS, NC
Chiefs from the Native American
Elders Circle meet at the Mountain to discuss
Ecology and An. ''TIJU care how you place your
17-19
moccasins upon tM Eanh,step with care,for the
faces oftM I unve generarions are looking up from
Earth waiting their turn for life." $137. The
FARNER, TN
Leam "Wild Foods and Earth Medicines" with
Snow Bear at Pcppcrland Farm Camp: Sw Route: Farner,
37333. (70<!) 494-2353.
™
IJ.16
GATUNBURG, TN
Womyn·s Weekend Rctn:at: Spccilll Gu=
Grey Cal, Lucinda F1odin. Write 10 P.O. Box 936:
Gatlinburg. TN 37738 for more info.
Mountain; 841 Highway 106: Highlands, NC
28741 (704) 526- 5838.
NEW MARKET, TN
sn> (Stop the Poisoning!) School a1 the
Hishlander CcnlCf. Learn bow to figllt 1nduslrinl pollution
For more info, call (615) 933-3443.
30
UNICOI, GA
"Spring Earth Skills Workshop''
with Snow Bear, Darry Wood, Doug Elliott, and
Yanna. Leaming the ways of the woods. $65.
Comact Bob Slack at (404) 878-2201.
31·1
HENDEltSONVILLF., NC
Workshop on Local and Regional Land
Trusis. Kanug.a Episcopal Center. For more info call
(704) 692-9136.
WAYNESVILLE, NC
Kanna m Daily Life-A Spiritual Rctrcal,
with John Algeo. Stil·Light Tbcosopbieal RCllC41 Cent.er,
Rt I, BOA 326: Wayncsy1lle, NC 28786 (70<!) 452-4569.
Neighborh ood" confcronce sponsored by Asheville
League of Women Votcts. Time and place TBA. Call (704)
258-8223.
ASHEVILLE. NC
A six-we.:k course. "Finding Your Path
with HC3rt", begins a.t the Spiritual Growth Foundation.
(sce4/l). The focus will be on finding our "lruC vmce• and
expressing Lhc lifc-affinmng energy of l1W" Heart's desire.
17·18
ASHEV l LLE, NC
Red Foll/Second ll.311gin', play prcscnltd by
I.be Roadside ThcatTC. S)l3rU'lnburg. SC. For ume and
location. call (606} 633-0108.
nLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
Robm Williamson. •a wl1.lltd of words and
music:.· "'I h~ hunter ond the hu11ted howl 011e howl.•
McDibbs'; S6 tdYanc~ door. 8pm, 119 Cherry Si.,
Black Mtn., NC 28711: (704)669-2456.
ASREVlLLE, NC
" Betw"n a Rock and a Hard Place:
Westtrn
No r th
Carolina's
Noclur
17
14-16
21-23
IS
ASHEVCLLE, NC
"Cut lhe Clearcutting!" says
WNCA. From 1t am. Music, dancing, speakers.
City/County Plaza, Asheville. Write Western
North Carolina Alli:lncc; Box 18087; Asheville,
NC 28814, orcall 258-8737
15
ASHEVILLE, NC
The Enrth First! Road Show wilh
Roger Featherstone and Susan Grace Stoltz,
audio·visuals, news on EF! issues and actions.
Lipinsky Auditorium, UNCA. 7:30 p.m.
Students $1. General admission $3. For more
info, call (704) 251-6144.
18
31·2
APRD..
1·30
CHEROKEE, NC
William Holland Thomas.
"little
ASlll-:VlLLE, NC
Hum.an Potential Education Foundation
Spring 1989 Conference, "Healers and the Healing
Proces:~." For regiwation and brochure conw:c Human
Poumlial Educlllion Foundation, Inc.: R1. s. 89 Tt1nyrud
Rd.: Greenville. SC 29609.
white
chicr or lhe ChclOkec. cxhibiL OicroJcoe H~14Sc MUNCwn
and GaJlcsy.
I&8
28-30
ASHEVILLE, NC
'Commumcation and Healing." a lWO·Jllll
28-30
NEW MARKF.1', TN
STP (Stop I.he Poisoning!) School Bl the
Highlander Ccntcr. Learn how to fight tndu.suial pollution.
~3/21-23.
wotlcshop focusing on inner commumon and outer
communicauon as Yilal tools for bcaling ourselves Md our
rclalionsh1ps.
10-Spm each day.
Led by Richard
l.owenlhBI. M. A. Spiritual Growth Foundation: 891
Haywood .Rd. (704) 252-3508.
2-5
PISGAH FOREST, NC
Rockclimbing clinic for beginners
Tedmiques, safely, gear. S28S. Eagle's Nest Camp; 43 Hart
Road: Pisgah °Fon:.'ll: NC 28768. (704) 877-4349.
X.~.Jo~
pgqe 52 ·
29-31
FARNER, TN
KATUAH SPRING GATHERTNO.
Come celebrate. dance, play, meet. and talk with
the family from all over the region (see
announcement next page).
mustratlons by Jackie Taylor-
�JUNE
29
MOUNT AIRY, NC
18th
Annual Ml. Airy Fiddler~
Convention. A weekend of lrod1tion:il Appal3chian Music.
Bring instruments. tenlS, food. Regiwruion SlO.
2-3
SWANNANOA, NC
Environmental Summit '89: Ethics,
Economics and the Environment. This 5th annual
summit will focus on environmental problems of
immediate interest in WNC. and on how
environmental and economic realities affect each
other. Keynote speaker: David Morris of the Inst.
for Local Self-Reliance. Warren Wilson College.
9am-4 pm. $5. For more info or to preregister call
(704) 298-3325, ext. 250.
9· 11
CLOUDLAND CANYON
Caving weekend w11h Snow Bear as
instruc1or and guide. Equipment provided. Call (704)
494-2353 for more info.
9-11
WAYNESVILLE, NC
"Mythology - The Modem Search for the
Holy Grail" with Joy Mills. Stil-L1ghL See 3/31-4/2.
MAY
llRASSTOWN, NC
June Homecoming Music/Dance Weck.
English counuy dancing wi1h Jim Morison. John C.
Campbell Folk School, 28906.
11·17
5-7
WAYNESVILLE, NC
"Music as Meditation" with Diana
Dunningh:un. S20/day. Sul-Light Center: See 3{31-4/2.
21-25
HIGHLANDS, NC
Nature Photography Workshop.
Prc.rcgisicr. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center. Sec
5/12-14.
6
LINVILLE, NC.
Grandfather Mountain Prorilc Trait
wildflower hilce. Blue Ridge Group, Sierra Club. Call (704)
2974098.
6-10
PISGAH FOREST, NC
Whi1ewa1cr Canoe Clinic for novices and
m1crmedia1es. $455. Sec 4/2-5.
12-14
lllGllLANDS, NC
Spring Landscape Retreat Photography
Workshop. Pre-regisicr: Appalachian Environmental Arts
Ccnicr; Drawer S1l0: Highlands. NC 2874 I (704) 526-4303.
19-21
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
The Black Mouniain Spring Festival.
Three days of traditional music and dnnce at Black
Mountain College/Camp Rockmont. Brave
Combo, The Horsenies, Grandmother, David
Wilcox, Phil and Gaye Johnson. For advance
tickets call Grey Eagle and friends, (704)
, 669-4546 from 2pm- IOpm.
o~ ~3. &q o.ncL 3o
o± -p e.p~et' la.rd.. ~ t()J\ft'l
7f.n
~
u.a -to
~~N.b..ooY
19·21
flfGllLANDS, NC
Wildflower Pho1ogruphy Workshop.
Pre-rcg1s1er. Appalachi$ Env1Tonmcnt.al Arts C..:nicr. Sec
qy'~
5/12-14.
u.ou.aL I~~
~ o..cliN~ a.r0.wo¥k shO(:.>s ~ o...d.uJtto
19-21
MILLBORO, VA
EARTH FlRST! Appabchian Rendezvous.
Talk, drum. s.we au things wild. For more info, write: Box
2(>6; Millboro. VA 2.4460 or call (703) 997-9448.
BRASSTOWN, NC
May Crafl/l)ance week. John C. Campbell
Folk School 28906.
27-29
WHITTIER, NC
Cclebralion on lhe land al Union Acres
Communuy. All friends of Kauiah welcome. For more
Info., ca11: Cynthia and Roy Gallinger, (704) 293-9230.
spil.NJ,
1989
µ~~.
~ u.;tl.L ~ -t:hL-
NEW MARKET, TN
STP (Siop the Poisoning!) School a1 lhe
Highlander Ccnier. Leum how IO figh1 indu.~trial poll111Jon.
Soc3nl-23.
19-21
21-27
().rd_
a.rd. ch.U.dA.t.n '
Pre-registration, by April 15: $15.00 adult
$10.00 child under 12
After April 15:
$17.00 adult
$12.00 child under 12
.For mon: infonnalion,
write: Snow Bear and Khallsa; Pepperland Farm Camp; Siar Route: Farner. TN 37333
or call: (704) 494-2353 or (704) 586-3146
�vfEBWO~
SEEKING TO JOIN OTHERS m a mlllllally -.upponivc
comml.INly. Singl.c mamn: womon. ll'lis1-1eac.htt can offer
skills: early childhood education. llU, earth llb111:, wri!Jnl
Wn1c Alwyn MosJ., 1007 Turner SL, Blacksburg, V/>
24060: ("10'3) SS2·6331
VAGABOND GUJBETR01TTNG Stale of tlw Art.
Revised Edition., by M.L. Endicoll. One of lhc moll
compRhensivc insuucticm manua!J ror <yro uavelcrt
SUS; Enchlridlon lntemational, Cullowhcc, NC 28723
ASCENSION Beg1111ttr's Mon.uJJ. a self-help boo1t for
auaining lhc touchable ruii1y of lhc ASCENDEO <taic.
usually lhou&ht to be bt!yood Raeh. By Theodore A
lluoody, Ir~ $13.SO pp; &lcctic: Pren, 205 Pigeon SI.
Waynesville. NC 28786.
WlNCS WAY bttbal products. For pnce list. wme: Box
1477; Old Fon. NC 2.876Z
EUSTACE CONWAY- Ou.ide and !Udler of (ll1lnit1ve
£arlh Skills wilh cmphasi.t on rue blll1dln,. hide tanning
she.Iler. and fongilla. He ILachti at public schools, parks
cnvimnmencal oont.en, .and cJuscs ol .all tinds. For tllOl'C
informllion coniact lum II' 602 Deerwood Drive,
Oastonii. NC 28084 or oall Allcln Sianlcy al (704)
872-7972
FUTONS by Simple Pte.uuru affordably priced. Send
SASE for Info io: Sunplc PICU\lrtJ: RL I. Box 1426
Clayton. GA 30S2.S (404) 782·3920.
APPAJ..ACHIAN GINSENG CO.• sua.tified seeds.
PEPPERLAND ofrcn a variety of ouldoor cdu.eation
po,grams for chl.Wdl, school. or cMc gn>Up& ycu· round.
Wo will help you ~pl a pogrom for your group. Send
for infonnwon J*1c.ct to: Pcppcrland Fum Camp; Sw
RoUlA!; Farner, TN 37333.
R£AllERS' REACTIONS AND INSIGHTS wanic.d
i.ganling lhc "consum«" culun we five in, and lhc idea of
"consumaism" u a lifestyle.. Plcue write to Richard
Lowenthal, 53 Greely St.. Asheville, NC 28806 (or call
seedlings. roots. Send for price li51 io: P.O. Box S47
Dillsboro, NC 28725.
M. TR& DESIGNS: UlllSIJlliom and Der;gn • Beyond lhc
p!l&CS of lhis journal, I work DI penal. colored ponril. ink. QI\
paper. md t.lik. F'mc and graphk an to cxircu and cnh...,.,
our livea. Logos, btochuru, boob. ponnl1ure, window and
wall h&ng~. Concct Manha Tree (704) 7S-4-«l97.
STit.·UGHTTHEOSOPHICAl..RETREATCENTER -a
qu1c1 spaeo for JlC'nOnal medilali<m, aniup inc.cractioo
lhrough study, and community .-011<. and spintual
smiinU$, Contact Leon Frankel; Rt. I. Box 326;
Wayncs•ilk. NC 28786
WANTED: LAND 111 WQt.cm NC. Famlly f«b Sor mon:
ICtCS. prd"crobly near Cullowhee. IO pr<S<TVC and evcnlll.ally
inhllbil. U}'OU have or kno..•of afford.&blc l111d, oonlll:t Bob
llld Miry Davis; 213 Wcrunorcland Cc., Ccorgetown. KY
40324 (502) 8634167.
MOON DANCE FARM HERBAl..S · herbal salvC$,
tinc1111cs. & oil• for b1nh111g a: family health. For
bcochure, pt.,,.e wrii.:: Moon Dance Farm; Re. I. Box
726; Harnpcon. TN 37658
FREE t..ABOR • I would like ID learn about beekeeping and
building New Ag< Housing Willing to wo1'k for free during
summer. All I ask b a pl- for my tcnl and .., occasional
muL Con11e1 ClvU Irwin; 1712 Whhc /we.; Knoxville:. TN
37916 (6lS) 673-0653.
BUCITT RESISTANT CHESUIUT ·hybrid
AmcricanlCluncS 0wman c:hcstnut treea • blight rcsisW\I
timl>C!r pc>wth form. productive orchard crop wilh luge.
sweet CQily·pcc\ed nuu. Cbutnut Hill l'luncry; RL I, Bo>.
34 l·K: Aadiua, FL 3261.S (904) 462·2820
ORGANTC FERTIUZERS. belts, and arganically-groMI.
local produce 11 the> WNC Pannen' Marked Look for the
FaiJglcn Fanns slllll. units F and 0 in lhc wholesale 1tU of'
lhc F.umcn' Matkrl; 570 BteVud Rd.; Asheville, NC ("104
252-4414
Trudeau Dr.; Mc.Wrc, LA 70003.
CENTEJl FOR AWA.KENlNC scck:ing 2 full-time, live.in
volunlccn w/ main1cnance and/or n11ural food prep
eitpericnce. RmManl. Wri1e; Human Services Allianoc
Bo• IS42; WinSIOn.Salcm. NC 27102 (919) 761-874S.
APPROPRIATE PASSIVE SOLAR des1111. blueprints
and full wor.king dnwings for homes, shopt. and sheds
Cr.,•llve dr1fling .....yow- ideas or ours. Harmony
Sunbuildets; P.O. Bo• 194; Suiv Grove. NC 28697
SONGS OF LOVE ANO NATURE by Ron Lambe
fcawring the voice of Hearuingcr wilh Slcphen Klein,
Pi&no. Lavaul<r Lieder Records; R1 I, Box I JS;
Bakcnvillc, NC 28705. (704) 6884791.
B~c I01J.r111!1 inlo o f«alm of Evolution.ary lodvt:llllD'e
by Pauick Clerk. A inu: -=ounl of a bicycle tnp from
NATURAL FOOD SlORF. for ulc in Brevard, NC.
E•ccllcnt IOCllion. $80,000 CJOS1 sales. Growlh poienti&I
Owncn n10ving. mus1 p•U ii on. Call IDiubcth (704)
293·9534 evcnin&J.
ORCANlC FOOD PRODUCING CO-OP
land.
aqwprncnl, apcrienced fannen provided for members The
Bioclomc Pannet~lup; Rt. 2. Sox 184; Waynesville.. NC
28786. (704) 926-935$.
ECO HELP NEEDED Long 8r111Ch Envlfonmcn1al
Education Ccrue:r D«dJ volwileetlN!ICnlS 10 help "'•lh
orchards, gardens, farmworl. rainbow 1tou1.
cmrgy-efficimc bllild1ng. cnvimnmmtal/wildlifc/pmn1·
cul11m issues and organizing. Room and boatd negntiable.
Paul Calllmoce; l.BF.EC; RL 2. Box 132; ~icc.icr, NC
28748
YOU CAN CO HOME AGAIN· A Down To &rth
JOURNEY INTO THE SLICK.ROCK Wildcmcu Atca
Boys. falhu-son. falher-daughter cxpcdttJoN. Learn
ob<•rvttion and woodcraft in lhe deep woods. Bun
~gay, upericnced guide Slicktock ElpeditionJ; Box
1214; Cullowhec. NC .28723.
AMRITA HERBAL PRODUCTS · Comfrey. EucalyplUS
Oii C.olclcn Seal salve. ~mon ar LA•cncler (ICIC ctam. Medo:
wilh natural and c=nlial oih and love. Send for brochure
Rt I. Box 737; Floyd, VA 24091.
HAND.CARVED WOODSPIRITS. ln)"ucal hiking ital~
FINDING OUR "PATH WITH HEART" c.QI be v11al t0
O\lt health Ind ~•lfoxprasion. I offer guidcl<:e lhrou&h
courueling, spimual 111uncmm1. ..1rolog1cal rcadings
WOJbhops, common·llCJUC ftedbt.ell. For more info or an
appoin1mcnl, call Richard Lowenthal , M.A . (704)
2Sl·2526. Sliding scale fcea.
ALTERNATIVE COMMUNITY on bcauuful land~
Cbualccc, NC sr<king r1milirs domring gi:c11tt
c:oopenlicm and self·sufficlen<:y. Based on Jpiricual Ind
ocological valuea. Pcoperty now av11f1ble. Call (404)
77S.S7S4 for info.
Wuhinglon, D.C 10 Ille au1boc's native home of
Cullowbcc, NC. following muah of lhc Bluc Ridge
Parkway. Avai1oblc for $7.95 pose paid from Dandylion
Publicatio111. 47 Pmola. Sc., Ashcvillc NC 28801.
COMMUNION WITH NATifRA • Long proclauncd to be
cclcsual •tan &fOllllding their radiance on Mot.bcr !!viii
flowers ""' the rcvcl11ion of lhc plan!. Come •hllfe in
NATURA'$ sacred play. moyonunUJe facililJtin&. 3931
Hwy 80 S. Toe River, Bunuvillc. NC 28714 ("104}
6~-4806
CARDE.NERS arc ..-UJated t0 v11u our Parad~ Gardens
for insirucuon and inspirauon (!'reel and/or peicmial plan11
sale (cheap). Artisu .re 1nvncd IO c:omtt and c:ru1c 1n tile
gllda> • painUng. drawing. and phDioanplty arc cnMunged
We oho ba,·• • cabin avtJ.IAblc mcxcrumgc for warlcin& in
lhc ganlcn. Mount.m Gardens; 3020 White Oak Creek;
Bunuvillc, NC 28714 (704) 67S·S664.
and wall hAAgmp by SICVc Dunc111 For broch1... plcuc
write Whippoorwill Swctio; llt 4, ~ 981; Manon. NC
28752.
MEDITATION CUSHIONS Crom Carolina M<>mUll
Do.signs. Troditionll ancl mllwblo 1.afus For free bnx:hurc
wrii.e; RL I. Boa 31·8: Hot Spnng1, NC 237<13.
HANDMADE RATTI..ES fot the 'JMlual warrnor or hcal~r
made wilh maic.rial• provadcd by !he animal ltin1dom.
<;:oncact: Jc._ HltnS Bathrict.-; SW Cm.notill AttifilC~
1307 lvcnon St.: Allmta. GA (404) 588-0296
•
INDIAN VAUEY RETREAT· 140 acrci in Blue Ridge
mountains wilh faeilitiea available to rent far group1 or
individual ll!lra!S. dlha 3J.1ided or unstn1C;1Ul1>d. Send for
infom111ion and seasonal c1lo.ndar of h.e aling,
transfl>ITil&live evcnlJ lo: lndu111 Vllllcy Holislic Center
RL 2. Box S8; Willis, VA 24:180
h.Alld TN! Earth Li•ci /lappity Ever After - .caries from
folk lrlditioni all ltOWld the wtidd chosen to help prolt:Ct
all living beings by bringing 111'1 world soc1ecy a few steps
do5Ct to peace and ~l for 1111 fife. Edited by Floar.ing
Eagle Femhcr. $7 .00 ppd. (All profits go IO Clrempacc IJ1A!
!he Pcau Museum.) Order &om: Wages of Peace; 309
704.251 ·2526).
•
MOTHER'S BREATit HERBAL PRODUCTS high
quali1y b"fbal c•"'""· oin1ments, and 011J, lov1n1ly
aa1cd. Send for free brochure 10 Re . 2. Ro• 251. Vllas.
NC2K692
EARTH REACH EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1cae1Un1
pnmitivc skills 10 children md adulu.. Roben Manin. Jr
and JC&1111C Moo!\!'. RL I, Box 178-A. Fcnum, VA 24088.
BEAUTIFUL EUCIUOE MOCCASINS Custom aitcd to
your f~• AO narural ma1erials. Sof!SOle $2.5/lw<holt
SSO. Send tncm& of your fool to Na1ivc American
FoQ1wcar, 47 Panola St., Alhevillc NC 2.8801; 7~
2:Sl·22.SO
WEBWORK!NO is &cc 5""J •ubmis.1u1cu to:
K01"4Jt J<><1rnal
P.O. Bo• 638
ui=ler.NC
Kall!ah Pro"incc 28743
SprinlJ, 1999
•
�The Kaulah Journal wants to communicate your
thoughts and feelings to the other people in the
bioregional province. Send them to us as leners. poems,
stories. articles. drawings, or photographs, etc. Please
send your comnbutions to us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0.
Box 638; Leicester, NC; Karuah Province 28748.
•
The summer issue of lhc Ka11iah Jo11.rlllll will deal with the
meaning of the word "Pence" as a dynamic process lhal can
replace cxisung SU"Uctures of donunation with vibrant new
relarionships.
Please send us descriptions and contact infonnarion for
individuals and groups in your pan of the province that are doing
lhings that are helping co create peace Ill the world.
We would also Hke to know what is your definition of
pence. We would like to get a collection of the mo.~t interesting and
accurate definitions of that elusive idea.
BACK ISSUES
OF KATUAH AV All.ABLE
$1.50
-··
ISSUE FIFTEEN Sprin& 1987
Coverlets - Woman Porcsler - Susie McMdwl
Midwife . Alternative Conlncqmon •
Bio>CJtualily - 81orcgionalism ~ Women Good Mtdic:inc: MmWdlal Clll~ ,_,
WWJ[fl~-
ISSUE THREE SPRJN(l 1984
Sustain.thlc Agriculture . SunOowas Human
lmpac1 on lhc: Forut - Childrcns' Ed11c111ion
Vct0nlca Nicholu·Woman in Politics Llitlc
tsSUESIXTE:EN-Summerl987
Helen Wauc: Poem: Visions 111 • O~ .
Vision Que,r1 - Fim Flow - ln11ia1ion •
1.umina in lhc Wildemeu • Cherokee
Cllallcngc "Valuing T,_.
People. Mcdlrinc Allies
•
ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 198'1
W11c1 !>nun Water Quably Kudtu Solar
Ecli~c Ctc:arcuttin& T1out • C.omg IO W111r1
Ram PllmP" • Mic:rohydro - Pocnu: Bennie
l...ec Sinclair, Jim Wrync Mnlcr
ISSUE EIGITTE.EN WUUO' 1987 88
VcmacuIIT Atchiittl\ITC - Dl'c;ams an Wood Q!
Sione - Mount&Jll Home - E.Ulh l!ncrJi.. •
Eanh-S!u:hcrcd Livmg • Mcmbr- Houses
Brush Shchci - Poems· Ot:to«r Du.d • C'oOOd
ModX:.nc: "Sheller"
ISSLF. FIVE - FALL 191!4
llarv1:11 • Old Ways in Chc1ok"" GinKng
Nuclear Waste: • Our Cchic Hcri1•ge
Biorcgionalism: Put. Ptuc:nt. and Fu1ure Jahn Wilnol)' • Healing Dlltkness Politics or
ISSUE NINETEe.N -Sll'Ulg. 19811
Pcrloandra Cltdtn Spring Tonics · Blueberries
WUdOo11>cr O•rdcns Granny Hcrbalis1 •
Flll"'l:r Es.cncea • lho Origin of lhe Animal :
Stoty -Good Malicmo: "Po.. cr" • Be ATroe
Paructp:iliDn
ISSLIE SIX. WTNTER 1984-85
Wini.:r Soi.ti« Eanh Ceremony· H0<scpiu1u;i,
ISSUE TWENTY · S11m1na. 19811
l'reM!rve App.alathilll WildcnlU.J • Hi,ghbnll
of ltoan - Cel<1 Community - L.nd Trun •
Arthur Miqan School • Zoning 'Wuc • ·'"The
Ridgo" - Fanncrs Ind lhe Fann Bill • Cood
Mcdir.:lnc! ''Lind" · Acid Rain · Duke"• Po..,cr
Play Chaoic< Microhydro ProJCCI
Rt\CT Com1111 ol lhc Llshl • Log Clbm
Roo1a- MoUlll&in Apicullurc: Tho Righi Crop
- W11l1am Tayl11< The Fuiun: of lhc: Forc.t
ISSUE SEVEN SPRING 1985
Su.'ll&JA•blc Ec:onomic:J Hot Srrinp - Worlte;
Ownership - The Great &onomy - Self Help
Crccjj1 Union Wiid Turlt.cy - Rcsponslbl•
lnvuting Workitlg in Ilic Web of Lite
JSSUE EIGtrr - SUMMER 1985
Celebra11on: A Way of Life - Kat\Wl 18.000
Ye&l'J Ago • Sacred Sil.Cl - Follc Ans in lhc
School& - Sun Cyc:l~oon Cycle • Powu:
Hilda Downer Chcsolcu Heritage Caw:r •
Who Owns Appaladlhl?
ISSUENTNE- FALL 1985
The
Wal~
Forest - Thi> Tfl'cS Spc:alt •
Milf&llng Foruts • llcme Logging - Stanmg a
Treci Crop Urb&n Trees · l\oom Btc«I - Mylh
Tane
~-
ISSUE Et.EVEN SPRINO 1986
Community Planning - Cities and the:
Biotcgional Vision - Roc:yclmg Community
Gardening- Floyd County, VA - Ouoliol Two Biottgional Views • Nuclear Suj)plema11
FoiU= Oarne.s. Good MtdldM: Visions
Box - The Wake - TI1c Raven Moclcor
Woodslorc and WildwoodJ Wildom Oood
tsSUETWEHTY-ONE · Fall, 1988
Chc:stnu~ A 1~i.1ura.1 Hl11ory • Rostoring w
Cheiulut. ·p~ orl'rcs<!rvation Uld Praise"
Canunuing the Quesl Farella and Wildlife
Chos1ru111 in Regional 011~1
Chcsuuu
Ruoun:u - Hctb Noic - Good Mcdn:mc:
"Changes 10 C<!me" • Rev~ Wkr# le&~Nls
Medicine: The Sweat lodge
ISSUETBN ·WINTER 19l!S-86
Ka1c Rogas • Circles of Slone • lnicmal
Mylhmalcing - Holl•lic: Healing on Trial
Poem$: Sieve Knaulh • My1Juc Pbc:c:s The
Uklona's Talc:
Cry11al Magic -
Li~
ISSUE FOURTEEN - W-mi« 1986.t7
Uoyd Cul Owlc. Boogers and Mwnmcn - All
!SSUETWENTY TWOWin1ct", l9S8-89
Cilobal Wmnaig and Kat4ah .irire This T~ •
Thom.u Deny on "Biorcgsons" - Eanh E.xcrase Ko~ Loy McWluru:r • All Abundance oI
l'..mplincSJ - LETS • Chninicl.. or Flo)'d - o.ry
Wood lnlcrf!ICW The 9.,.., Clan
ISSUE THIRTEEN · Fall 1986
Ccnlcr For Awakening - Elinbc:th Callari A
Clc:n1lc Dca1h • Hosp>CA! Eincsl Morgan
Dealing Crcalivcly with Dcalh Home Bunal
Species Day - Cabin Fcve1 Uni•aaity •
Homelcu !JI Kaiuah • Homcinadc Hos Wiler
S1ovanJtkCf'5 Narrauvc • Good Meche.inc::
lntmpcci.. Conununication
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ,,
~UA~
QURNAL
0
-- - - - -
~
--------
For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414
Boie 638; Leicester, NC; KatUah Province 28748
Regular Membership........ $10/yr.
Sponsor........................$20/yr.
Contributor.....................$50/yr.
Name
Enc/Med is$
Address
City
Area COde
Sprl.nq, 1989
ro give
this ejforr an extra boost
State
Phone Number
Zip
l can be a local contact
person for my area
Back [ssues
Issue#-_@$2.50= $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue# _@ $2.50 = S_ _
Issue#_@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue# __@ S2.50 = $ _ _
Choose any 5 issues:
SIO.OO=S_ _
Complete Set (3-11, 13-16,
18-22)
@ $35.00 = $_ _
XAwaf1 Jou~ncit Pt«J~ ~s
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 23, Spring 1989
Description
An account of the resource
The twenty-third issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on varied topics such as the ancient ways of the first people groups in Appalachia; "Planet Art;" tulip poplar trees; the Black Swan Center; and environmentally-friendly economics. Authors and artists in this issue include: Kim Sandland, Denise Newbourne, David Morris, Doug Elliott, James Rhea, Jerry Trivette, C.B. Squire, Elizabeth Griffin, Gil Leebrick, Michael Hockaday, Sheli Lodge, Rob Messick, David Wheeler, Dolores LaChapelle, Martha Tree, Laura E. Jackson, and Jackie Taylor. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1989
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
Pisgah Village: A Window into Ancient Ways by Kim Sandland.......1<br /><br />Planet Art in Katúah by Denise Newbourne.......5<br /><br />The Green City as Thriving City by David Morris.......8<br /><br />Poplar Appeal by Doug Elliott.......10<br /><br />Clear Sky: A Composite Portrait by James Rhea.......13<br /><br />"A New Earth" by Jerry Trivette.......14<br /><br />College as Community Resource by C. B. Squire.......16<br /><br />Wild Lovely Days: Poems by Elizabeth Griffin | Photographs by Gil Leebrick.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred Sex Rapture of the Deep.......23 Stopping the Coming Ice Age.......25<br /><br />Drumming: Letters to Katúah.......26<br /><br />"Sudden Tendrils" a poem by Michael Hockaday.......28<br /><br />Events Calendar.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Cherokee Indians--History
Excavations (Archaeology)--North Carolina, Western
Mixed economy--Appalachian Region, Southern
Poplar--North Carolina, Western
Community development--North Carolina--Swannanoa River Valley
Human ecology in art
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Book Reviews
Cherokees
Community
Earth Energies
Ecological Peril
Economic Alternatives
Education
Electric Power Companies
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest History
Forest Issues
Geography
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Katúah
Poems
Politics
Reading Resources
Recycling
Shelter
Turtle Island
Villages
Water Quality
Western North Carolina Alliance
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/cbf32695fba405c0cff45e3e9c54db62.pdf
616631b2f61e4f3060a633a13326ea4d
PDF Text
Text
$1.50
ISSUE 25 FALL 1989
.
for all things wild
I
,..
�October 27, 1989
"Restoring Biodiversity in the Southern Appalachians:
A Strategy for Survival"
Owen Conference Center, University of ~orth Carolina Asheville
A major conference bringing together scientists, educators, government land managers,
and conservationists to speak about the condition of the Southern Appalachian habitat and
the necessity to
initiate new programs for habitat
preservation
and restoration to
maintain the
the southern
diversity of life in
mountains.
For more
information
call (704)
251-6441
Registration: $20.00.
October 28
October 28
"Wild
in the Streets:
The Feral Ball "
"For All
Things Wild"
Warren Wilson College
Swannanoa, NC
Issues and strategy
discussion among activists
directed to arrive at means of restoring
biological diversity in the Southern
Appalachian region.
Speakers: Reed Noss, Laura
Jackson, Robert Zahner, Peter Kirby,
Jamie Sayen, David Wheeler. Open
discussion period.
Registration: $5.00. For more info:,
call (704) 298-3325 (Ext. 250).
rock to the music of
Grandmother
and
One Straw
We call upon the spirits of the wild!
Come costumed as one of our native
mountain species - or to express your
own wildest self!
8:00 pm. Location to be announced.
Postage Paid
Bulk Mail
Permit #18
Leicester, NC
28748
P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
�The Great Forcst ........................... 3
by Sam Gray
Restoring the Old-Growth Forest........5
by Robert 'Zahner
Regional Planning
for Habitat Intcgrity................... 8
by Laura Jackson
A Question o f Value ...................... 10
hy Dm·id Wheeler
Closing the Gate
on Forest Devastation ................ 12
by Anna Muir
Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" ................. 13
by Julia NUlllllJJ/y Duncan
A Place for Bears ......................... 15
An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton
Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" .. 16
by Annelinde Metzner
Eastern Panther, Where Are You?...... 17
by Patrick Clarlr.
Oak Decline ................................ 19
by Hetllher Blair
People and Habitat ........................ 2 1
by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawart
Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries ..............23
Natural World News..................... 24
Drumming ................................. 26
Living Green .............................. 29
Baner Fair................................. 30
(Natural) Resources ...................... 31
Events Calendar........................... 32
Webworking ............................... 34
1'"iirt. t 989
To sense what ls happening In the
mountains, we begin by perceiving
the Southern Appalachian region as
an ongoing. functioning. organic
euent. ..within the greater biosphere.
We can then tdenUfy ourselves and
our species In relation to It and sense
our place within Its evolutionary
history and cycles of renewal.
From the perspective of the whole
we are one species among many each \vith its own contribullon to
make. each wilh its own demands for
habitat. When there is a disturbance
in the pattern of the whole. the
effects even tu ally reach every
inhabitant.
Human beings have been here for
very few of the millions of years the
forest has been patiently growing
within a dynamic balance. In recent
times. our perception of these forests
has often lacked wisdom and
humility. resulting In actions
destructive to our home.
We can sense our relationship to
the whole, but we will never be able
to encompass It with our Intellect
alone. We are in it and of it. This Is
the Great Mystery of existence.
Intuitively we can perceive this
Mystery.
We can revere It and
celebrate lt. And by acting tn concert
with the Life cycles, we can come to
know It more fully. This knowing
then leads us to respond.
In thls issue of Katuah. we look at
biodiversity and habitat ln the
Southern Appalachian region and
how they are being disrupted.
Finding out about the current
situation In Katuah prompts us to
acuon--to speak out. protect. restore.
Throughout the articles. it becomes
apparent that to truly understand this
region. we need to experience.
acknowledge, and serve the region as
a whole.
-The Editors
Biodiversity is defined by ecologist Recd Noss llS "a
full complement of the native plant and animal species in
their natural or normal patterns of abundance."
Biodiversity is the foundation of evolution in any
biorcgion.
Habi tat is defined as an interdependent community of
life that supports the various species that live within iL
Habitat is the foundation of biodiversity.
�STAFF THIS ISSUE:
R.ichacd Lowenthal
Christina Morrison
James Rhea
Manha Tree
Rob Messick
Mamie Muller
Chip Smith
David Wheeler
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE:
Scott Bird
Jack Chaney
David Red
Kim Sandland
Heather Blair
Sam Gray
Marsha Ring
Morgan Swann
Thanks as well to Joe and Rhea and the Mountain Garden.
We offer special thanks for the influence of
Grandfather Mountain.
COVER by James Rhea
PUBLISHED BY; Ka11"1h Journal
PRINTED BY; The Waynesville Mountaineer Press
EDITORIAL OFFICE IBJS ISSUE: Globe Valley
W&ITEUS AT:
TELEPHONE;
(704) 683-1414
Katt1ah Journal
Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
Diversity is an imponant clement of bioregional ecology, both
nmwaJ and social. In line with this principle. the KatU/Jh Journal lrics
to serve as a forum for the discussion of regional issues. Signed articles
express only the opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the
opinions of lhe Ka1Uah Journal editors or staff.
The Internal Revenue Service has declared KatU/Jh a non-profit
organization under section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. All
contributions to KatU/Jh arc deductible from personal income tax.
'LNVOCA.TWN
Do you think you can take over the universe
and improve it?
I do not believe it can be done.
The universe is sacred. You cannot improve it.
If you try to change it, you will ruin it.
If you try to hold it, you will lose it.
-from imsage 29. Tao Te Ching
attributed to Lao Tzu
™E SOUTHERN APPALACillAN BIOREGION
AND MAJOR EASTERN RIVER SYSTEMS
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Here in the southern-most heartland of the
Appalachian mountains, the oldest mountain range on
our continent, Turrie Island; a small bur growing
group has begun to take on a sense of responsibility
for the implications of rhar geographical and cultural
heritage. This sense of responsibility centers on the
concept of living within the natural scale and balance
of 1miversal systems and principles.
Within this circle we begin by invoking the
Cherokee name "Kaufoh" as the old/new name for
this area of the mountains and for its journal as well.
The province is indicated by its natural boundaries: the
Roanoke River Valley to the nonh; thefoorhills of the
piedmont area to the east; Yona Mountain and the
Georgia hills to the south; and the Tennessee River
Valley ro the west.
The editorial priorities for us are to co/leer and
disseminate information and energy which pertains
specifically to this region, and to foster the awareness
rhar the land is a living being deserving of our love
and respect. Living in this manner is a way ro insure
the sustainability of the biosphere and a lasting place
for ourselves in its continuing evolutionary process.
We seem to have reached the fulcrum point of a
" do or die " situation in terms ofa quality standard of
life/or all living beings on this planet. As a voice/or
the caretakers ofthis sacred land, Kac-Uah, we advocate
a centered approach to rhe concept ofdecentralization.
It is our hope to become a support system/or those
accepting the challenge of sustainability and the
creation ofharmony and balance in a total sense, here
in this place.
We welcome all correspondence, criticism,
pertinent information, articles, artwork, etc. with
hopes that Kac-Uah will grow to serve the best interests
of this region and all its living, breathing members.
-The Editors
f"~U..
1989
�It may be that
s.ome little rcx:::>t
of the sacred tree still
lives.
"-lou-ish it then,
that it may leof and
bloom and fill
with singing birds.
- Q,lock Elk
Until recent time a great inland forest overlay the eastern
ponion of Nonh America-a continuous biologic fabric extending
from Nova Scotia to Alabama, west along the tributaries of the
Mississippi, and boundaried in the east by the pine barrens and
lowland marshes of the coastal plain.
This forest had its origins in an ancient circumpolar forest
system that dominated the temperate zones of Asia, Europe and
Nonh America in the Eocene epoch of the Teniary Period (50
million years B.P. [Before Present]) when the continents were
closer together. In spite of the intervening continental drift,
successive ice ages and vast chasms of time, there remain, to this
day, striking botanical linkages in the existing forest remnants of
these continents. This is panicularly evident in genera such as Acer
(maples), Panax (ginseng), Cory/us (hazels}, Populus (poplars),
Cornus (dogwoods), and Rhododendron.
(continued on ncxl page)
f'ca!t. t 989
Ji:.ati&ah Jo\lrnQL p1i9e 3
�(continued &om page 3)
The vast inland forest of Eastern America was geophysically
dominated by the long spine of the Appalachian Mountains which
determined the Forest's biological stTucture and diversity.
Contemporary references to what remains of this forest employ
terms such as "mixed mesophytic", "eastern hardwood" or
"temperate deciduous" to describe it. For purposes of this essay,
acknowledging its extent, its ancient origins, its astounding
diversity and resilience, its immense productive capacity, and its
profound effect on various human populations over the past 10,000
years, it will be telllled "The Great Forest".
When ecologists first began attempting to describe temperate
forest ecosystems, they developed the model of succession and
climax growth. This model, describes a developing forest that is
undergoing a series of stages in which pioneer plant communities
and their associated fauna colonize the area and are then replaced by
successor communities of larger trees until a forest of dominant
trees, known as the "climax forest" establishes a stable equilibrium.
This climax old gTOwth would cominue until some "disturbance"
such as fire, disease, climate change or human impact takes out the
climax community and the succession cycle begins again.
The succession-climax model is a useful one for
understanding the ecology of the Great Forest. It helps us to
recognize the importance and relative stability of old growth forests
and it describes how biotic communities in a forest maintain and
transform themselves over time as they respond to discontinuities
and disturbances, panicularly those caused by humans.
The first humans in the Great Forest were nomadic
gatherer/hunter groups who arrived after the last glaciation some
10,000 years B.P. These groups ranged over many thousands of
acres of oak-chestnut climax growth as well as other forest biomes
and while their impact on the forest was small by contemporary
standards, it was nonetheless important. Fire was the principal
instrument of ecologic change and was to remain so even into
recent rimes.
By 1900, the only remaining large boundary
of the original Great Forest lay in Katuah - the
Southern Appalachian highlands. Within two
decades that too was gone.
Seventeenth century Europeans observed and commented on
the burnings. "The savages," wrote Thomas Morton, "are
accustomed to set fire of the country in all places where they come
and to burne it twize a year, viz: at the spring and the fall of the
leafe." The purpose of the burnings was no less than ecosystem
management: facilitation of travel, augmentation of browse area for
game, encouragement of desirable herbage such as blackberry.
raspberry, and cenain grasses. the increase of mast-producing trees
Uke oak and chesmut on the drier, warmer soils of a burn area, and
the destruction of vermin and pests such as fleas. Selective burning
by the lndfans promoted a mosaic quality in the forest ecosystem
and created areas in many different stages of succession wilh
extensive boundary areas and a greater variety of game and plant
habitats - a phenornonen ecologists refer to as the "edge effect".
Thus the Indians practiced their own subtle kind of forest
management and husbandry. So subtle in fact, as to be undetected
in early European descriptions of the Great Forest. When 17th and
l 8rh century promoters of North American real estate extolled the
"natural" abundance of the land, they were unaware that they were
describing an ecosystem that the natives had been shaping for
thousands of years.
Other imponant aspects of the complex relationship between
the Great Forest and its native inhabitants escaped the notice of the
Europeans. As William Cronon points out in his masterful
ecological history of New England, Changes in the Land, a central
fact of temperate forest ecosystems is their periodicity. The
overlapping cycles of light, dark, long days, short days,
waxing/waning of the moon, the flow of sap, the rurting of deer,
spawning of fish, the matings of turkey, bear and frog, the fruiting
of plants and the migration of birds... these and myriad other
contrapuntal rhythms of the Great Forest's energy cycles were
understood and celebrated by the natives. Their own life rhythms of
seasonal nomadism, work, ritual and play were evolved from the
greater cycles of the forest . The European immigrants' experience
of natural cycles, on the other hand, had been filtered for over a
millenium through a culture offixed abodes and a social hierarchy
that discouraged nomadism as well as wilderness.
It is in the context of the periodic cycles of the forest that
Native American spirituality can best be understood. The Indians
did not attempt to manipulate, through magic and ritual, these
cycles to their own ends and were often confounded or amused by
the imprecatory prayers of the whites seeking the blessings of good
harvest and fortune from an awesome and distant god. Rather, their
own spiritual practices were designed to attune and inform
themselves to the subtleties of the forest's cycles. The
anthropologist Bronislow Malinowski recognized this when he
wrote in Myth and Primitive Psychology, "Magic never originated;
it never was created or invented. All magic simply was from the
beginning, as an essential adjunct to all those things and processes
which virally interested man (sic)." The natives inhabited an
animated forest world that was alive unto its fanhest recesses with
seen and unseen powers. Their task - the task of mind - was to so
organize themselves as to develop understanding of and
consonance with these powers.
When Europeans began to arrive at the Great Forest of North
America in sufficient numbers by the mid-17th century, they were
not disposed to recognize the animated universe that sustained the
natives. They could not or would not see the forest that the natives
knew, nor could they recognize the subtlety and intelligence behind
the Indians usage of the forest as habitat, susraining process, and
sacred ground. The European immigrants faced the Great Forest
with a conflicting array of perceptions and attitudes. The forest was
at once a threat and an opportunity.
The dominant sentiment in regard to the forest was that it was
an enormous commodity. Coming from lands long divested of
forests held in common, the right to extract and expon timber
almost at will was an overwhelming prospect 10 early
entrepreneurs. Wood was the main raw material for residential and
commercial building on both sides of the Atlantic, but it was even
more in demand as an energy source. Seventeenth and eighteenth
century industries in metallurgy, glass making and ceramics
required enormous amounts of wood for firing furnaces and for
charcoal. Individual household consumption was also extraordinary
by european standards. Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist visiting
colonial eastern America in 1749 wrote," an incredible amount of
wood is really squandered in this country for fuel..." As early as
1640, Boston was experiencing wood fuel shortages and most
major New England and mid-Atlantic settlements were soon to
follow.
foll, 1989
�The principal commodity that the Great Forest represented to
the E.uropeans was the land itself. Their original concepts of real
propeny were derived from the manorial system of feudal Europe
and can be ascenained by reviewing the terms or the Royal Charter
to the Massachusetts Bay Company:
"To have to houlde possess and enjoy the aforesaid
continent, lands, territories, islands, hereditaments and
precincts, seas, waters, fishings, with all and all manner their
commodities, royalties, libenies, prehemynences, and
profitts that should thenceforth arise from chcncc, with all
and singular their appunances and every pane and parccll
thereof unto the said councell and their successors and
assigns for ever."
The comprehensive, medieval, abstract quality of these early claims
underwent an evolution as they passed through the lexicon of 17th
and 18th century New World institutions, but the focus on
"commodities, royalties, liberues and profitts" never changed.
What also wen1 unchanged, leading to countless
misunderstandings and much bloodshed, was the European
assumption of the sovereignty of propeny rights granted through
'legal' title 10 Land. To the natives, the notion that parcels of land
could be considered commodities, bought and sold like cattle,
boundaried, possessed, 'improved', divided and sold again or
transferred to heirs was absurd. For them, land tenure was a
function of usage and usage was linked 10 the mobility that was a
central part of the strategy of resource management based on
periodicity. The Indian villages moved from habitat to habitat to
find maximum abundance with minimal work and reduced impact
on the land while the Europeans, in fixed abodes on their titled
propeny, worked long hard days 10 intensively farm or 'improve'
land with the eventual result being ecological degradation. It was
the concept of 'improvements' - replacing forest with fields and
pasture and the building of sheds, barns and homes - that soon
became the colonial justification for dispossessing the natives. A
people who moved around on the land and worked it so lillle could
have no justifiable claim to possess it. There were plenty of
references in the bible and in Calvinist theology to back up such a
sentimenL The unimproved forest with its native inhabitants was
eventually seen as an affront to progress, and Christian community.
r"u, t 989
With God's backing the righteous began to exterminate or conven
the savages and 'improve' the Great Forest out of existence.
The decimation of the Great Forest proceeded in two fairly
distinct historical phases - the first, occurring in the colonial period
and lasting until about 1850, can be termed pre-capitalist. It was
characterized by the deforestation patterns of an agricultural
economy. The best land was cleared for field crops and pasture.
Commercial extrnction of timber for energy or wood products was
confined to terrain accessible by human/animaJ power. The second
phase was indusoial/capitalist and it continues to the present day.
Utilizing machinery, organized capital, and cheap local labor, the
forest was harvested to satisfy national and international timber
demands. As habitat for the incredible diversity of wild plants and
creawres was impoverished, fonunes were amassed by men far
away who were never required to look upon the devastation. By
1900, the only remaining large boundary of the original Great
Forest lay in Katuah - 1he Southern Appalachian highlands. Within
two decades 1ha1 too was gone.
As humans, we have known the forest in many ways - as
home, as sustenance, as sacred ground, as repose, as commodity,
as teacher, as refuge. Our species is only now realizing the extent
of its power 10 diminish the radiance of the Great Forest. We are
beginning to understand a glimmer of what was... for we were once
forest-dwellers. Today there is an archetype becoming known in
the human spirit ...of regeneration. There is an embryonic
recognition of what we have lost and of what we must restore. We
cannot continue as we have done. The forest calls 10 us to come
back, for our own sake and for the sake of all our relations
dwelling therein.
The quotation from Black Elk that begins this essay captures
this hope for us when he speaks of the roots of the Sacred Tree the Tree of Life. The Sacred Tree, a universal symbol of
regeneration of both the human spirit and of the Earth, nourishes
our memory to recall that though the Great Forest has been felled, it
cannot and will not ever leave us.
wriuen by Sam Gray
plU>co ofJoyce Kilmer Memorial Forest on page 3 by
larry Tucker
x.at.Uah JounuiL p!UJ•
s
�Restoring the Old-Growth Forest
by Robert Zahner
A thing is right when it rends to preserve
the inregriry, stabi/iry, and beauty of rlze biotic
community. Ir is wrong when it tends
otherwise.
- AldD Leopold (I 949)
We stand at the threshold of a great
decision. We are on the verge of re-defining the
importance of our mountain landscape, its
natural habitats, and the Life forms they support.
Science has shown tha1 such habitats are vi1al to
planetary life support systems where natural
communities of interdependent plants and
animals can maintain reservoirs of biological
diversity.
When extensive logging destroyed the
primeval fores1s of the Southern Appalachian
Mountains, a critical factor for biodiversity,
habitat continuity over large areas, was
eradicated. During the century between 1830
and 1930 forest clearing and burning ravaged
native bio1ic communities and terminated
unknown numbers of plant and animal species.
Habitats were fragmented, and many surviving
endemic species were left in smaU, isolated
communities.
ln the first quaner of the twentieth century
the Southern Appalachian National Forests were
established as watershed preserves. Federal
conservation policies permined many forest
habitats to begin the natural process of restoring
themselves. This regrowth ecosystem, or
second generation forest, was similar to the
original primeval forest only in that it still
contained most of the original plant and animal
species. Today, after 60 to 80 years of recovery,
the new forest is still maturing, still unfolding its
species composition as new niches are created in
the complex progression toward what modem
ecologists term an "old-growth forest." But it
still has a long way to go to reach biological
maturity.
There is now the potential to restore a
diversity of species that would resemble the old
primeval forest. There is also the danger,
because of present National Forest management
plans, of losing much of the restoration already
gained. The United States Forest Service
(USFS), administered by foresters who are
highly competent timber managers, interprets the
Congressional Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act
of 1960 with a strong bias toward harvesting
commercially mature timber. The Act states
implicitly, however, that al/ resources of the
Notional Forests ore to be managed for sustained
yield. Other acts of Congress go on to define
natural diversity as a vital resource of 1he public
lands, and mandate that this resource shall be
maintained through habitat preservation. This
paper is written with the intent of furthering
public knowledge of this important
environmental issue.
Three Levels of Diversity
lo the despoilment and fragmentation of
the original forest, three levels of diversity were
either destroyed or placed in jeopardy: ( l)
genetic diversity within species, (2) species
diversity within habitats, and (3) habitat
Xatium Jo~rrmt P"9e 6
diversity within landscapes. We have no record
of how many species were irretrievably lost, but
1oday we are beginning co count the numbers
that are presently endangered and threatened
with extinction. Let us consider how lhese three
types of diversity are essential for a healthy
bioregion, and how all three can be restored as
the new forest grows toward biological
maturity.
Genetic Diversity: A great many
species counted as rare today could again
become more abundant if we allow natural biotic
processes to evolve unmolested.
For example, in the forest of today the
mountain gentian plant (Gentiana decora
Pollard)_grows singly or in small colonies in
damp, rich wooded habitats, generally isolated
from other members of the species by unsuitable
habitats. Gentians are pollinated by several rypes
of inseclS who are able to cross-fertilize separate
colonies of the plant. Thus, if undisturbed by
human activity, pollen exchange will increase
genetic diversity within the gentian species over
an ever-increasing area of 1he mountain
landscape. This renewed generic vitality is
critical to the future well-being of the species, as
human-caused environmental changes continue
to force all forms of life to adapt to such stresses
as aunospheric pollution and accelerated climatic
warming.
The same situation is true for literally
thousands of species of plants and animals
throughout the mountains. Each example
f"~U.. t989
�requires its own special sening, but the common
theme is natural balance. An endemic terresual
mole salamander, Ple1ho<k>n1ordani, is a highly
significant insectivore in the world beneath the
leaf litter of a mature hardwood forest. This
salamander requires large areas of ~ontinuous
forest cover to afford geneuc n11gra11on among
populations. Thus. when the cwopy overhead is
fragmented or removed. breeding populat!ons of
this animal disappear to reco.,,er only w11h the
re-establishment or the mature hardwood fores t.
Many species of reptiles. amphibians, and
anhropods w11h limited mobi:ity have similar
requirements for genetic exchange.
Conditions that promote generic diversity
arc essential so each species can adapt and
evolve, panicularly in light of the accelerating
environmental changes expected in the next
century.
Species Diversity: The next scale of
diversity is that of species within habitats. This
is often misinterpreted by federal land managers
to mean "the greatest number of differe nt
species for each given unit of land."
It is well kno wn that the na tural
succe ssio n of weed y species occupying
disturbed sites provides a wealth of diversity in
te rms of to tal numbe rs. The Southern
Appalachian Mountains today abound w ith
disturbed sites, the result of Jar.d clearings, road
bui lding, comme rc ial and reside ntial
development, forest c learcuuing, agricultural
activity, and wildfires. Therefore. the weedy
plants and small animal species that characterize
early succession habitats are most commo n
throughout lhe region.
But what about species diversity in other
habitats once prevalent in the primeval forest?
Two hundred years ago a north-facing site at
3,SOO feet elevation in the Blue Ridge
Mountains would likely have supported a mature
oversrory of 20 or more tree species, with many
large trees over 200 years old. The midstory
would have been composed of perhaps 20 or
more species of smaller trees of all ages, from
reproduction saplings fillin1 canopy pps to
very old species adapted to live out their lives in
the shade.
Many tree species, such as basswood
(TUia ~rerophylla VcnL), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis Britt.), buncmut (J1111lans cinera
L.), mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.),
mountain winterbcny (Ila mofllana T . and G.),
ycllowwood (Cladrastis kentulcea Rudd), and,
of course, American chestnut (Castanea delllQta
Borich.). were more common in this ancient
foresr lhan they are today.
Shrub spec ies were numerous, and
carpeting !he ground in many places were large
colonies of painted trillium (Trillum undulatum
Willd.), baneberry (Actaea pachypoda Ell.),
do g-tooth violet (Eryrhronium americum Ker.),
um brella-leaf (Diphylleia cymosa Michaux).
jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisema triphyllum Schott.),
and many fem species.
Rotting logs provided substrate and
micro-habitats for many S1>ecies of fungi.
mosses. splecnwons. and all the attendant
invertebrate and small vertebrate animals that
were essential to the health of the entire larger
community. The large trees. living and dead.
provided food, shelter, and breeding situations
for many birds and other venebrate animals that
require a biologically mature. undisturbed.
mixed hardwood forest habitat. The mature
forest was a dynamic biotic community that
f'Q{L, t989
supported a large array of
interdependent species.
!'\one of the plants or
animals mentioned above is
exceptionally rare today. although
a number of today's threatened or
endangered species. such as the
small whorled pogonia (lsotria
medeoloides Rafinesque), could
well have been present in such a
habitat. The particular
corn/Jination of these species.
however, taken together as a
functionmg ecosystem. is today a
rare occurrence.
What species m ight be
present on such a site today'!
Following the indiscriminate
logging and burning at the the
tum of the century, conditions
were so severely altered that the
second-grow t h forest now
consists typically of a mixture of
60 to 80 year o ld oaks and
hickones, with perhaps fewer than 10 other tree
species. More prominent today are the
m1d-successional species: yellow poplar
(liriendendron tulip/era L.), eastern white pine
(Pinus strobw L .), black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia L .). sourwood (Oxydendron
a rboreum L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum
Nee s.), and stump sprouts o f Americ an
chestnut. Scauercd individuals of most of the
original species are also present, but the species
composition is so drastically altered that the
highland forest is typically c lassified as
~oalc-hiclcory" ralher than "mixed hardwoods."
Large cavity trees arc rare. The large
decomposing logs that typify biologically mature
habitat are largely absent from today's regrowth
forests.The number of undcrstory and ground
cover species are now reduced, retaining those
that thrive on disturbance, such as species of
berries (Vaccinium and Gaylussacia) and
rhododendron.
Early succession habitat caused by human
disturbance is the only habitat type that is
well-represented on the second level of
biodiversity, the diversity of species within
habitats. But the forest communities are slowly
maturing, and species enric hment is occurring
gradually in those habitat s that arc left
undisturbed. Biologically mature habitats, or
old-growth mixed hardwood forests, are again a
possibility within the next century.
Just as genetic diversity within a species
is e ssential for adaptation for survival in a
changing enviro nme nt, so spec ies d iversity
with in a habitat is essent ial for the whole
community of interdependent plants and animals
to meet the demands of evolution. The future of
those species combinations best adapted to old,
mature hardwood forest communities depends
on the integrity of the entire habitat.
Habitat Divers ity: Differentiation on
the third level of biological d iversity, that of
habitat diversity in the regional landscape, has
also been gradually emerging in the Southern
Appalachian Mountains throughout the second
half of this century. The national forest-; provide
large, contiguous blocks of forest area. which,
if they continue to be left und1stur_bed. ha~e the
potential to mature into a mosaic of diverse
forest habitats, each accommodating its own
composition of species, and all together making
provision for the genetic diversity essential for
species evolution. The key requirement for this
regional diversity lies in maintaining a continuity
of undisturbed habitats across the landscape.
Disconnected habitats that are left to
mature as isolated fragments cannot serve as
more than small rcfugia for generic material.
Such limitation confines ecnetic variation within
the boundaries of each of these tiny habi1a1 areas
and restricts the potential for evolution to
respond to future changes in the cnvironmenL
The current policy of national forest
management is to accommodate landscape
diversity by pwcscrving fragments of old growth
stands dispersed throughout a landscape that is
predominantly even-aged
st~nds .of
commercially valuable tree species wnh
provisions for a few important species of game
animals. This concept of diversity is analogous
to the preservation of species in arboretu ms.
bota nical gardens, and zoos. Cen ainl y a
bead-lily (Clinronia borealis Raf.) in a cultivated
garden has lost most of its wild "lily-ness,"
because a wildflower removed from its natural
habitat is no longer serving its role as a strand in
the web of life. In like manner, a fragment of
old-growth forest preserved in a landscape of
managed young forests has lost its essential
nature, as it is no longer a pan of the web of
biological e volution in the region its generic
material serves.
At the level of habitat diversity. just as at
the two lower levels. the ability or an entire
bioregion to adapt and survive environmental
change depends on the diversity of its natural
habitats. The greater the number of mature
�REGIONAL PLANNING FOR HABITAT
INTEGRITY
by Laura E. Jackson
Laura Jackson is the author of the study
Mountain Treasures at Risk: The Future of the
Southern Appalachian National Forests, a
comprehensive overview and critique of the US
Forest Service's Land and Resource Managemem
Plans for the six national forest areas of the
Southern Appalachians.
Laura is completing graduate work at the
School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at
Duke University. She wrote the sllldy in
cooperation with Peter Kirby, regional director,
and other staff members of the Southeast
Regional Office of the Wilderness Society under a
Stanley Fellowship grant The book is published
and made available by the Wilderness Society.
Mountain Treasures at Risk is an excellent
resource for anyone who is concerned about
habitat i11 the Sowhem Appalachians. The text is
clear a11d to the point. The graphs and tables are
pleasing to the eye and revealing in their content.
Forest issues are de-mystified in a way that only
someone with a clear comprehension of the
dynamics involved could articula1e. 8111, most of
all, Laura Jackso11's suuiy is invaluable because it
is wriuen by someone with no ves1ed economic or
poli1ical in1eres1 in 1he Appalachian public lands b111 rather by someone with 011ly the interests of
1hefores1 01 liean.
The book talks in a straigluforward way
about tlie effects 011 the forest of below-cost timber
sales, over-roading, and the i11equities i11 budget
and emphasis show11 i11 Forest Service
management programs. The swdy co11clt1des with
guidelines/or managing the Sowhern Appalachian
11a1ional fores ts 10 protect wild la11ds a11d the
biological diversity they harbor, meet recreatio11al
and aesthetic demands, and restore the forest
1wilo1.
011 page one of Mountain Treasures at Risk
the report states that the two major flaws i11 the
Forest Service ma11ageme111 approach is the
agency's emphasis 011 commodity ex1ractio11from
the mow11ai11forests Olld their failure to recog11ize
the Somhern Appalachia11s as a regional habitat
system (in other words, a bioregio11).
/1 says, 'This report is the only ctunulative
analysis to dote to examine the Forest Service's
plaru for thil unique nwumuin environment." This
is true. Many t/1a11ks.
In the following article Laura Jackso11
explains further the differences in understanding
that result from viewing the Ka11'iah provi11ce a11d
its disti11ctive habitats as a whole, rather than
breaking it into administrative pieces....
·DW
Mountain Treasures at Risk is available at M
charge by writing to tht Wilderness Society Southeast
Regional Office at 1819 Peachtru St. NE; Atlanta, GA
30309. (Jlowevtr, consider making a volU11tary donation.
Tht reference is wt// worth It.)
>C.at i'.&ah Journat paqe 8
T he fragmentation of Souther n
Appalachian habitat is the familiar result of a
utilitarian value system that prizes goods
production and consumption over a healthy
relationship with our land. Forest managers ask
how their stands can fulfill national timber
quotas. State governments ask if thei r
wilderness fragments arc sufficient to satisfy
recreational demand. But their questions are
framed within self-imposed limits of vision that
reach only to the orderly edges of administrative
boundaries. Consequently, they are too narrow
in scope to address what arc now the most
critical issues. In this age of dwindling native
populations, dying mountaintops, and other
large-scale ecological catastrophes, we must
adopt a broad regional perspective in order to
evaluate and implement essential environmental
solutions.
The regional framework provides a logical
context by which to approach land management
decisions. The natural expanse of an ecosystem
(like a prairie, desert, or mountain range) with
its local resources, indigenous populations. and
traditional activities, can suggest
environmentally appropriate patterns of growth
and development. Requiring collaboration
among public agencies and private owners, the
regional perspective is gaining support around
the world as the solution to maintain ecological
systems and the integrity of the
human/environment relationship.
As the dominant land manager in the
Southern Appalachians, the US Forest Service
is in a position to best exemplify the philosophy
of regional stewardship. Currently, however,
the agency is under extensive criticism for its
unimaginative, homocentric planning and
management techniques. The Forest Service
conuols approx:imatcly three million acres in six
Southern Appalachian national forests. Despite
the contiguity of these lands, each national forest
is administered as a separate unit. Staff vision
and authority stop at the legal boundaries. As a
result, individual forest planners have set
inconsistent standards for managing shared
animal populations, lost opportunities to protect
roadlcss areas that straddle state lines, and
purposefully altered rare habitat in order to
incroduce elements already common on adjacent
private lands.
In the Katuah province, towns and private
inholdings comprise about half of the acreage
within official national forest boundaries. These
lands support agriculture, industrial forests,
developed and roaded recreation, and other
human-altered environments. Consequently they
have attracted hardy, invasive wildlife that
thrives in modified senings and displaces native
mountain species. A crucial role of federal
stewardship, therefore, is to promote natural
habitat continuity as a public investment in
biological diversity, clean air and water, and the
Southern Appalachian wild native heritage.
A satellite's-eye view of the Southern
Appalachian Mountains shows the Appalachian
public lands as a green island standing alone
above lowlands crowded with human beings
and the products of their ac1ivi1ies. This
mountainous ecosystem of tremendous natural
beauty and scientific importance is also in
increasing demand as a source for consumptive
supplies. A closer look would show public
forests fragmented by private inholdings,
development spreading across newly-cleared
hillsides, and wildlands straining under
increased resource use. Yet, to date, the core of
the Southern Appalachian habitat survives
relatively intact.
Invisible from overhead, yet just as real in
its effects on the highland forests, is the
administrative fragmentation that further stresses
the region's habitats. Southern Appalachian
forests fall under the jurisdictions of five state
governments, as many federal agencies, and
dozens of counties with differing objectives for
the use of their mountain commodities.
Countless private corporations also make
decisions based on their own perceived interests
in the resources of the Ka1uah province. The
accumulated effects of numerous land-use
decisions made in the isolation of corporate
boardrooms, federal office buildings, and the
offices of county or state agencies threaten 10
mortally fragment Katuah's natural systems and
desuoy their ecologi.cal functions.
If the administering agencies could view
the mountain region from the viewpoint of our
imaginary satellite hovering above, their
perspective and consequently their management
priorities might be changed:
• From overhead, it is clear that the
Southern Appalachians are a biological island,
the last remaining large block of forest habitat in
the southeast. Many areas can contribute to the
regional and national timber supply, most of
them better than these steep mountain forests.
But where better can we look for wilderness,
and the shady, moist storehouses of
undiscovered ecological value?
• The region's remote ridgelines and
pristine streams constitute rare wildland linkage
opponunities for migration, genetic exchange,
and the daily roamiogs of wide-ranging
mammals. These travelways could also extend
to wildlands in the Central Appalachians to the
north, and perhaps south into the Florida
peninsula as well, to ensure strong, adaptable
populations of black bear, mountain lion, and
other large predators. Broad corridors
connecting natural habitat areas along the length
of 1hc Appalachian range would serve as
ecological escape routes in cases of severe
environmental stress, whether of human or
natural origin.
rau.
19e9
�•The Appalachians are the headwaters of
all the great rivers east of the Mississippi. If
streams and rivers are not pure at their origins,
they can never be clean anywhere along their
length.
The expanses of forest that cover the
green mountains are also a fountainhead of
valuable oxygen in an increasingly polluted
armospherc.
• A regional perspective would correct the
misconception that each national forest should
provide the public with equivalent proportions
of all resources. The southeast supports an
abundance of cleared fields, thickets or young
"pioneer" trees, and the understory plants and
animals associated with early successional
habitats. However, areas of contiguous, remote
forest and old-growth comrrunities are precious
and rare. Species plentiful in one nationaJ forest
might be uncommon everywhere else; therefore
these should be preserved at the expense of
more ordinary forest uses.
• Research priorities and resource
inventories also attain broader significance when
framed in a regional perspective. State wildlife
officials and federal land managers currently
repon environmental characteristics in terms of
acres, head counts, and dollars. Such data arc
easily tabulated and readily available by state and
ownership category. Yet these quantitative
measures fail to capture the more comprehensive
information that is critical 10 effective habitat
management
Ta!L, 1989
• To ensure that resource u1ili7.ation docs
not deplete an ecosystem's natural variety,
managers must monitor across the landscape.
They must mitigate the encroachment or
common edge habitat into the diminishing forest
interior. They must delineate and protect
multi-state blocks of continuous forest and
migration pathways. Responsible stewardship
also requires improved biodiversity
measurements, the promotion of ecologically
rich old-growth stands, and the restoration of
degraded lands. These and other research
objectives necessitate inter-agency cooperation.
working relationships with private landowners,
and a more holistic view of the natural
environment and our relationship to it.
The responsibility for regional planning
docs not lie solely with public agencies.
Farmers, industrial foresters. university
administrators, even individual homeowners
must ask how their lands contribute to the
environmental landscape. Particularly those who
profit financially from Katuah's natural features
- the outfitters, resort managers. and members
of the entertainment and service sectors that
surround public lands - should suive to maintain
the integrity of the regional environment both as
a business investment and as a means to
compensate the land for its free use. Private
landowners can do a great deal to strengthen the
vitality of the region by managing their land to
help reconnect the broken pieces.
The time has come for landowners and
managers to acknowledge their shared
responsibility for environmental stewardship.
We can no longer afford to view properties as
discrete units unto themselves. to be modified,
unadvised, by their current legal authorities.
Businesses, families, and public agencies arc
but temporary guardians of many tiny pieces of
the Eanh. Yet the natural processes that permit
our physical survival, as well as foster creative
imagery and inspiration, besr operate
unconstrained by anificaJ divisions. In order to
maintain for the future the fundamental
life-support systems of humans and other
species, we must begin to counter the legacy of
fragmentation with a commitment to
environmental unity.
We must explore land uses that do not
deplete the Eanh's suitability for the other life
forms with whom we exist. We must instill a
deep appreciation for nature and natural
processes in our schoolchildren. We must not
insist on using. viewing, or populating every
available surface, so that truly wild expanses
may sustain the large animals who suffer in our
presence. Much to their credit, federal agencies
in the Southern Appalachians arc now
experimenting with cooperative management
programs. These require our encouragment and
participation. Ccnainly sacrifices of power,
pride, and privacy will be necessary to restore
our suffering environment Yet their significance
wanes beside the tangible and spiritual rewards
of a cooperative survival mission never before
attempted and never more important.
x.atfulh Journm pCUJe 9
�A Question of Value
by David Wheeler
The decades between 1880 and 1920
were the years of the timber barons in the
Southern Appalachian Mountains. This was the
great "logging boom," in which virtually all the
first-growth, "virgin" forest was cut off the
Appalachian slopes.
Fortunes were made during those years,
but the money did not stay in the mountains.
The wealth went to the corporate magnates and
investors in the eastern cities and in Europe.
When the ravishing of the Appalachian forests
was completed, the big companies headed for
greener forests to the west, and the local people
were left with a strong dependency on the
wage-earning system and without the means to
support it.
Today the old-growth forest, the first
forest, is gone, but the view that the forest is a
collection of resources, there for the use and
benefit of human beings still underpins our basic
attitudes and policies toward the Appalachian
woodlands.
The US Forest Service exemplifies that
attitude. Their policies and priorities suue plainly
that they consider the growing of hardwood
timber to be the fir.a purpose of the Southern
Appalachian national forest land.
In the Jefferson National Forest in
Virginia, two-thirds of the Forest Service budget
goes into timber-cutting and road-building,
which is directly tied to logging operations. In
the Nantahala-Pisgah National Forest, 40% of
the budget is allocated to timber and roads.
Beyond that, a good portion of the
adminis1rative budget (which comprises 25% of
the overall budget and is tallied separately) also
goes to overseeing timbering and road-building
operations. Only 3.4% of the NantahalaPisgah's annual budget goes to monitoring and
providing for the needs of wildlife.
The road-building that logging operations
demand is the most expensive and damaging of
all the activities carried on by the Forest Service.
This is particularly true in the southern
mountains where the slopes are steep and highly
erosive (see page 12).
The justification for this continued
environmental destruction and human intrusion
into remote habitat areas is the familiar "jobs and
money" refrain. Much ado is made of the timber
shortage that would result if unconstrained
logging in the national forests were to be
stopped. Timber industry lobbyists declare 1ha1
old-growth forest is wasteful, that there is
already more than enough land set aside for
habitat, and argue against evidence that shows a
forest diminishing in native diversity and
threatened in its ability to provide the clean water
and air that help to nourish life on the planet.
Unhappy over the timber quotas set in the
Forest Service's Land and Resource
Management Plans for the National Forests in
the Southern Appalachians, the timber interests
demanded, and won, an agreement from the
Forest Service to sponsor a timber demand
study, thinking that would give them leverage to
XQt\mh Journc:i! pa9e 10
Phoro by Roo Musick/Profea Ligltthawt
further increase the Forest Service's emphasis
on timber cutting.
The result was the "Southern Appalachian
Timber St udy" prepared by a team of
researchers headed by J. Edward de Steiguer of
the Forest Service's Southeastern Experiment
Station. The repon exploded like a bombshell
onto the environmental scene.
First, rather than verifying a strong
demand for hardwood lumber from the National
Forests, che repon found that the prices offered
had actually been decreasing over the last
decade!
. And, rather 1han showing that the
Nauonal Forests were making an important
contributi?n co the region's timber output, che
report pointed out that che National Forests
contribute only 10 percem of the regional timber
supply. And this 10 percent is largely wood of
poor quality, used mostly for making pallets and
boxes, but also for railroad ties, mine props
plywood, chipboard, and finally paper pulp. A
portion of the better-quality hardwoods are used
as veneer woods and in the manufacturing of
furniture, decorative trim, and hardwood
floorin~, but the study mentioned in passing that
a growing percentage of best hardwoods were
being exported out of che country 10 buyers
overseas!
The Forest Supervisor's office in
Asheville, NC stated that only 700 jobs
throughout the North Carolina mountains were
directly relating to timber harvesting in the
national forests. In rhe Ka111ah province only
rwo counties, Graham and Swain, are dependent
on logging in the national forest as an important
pan of their overal I economies.
But the forest, like anything that lives, is
much greater than the sum of its parts. The cash
price of the standing timber is a paltry amount
compared to the true worth of the forest. How
could one appraise the rich diversity of life in
Karuah, unequalled in the temperate zones of the
world? We can on.ly be grateful for the priceless
blessings of dark soil, pure water, and clean air.
We cannot calculate the inestimable value of the
fragile quality of wholeness.
There has been much controversy lately
about clearcutting and the methods by which
timber is cut in the National Forests. However,
as biologist Glenda Zahner has said, in the face
of the perceived dangers to the survival of the
whole Appalachian habitat it appears that the
question is not how timber is taken, but whether
timber should be cut at all in the Southern
Appalachian narional forests.
Well-known are the infamous national
forest "below-cost timber sales" that have come
to light in the past few years. These are sales in
which the expense of the wood, site access and
preparation, and the administrative management
of rhe sale are not covered by the price received
in the sale con1rac1. Thus, the Forest Service has
actually lost money selling timber in many pans
of the country, including the Southern
Appalachians.
Figures collected for 1987 from the six
National Forests in the Southern Appalachians
(including the Pickens Ranger District of the
Sumter National Forest in South Carolina) show
that the Forest Service lost $5.5 million dollars
in that one year alone from their disastrous
timber policies.
Below-cost timber sales constitute an
unauthorized hand-out 10 the lumber interests
from the agency • and thus from the US
taxpayers. The $5.5 million deficit from one
year of clearcutting the forest could pay 275 of
those 800 working timber-related jobs in the
North Carolina national forests one year's salary
of $20,000 to leave the forests uncut and to
protect them as viable and living habicats.
The succeeding generation of trees that
replaced those carried away during the great
Appalachian lumber rush are now reaching 60 to
80 years of age. The trees are approaching
sawlog girth and soon their growth rate will
begin to slow. This is the age of economic
maturity (not to be confused with biological
YaU.1989
�•
maturity, which is anywhere between 200 and
500 years of age). This is a critical decision
point in our policy-making: is the forest to be set
back to the staning point again, or is it to be
allowed to continue on toward the old-~wth
stage to provide optimal habitat for the native
foresr species?
The Forest Service has made its position
clear. On page 33, de Steiguer's "Southern
Appalachian Timber Study" said, "From 1977 to
1986, the National Forests progressively
increased the harvest volume of all stumpage
products except softwood pulpwood. Real
prices fell during the same period. In fact, the
price lines are pracrically a mirror image of the
volw11e lines." The report showed that the rate
of timber cutting in the Southern Appalachian
National Forests doubled from 63 million board
feet in 1977 to 126 million board feet in 1986,
even as prices were declining.
Wise business practice would suggest
witholding supplies when t.he price is low. The
Forest Service has done e1tactly the opposite
during the last decade, selling more and more
timber for less and less money. Because timber
quotas have been determined on the basis of
political considerations rather than a response to
the real market, taxpayers have been paying for
the privilege of having the National Forests
clearcut by the timber industry.
At the time of this writing, the Forest
Service is planning to again double timber
cutting levels in the Southern Appalachians
between 1986 and 1996. If timber sales continue
10 lose money at the same rate that they are now,
then the money lost on below-cost timber sales
wiU also double during that time.
Under the current versions of the Forest
Service's Land and Resource Management
Plans for the Southern Appalachian national
forests, almost 2/3 of the national forests are
deemed suitable for logging, and all of that area
is scheduled 10 be cut within the next 50 years.
The narural cycle of succession leading to an
old-growth, climax forest habitat will be cut
short throughout two million acres of the
national forest lands. Oak trees, many of which
will be just beginning to produce the acorn mast
so important to black bears and many other
forest inhabitants, will be toppled in clearcuts,
and a portion of the cut-over areas will be
burned or sprayed with poisonous herbicides
and planted in straight lines of white pine trees,
which create inferior habitat for most forest
species. The large, open clearcut areas left to
regenerate naturaUy wiU invite yellow poplar
trees to invade and take over land that may have
been dominated by oaks and other tree species
that prefer some degree of shade. Clearcuts do
encourage diversity - a diversity of weedy plant
and animal species at the expense of increasingly
rare old-growth habitats.
Today the old pattern of lumber
extraction is being renewed as "the international
timber commodities market." Once again,
Appalachia is being relegated to the position of a
t:olonized economy from which raw materials
leave the region for processing elsewhere, along
with the power and the profits.
The United States is vinually the only
country in the world with the capability to
produce temperate hardwoods for expon. Most
of the American hardwoods, particularly the oak
lumber that is most in demand, come from the
ratt.
1989
Appalachian Range. Canada is supplied almost
enurely from the nearby Nonhem Appalachians.
Because they are of higher quality, the northern
hardwoods are also preferred in the
discriminating European market. Buyers in the
Far East, however, are more price-conscious,
and increasing amounts of Southern
Appalachian wood has been sold in Asia.
It is difficult to determine how dependent
on foreign sales the mountain timber industry
has become, because lumber to be shipped
overseas is shunted from logger to wholesaler
and perhaps to several brokers before it finally
reaches its port of embarkation. The US
Depanmenr of Commerce conveniently requires
no records of the point of origin of exported
lumber.
Industry representatives and Forest
Service analysts say that of the total amount of
hardwood cut each year, only 40-50% is large
enough and of a quality that could be considered
for export. They estimate that approximately
20-25% of that export-grade wood is sent
overseas. However, because this is the
highest-quality material of the wood species that
are most in demand, the economic value of the
exponed hardwoods is much greater than their
percentage in volume and is very important to
the hardwood market as a whole.
Distribution of Annual Timber Removals
in the Southern Appalachians. 1980-1986
Fnrms
25.5%
Miscclb ncous
Owner.>
l1riV"J tC
52.8%
Nauona I Forests
10.0%
Oz hcr l'uhlic Aboencics
1.9%
S~ Moun1ain Treasun.sOI Rislc
Much of the expon trade in hardwood is
in kiln-dried, rough-sawn lumber. which is
processed in foreign plants and used for
cabinetry and furniture manufacturing. The
country of Taiwan is among the largest buyers
today. UnHke Japan and West Germany, which
produce furniture largely for their own internal
consumer markets, Taiwan manufactures
furniture for export, mostly to the United States.
The Taiwanese furniture industry is modern and
efficient, and labor in that coumry is so cheap
that they can pay to import lumber from the
United States and then ship finished products
back 10 sell at competitive prices in this country.
John Syme, forest economist at Clemson
University says, "Quite a lot of the furniture
manufacmrers, panicularly in North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia, are buying fumimre or
components produced in Taiwan and other
Pacific Rim countries and then selling them
along with what they manufacture domestically.
This is typical of chairs in particular, and other
items that have a high labor content."
It is possible that consumers in the town
of Sylva, Nonh Carolina could buy furniture
that was made in Taiwan of wood that was cut
within 25 miles of their own home. While they
might notice that a piece is stamped "Made in
Taiwan," they probably would not notice that
the price tag includes fees for shipping the
materials halfway around the world and then
shipping the finished product aU the way back
again.
To stimulate a market that is not
fast-paced enough for their liking, timber
industry profiteers are supplying materials to
keep alive wood-based industries in countries
that, due to misuse and overpopulation, have
already displaced their native forests. On paper,
the hardwood timber industry generates great
profits at the export game, but little of the money
made ever returns to the region where the wood
was originally grown. The materials are sold
from the mountains with a minimum of
processing - jobs are being shipped away along
with the wood. II is the brokers and traders in
the large eastern cities who benefit from timber
exporting. They are few, bur they benefit
greatly.
Sending raw materials to have value
added elsewhere is not advantageous for the
regional economy, but ultimately it is the forest
that pays the greatest price. Ir is the Southern
Appalachian lwbicat that is being cut and shipped
away overseas. It is the black bear's food
supply, the shady canopy protecting the ginseng
plant and the delicate ladyslipper. It is the cover
that hides the thrush, rhe tall guardians who
draw down and measure out the pure running
water. It is the integrity of the biological system,
that subtle sense of balance that is intangible, yet
so important.
Here again is that persistent question of
value: for what we are losing, what do we gain?
The approach that sees the forest trees as
materials for human use requires chat the trees be
cut down and carried away - extracted - before
they are of value.
But the other approach that sees value in
the wholeness of living communities requires
that humans keep their hands (feet, and wheels)
off large areas of the foresL The Southern
Appalachian national forests are a significant
land area in the Southeast. They could be a
magnificent habitat area. Timber cutting, which
supposedly is providing the greatest economic
benefits, is proving to be a public liability
instead. The national forests in the Kan1ah
province are providing very litcle timber, very
few jobs, and very litlle money to the local
people. Yet for those scanty benefits the
mountain forestlands are suffering inestimable
damage to the natural habitat chat will take
centuries to repair where it is reparable at all.
It is time 10 bring our forest policies back
into balance with the forest.
The "Southern Appalachian Timber Study" by de
Steiguer. ct al., is available from tlze USDA Forest
Service; Box 2750: Asheville, NC: Katuah Province
28802. This anicle also drew heavily on the excellent
resource Moumain Treasures at Risk by Laura E.
Jackson (see page 8).
�Let's Close The Gate To Forest Devastation
by Anna Muir
"Our forests are national rreasures nor national rreefanns."
- St1u11or Wye/le Fowler, Jr. (D-GA)
As far as land use is concerned, the key to
protecting the Southern Appalachian forest
habitat is to deny human access. Access means
roads.
"In 1985, narionalforesrs in the sowliern
Appalachians contained 4 ,95 J miles of
permanent Forest Service roads. The agency
plans ro add 3,263 miles of new road ro this
transportation sysrem by the year 2030 in order
to meet increased timber sale levels. The
resulting 8,2 14 miles will surpass rlie distance
from Denver, Colorado, to New Zealand. In
less than 50 years, these national forests will
support alrrwsr two miles of road per square
mile of land, nor including state, county, or
private roads."
budgeted $13,600 per mile c road gentle slopes
o
and $22,700 per mile/or sreep slopes."
- Laura E. Jackson, Mountain Treasures at Risk
Timber sales add up to a net liability for
the Forest Service and thus for the US
taxpayers. In the Southern Appalachians alone
logging cost taxpayers $5.5 million in 1987. It
is a vicious paradox, because preliminary road
building doom;; any chance that a timber sale
might clear a profit before cu1ting even starts.
Present policy states that the only viable
method of timber cutting is clearcutting. Under
repeated clcarcuning the original forest is never
given a chance to grow back, thus clearcuuing
represents forest fragmentation and species
discontinuity on the grossest scale. But loggmg
depends on the expensive permanent roads
installed at the taXpaycr's expense. No roads, no
clearcuts.
- Laura£. Jackson. Moumain T~ at Risk
R oad const ruc ti on c reates severe
disruption throughou t many square miles of
national forest habitat. The soil erosion and
stream siltation associated with logging
operattons arc predominately the result of the
roading necessary to remove the timber. Great
amounts of topsoil, D"CCS, and native herbaceous
plants arc displaced all along the many miles of
roads pushed into the forest habitat. Roading in
steep areas undercuts soil and rock structures,
maximizing erosion, often res ultin g in
rockslides and soil slumping.
"Access is rhe demise of bear habirar, and
anybody with comrrwn sense will tell you that.
The bear in the Piedmont has been wiped out
and replaced wirh people. For every mile of
road you punch imo these rrwuntains and leave
open, you're jusr pulling anorher nail in the
bear's coffin." - John Collins, wildlife blologw and
big gamt program coordinawr, NC Wildlife Resources
Commission. quoted 111 Wildlife in Nonh Carolina
rrrJg<UIJIL
In an inter-depanmental memo released to
the public, US ForeSt Service Regional Forester
Jnck Alcock stated that, "Approximately 98
percent of all recreation (in the national forests)
takes place within three-fourths mile of a road."
Oisregardfog the obvious question of where is
one to find a patch of national forest that 1s nor
three-fourths mile from a road, the regional
forester's statement gives some idea of the
tremendous negative impact of forest roads on
the natural habitat and how tremendously helpful
closing roads would be to the rejuvenation of
that habitat.
'This is a wasteful program that continues
a Jcind offar red calf existence even in these days
of tremendous budget dejicirs ....ln the last si.:c
[!Seal years alone the Forest Service constructed
3,725 more miles of road than needed, by its
own projec1ions, for rimber harves1ing. Such
unnecessary roadbuilding was1es the taxpayers'
money, while valuable fish and wildlife habirar
is destroyed."
- Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr (D-CA) on the floor of
the US Stnate. July 29. 1989
The primary purpose of the forest roads
in the Southern Appalachian national forests is
to bring in logging trucks. The Forest Service
has claimed that the mosaic of roads interlacing
the national forests is necessary to support the
jobs and money generated by timber cutting.
However, this claim has been proven false.
Timber sales on the national forests have
actually been losing money in recent years (sec
p. 10 ), and a primary reason is the cost of road
building in the steep mountain terrain.
"Across rhe nation, approximately
one-half of all Forest service rimber expenses
are artribwable to road costs. Road construction
is expensive, particularly in mountainous
regions where many national fores rs are located.
Planners for 1Jie Jefferson (Na1ional Foresr)
Jc:.citUah Journm
p ~ 12
197S
11l6S
19115
2030
T OTAL REGION.
• Past, Current, and Projected Forest Service
Permanent Road Milage on the Southern
Appalachian National Forests, 1974-2030.
Soun:..
flfowitam Trtasuru ill Risk
"The excessive logging scheduled for
remore and sreep terrain requires a degree of
roading that will severely degrade rhe moumain
environment. Within 50 years. 3,263 miles of
new, permanent roads are pro;ecred for rhe
Sowhern Appalachian national foreslS. Road
consrrucrion is rhe most damaging activity
conducted in norional fores1 management. Even
miligalion ml!asures cannor prevent erosion, soil
compaction, and habiratfragmentarion - ongoing
results of road consrruction and subsequent
use." - Laura E. Jackson. Mounu11n Treasures at Risk
The greatest damage by forest roads 1s to
habitat values as they occur in remote areas of
the national forests. And the most damaging
aspects of the forest roads are those caused by
"cumulative cffectS" - those incremental changes
that considered together add up to debilitating
qualitative changes in the overall environment.
Here is an example of "cumulat ive
effects:' A road was bulldozed to a clearcut site.
The logging trucks and heavy equipment went
in, did their job and, after some months, came
out, leaving a treeless forest area compacted and
criss-crossed by caterpillar tracks.
Some of the loggers were bear hu nters,
and they noticed bear sign while they were
doing their work. So, that fall, trucks with
kennel boxes mounted on the back raised dust
up and dow n the road, until the bear s were
hunted out, and the hunters moved elsewhere to
finish off the season.
Now familiar with the area, some of the
hunters brought a picnicking party to a pleasant
pool they found in the creek flowing beyond the
logged-over area. The following year some of
the families rerurned to the clearcut to pick
blackberries. And o ne of the teenagers
remembered the picnicking party when he and
his friends needed an isolated place to park and
drink beer, so four-wheel-drive vehicles
careened up into the forest several weekends in
succession.
The Forest Service, noticing all the use
their small, rough forest road was attracting,
upgraded the road to "meet the traffic demand"
with the result that tourists in their large cars
could ride all the way to the top of the ridge to
enjoy the view .... And so it goes.
Each of these uses is not significant in
itself. Each is legitimate in its own way. But.
compounded together, the overall effect is
devastating to the natural habitat that once
existed on that ridgetop, protected by several
square miles of impenetrable forest. Cumulative
effects all too often add up to a habitat
destroyed.
f"l:ltt, t 989
�"Anyone who can't see that open roads
hurt bear habitat has got to be blind."- John
Collins, wildlife biologist and big game program
coordilliltor, NC Wildlife ReS(Jurces Commission
Besides the direct monality due to road
kills and increased hunter ingress, roads are a
primary cause of the forest fragmentation that is
one of the greatest threats to habitat in the
Karuah Province. Roads mean people, and black
bears and other large forest-dwelling animals
shy away from traffic-bearing roads, so that
large areas of previously umouched habitat, far
wider than the actual area of the roadbed itself,
are eliminated with the construction and
subsequent use of new roads. Thus, the
creatures native to the old forest are pushed into
smaller and smaller range areas that are less and
less desirable as living spaces as roads are
constructed in areas that were once prime
habitat.
New roads also mean wide strips of
cleared land and carry "edge effects,'' one of
which is rapid invasion by early-succession
("weed") species of plants and animals, deep
into the once-unbroken foresL
Multiple Use M o dule
(MUM)
Rud NDM ill NaJural Areas JoMrnol
"Mr. President, we already have an
excess of Forest Service roads through our
national forests ...."
- Sen. Wyche Fowler. Jr.
(D-GA) on the floor of the US Senate.July 29, 1989
In the interest of habitat preservation, not
only should the US Forest Service halt its
road-building program in Katuah completely,
but in key habitat areas existing roads should be
closed, erased, and planted with fast-growing,
hardwood, pioneer tree species to restore the
natural character of the once-roaded areas as
quickly as possible.
Closing forest roads completely and
permanently would open large expanses of
forest in which the black bear and other
old-growth dependent species could roam
freely, strengthening the gene pool, and
rejuvenating and expanding the present
populations. Closing roads is a necessary
prerequisite for any programs to reintroduce
large carnivorous animals, such as the mountain
lion, to restore proper predator/prey balances in
the forest. Closing roads is a key pan of any
program to restore old-growth habitat in the
,
Southern Appalachian Mountains.
SparrowHawk
The sparrow hawk became his friend,
though distrusting him at first,
not seeing that when the man found it
entangled in fishing line at the junkyard,
he meant anything but harm.
But it softened as he sat in the
dark room beside it
silent, his eyes averted,
letting it discover that he held it captive
only because he cared
and would offer freedom when the May hills were green
and the air sweetened and warm.
Trust came when he fed it chicken
and trained it to fly from his fist
at field mice and grasshoppers,
nurturing its strength and confidence
to face the world again.
Yet he was reluctant to give it back
to the endless sky and distant Blue Ridge,
saddened not to hear its chirp
or feel the light talons as it lit on his head
or see the solemn brown gaze;
but his time with the hawk was borrowed,
and as it flew beyond the pines vanished with the stirring breeze he was glad to have known 1t at all.
- Julia Nunnally Duncan
T11Ct, 1989
D1awU1g by RobM~sick.
�TA
by Heather Blair
fg[(,
1989
�A PLACE FOR BEARS
An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton
(This 1nttr11itw 1s a continuation of a
conlll!rsation btg"" ill issut 17 of the Ka!Uah Journal.)
Katuah Journal: What are the basic
clements for good bear habitat?
Pt/ton: In 1970 we questioned
southeastern state fish and wildlife agencies
about bear habitat Respondents indicated across
the board that black bears need good food
sources (acorns and berries) and thick
understory cover of some type There seemed to
be common agrccmcnt that these were necessary
clements for good bear habitat.
1bc third element is privacy - some degree
of seclusion and remoteness. Of these three
clements there is no doubt that the
privacy/protection element is the most irnponant.
Black bears are omnivores and have a broad
food habit. Throughout their range in North
America nuts and berries are always present.
Where these arc present the species will survive,
but only if there is some degree of privacy.
Kattlah Journal: Then how about the
effect of roads?
Ptll()n: Road density and rramc volume
arc the two factors that interact to determine the
degree to which a bear will avoid crossing or
even coming close to a road.
The animals can be affected in two major
ways. First, the road may make the habitat less
desirable. Therefore they shift their home range,
usually to a less desirable habitation. Thus they
would be more vulnerable to monality, as they
would have to move around more to find
adequate food, denning sites, or cover.
Secondly, a road may result in direct
monality. Besides obvious factors like road
kills, the mere presence of a rood invites people
to use ii. The more it is used, the greater the
possibility that hunting will be one of those
uses.
Katuah Journal:
Are there other
cumulative effects of roads?
Pelton: Certainly. Once a road is in place
and opened, it attracts all kinds of human
intrusion, whether it's logging or hunting.
The Twelve Mile Strip (an area between
the east border of the Great Smoky Mountains
National Parle and the Pisgah 1"ational Forest) is
an imponant dispersal area from the Park. It is
also a major hunting area. However, the Twelve
Mile Strip is essentially devoid of a resident bear
population. There is a high degree of road
access, which means heavy hunting pressure,
and the 1-40 freeway separates the Twelve Mile
Strip from the national forest, which is ccnainly
a barrier to bear migration.
A recent ttaffic surve)' we did on l-40
found that during the daytime a vehicle passed
the counting point every three seconds. At night
the traffic slowed to one vehicle every seven
seconds. The only real land bridge is the steep
ridge that runs over one tunnel. We also know
that there arc 13 or 14 culvcrtS in that area which
could be used to cross under 1-40, but we don't
f'11U, t 989
~ "11-Rltea
know if they arc being used. From road kills
we've found, we do know that bears do
occasionally tty to cross the highway.
When traveling the coastal area of Europe
last year, l found it very interesting to see their
road construction techniques. At locations where
we would "cut and fill" in this mountainous
countty, they "bridge and tunnel." It struck me
immediately that the "bridge and tunnel"
concept, for whatever reason they used it, is
ideal for animals in that it leaves large corridors
for dispersal movements, in contrast to the "cut
and fill" method that we use at present
The availability of acorns
drives the dynamics of the black
bear population in the Southern
Appalachians.
Katuah Journal: That's interesting,
especially since another major freeway is being
proposed up the 1-26 corridor into Tennessee. It
seems like it would be time to bring up
something like that.
You have also talked about acorns and
their imponance to the black bear population.
Pelton: The availability of acorns drives
the dynamics of the black bear population in the
Southern Appalachians.
Black bears react to this concentrated
energy source in amazing ways. Ecologically,
physiologically, and behaviorally they go
through a ttemendous change each fall.
Bears tty to incorporate prime acorn sites
into their home ranges. But acorns produce
sporadically, and in any given year black bears
will leave their traditional home range areas and
travel for miles to congregate at oak stands that
have abundant acorns.
During this "feeding frenzy," as we call it,
they sometimes seem to ignore a human
presence in situations in which at any other time
they would have jumped into the bushes and run
away. They also show much more tolerance for
one another at these focal eating areas. There
seems to be larger numbers of animals in smaller
areas than at any other rime of the year.
It also appears that bears can shift their
ability to digest various foods, particularly to
assimilate the fall mast more efficiently. Acorns
account for their ttemcndous fall weight gains,
which arc all put on as fat
Considered together, all these changes
point to the importance of acorns as a source of
food for the black bear. During the fall months
they put on their most significant weight gains.
This fat accumulation must carry them through
the winter denning and into the cub-bearing
season. We have been able to correlate the
availability of white oak mast and the percentage
of females lactating, and we found a direct and
significant relation to acorn production. More
dramatically, in the event of a failure of the
acorn crop, there is an almost complete faillll'C of
black bear reproduction. If alternative mast
c rops fail as well, it could mean w inter
starvation for the animal
The size of the acorn crop also directly
affects black bear mortality. A scarcity of mast
necessitates greater movements on the part of the
bear population. This makes them much more
vulnerable to all the factors of monality. It
affects them coming and going: natality
(reproduction) and mortality.
For example, in Tennessee this year the
state fish and wildlife agency is having to deal
with a lot of three year old male bears moving
out of the Great Smoky Mountains Narional
Park and ending up in Gatlinburg and
Sevierville. There is a dominance hierarchy
among black bears, and the subadult males of
two or three years of age tend to be the ones
who get kicked out and have to disperse to new
ranges.
This example fits in with events that
happened in 1984 when there was a tremendous
mast faillll'C. No cubs were born that year in the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park. That
meant that all the females were available to be
bred in 1985. Therefore, they all had cubs in
1986. These are the young bears that are now
(conlinuod on peg~ 16)
XAtUAh Journot Pll98 t 5
�bein& forced to look for new homes. It's
interesting how this situation today was
precipitated by the events of five years ago.
Katllah Journal: How docs clcarcuuing
affect black bears?
Pelton: My main concern is that
clearcutting may be subtracting from the
"principal," 10 put it in economic terms, of mast
producuon. There is a trade-off between the
summer mast that is produced for a few years
and the years of hard mast production that are
lost when oaks arc cut down. But my main
concern is that it appears that foresters still don't
have a full understanding of how 10 carry out a
clearcut and have predictable results in terms of
good, strong oak regeneration. We have made
numerous observations on the Pisgah National
Forest. In those instances it seemed that they
were not getting the regeneration they should
have. Thus this becomes a major concern. Once
a srand is cut, it may be lost to acorn production
for many, many years.
Another concern is denning. Bears do
sometimes den in the areas of thick undergrowth
created by a clearcut, and that's fine, but where
dogs are used for hunting, there is greatly
increased hunting pressure. The bears seem to
sense their vulnerability. The more exposed they
are, the more apt they arc 10 leave and abandon
their cubs. Female bears in particular need
secwe sites, such as large cavities in old, hollow
trees or rock crevices, in which to den. The
more secure the denning site, the more likely
they are to stay put.
Twenty-five or 30 years ago clearcuts
were hundreds of acres in size. Over the years
they have been shrunken in size until now they
are down to less than 40 acres in the Southern
Appalachians. These are beuer for most forest
species. It means more unbroken. contiguous
areas. Smaller cuts spaced apart seem 10 be a
more logical cuuing regime. Adjacent stands
should be allowed 10 mature to mast-producing
age.
Katllah Journal· What specifically could
we do to help improve habi1a1 for 1he black
bears?
Pelton: I think we need longer timber
rotations. I still contend that we need 10 examine
rotation times in light of the importance of
acorns 10 bears and other species. I have a
feeling that the rotation times need 10 be
lengthened to give the forest as a whole a chance
to be as it productive as it can be 10 produce the
food that is necessary. That production time
varies a lot from one variety of oak 10 another,
but I think that the rotations are probably still too
short
The other need is, as I mentioned before,
that foresters pay a 101 more attention to oak
regeneration when they cut. They need 10 make
ha1
sure that regeneration is advanced enough, 1
there are enough young oak seedlings and
saplings on the ground, so that maple or tulip
poplar or any other species don't overwhelm the
oaks and take over the site. Clcarcuts should
also be spaced so that acorn-producing stands
are adjacent.
roads. We have had a history of roads being
opened and closed, opened and closed,
re-opened and closed again in response 10
various political pressures.There needs 10 be a
consistent and Slandard policy throughout lhe
region regarding roads. Without it, there's no
doubt that roads are going to be quite detrimental
to black bears. Even gated roads arc being used
for illegal hunting. Total closwe may have to be
undenakcn.
The state agencies in North Carolina and
Tennessee are bolh putting a lot of thought into
their bear sanctuaries. It migh1 be timely 10
examine the sanctuary boundaries in relation to
where timber management activities and roads
will or won't be, so that lhe efficiency of the
system can be enhanced. They could make sure
I.hat the boundaries of a sanctuary take advantage
of a cenain prime white oak stand, for instance.
I think we need to learn more about designing
sanctuaries, but with a liule bit of thought and
planning, perhaps the system could be improved
considerably.
Dr. Michael Pelton has studied the
black bears in the Sowhern Appalachians/or the
last twenty years. He is recognized world-wide
for his knowledge and experience with bears
and has advised bear research and restoration
projectS in Norrh America and Europe.
Rtcortkd by David Whukr
Transcribtd by Marsha R111g
Edictd by Kim Sandland and Dovid \Vhttltr
About roads .. .ln a report I presented in
1985, I said that under present conditions black
bears needed 10 have wilderness or
quasi-wilderness, because of the indeterminate
policies of the Forest Service about closing
'Jfu:rc fell tl1e min liealin9
forty rlays
am! w e were fwatl ng, we w ere spfushi"'J
am! Caugfi£119
boos wUh our rwses in f wwers
aml throu9h tlui trus, nug9ets of s unlU)ht
and •v•rywhcr• 9run reachL"'] to fwld us
bark to touch am! 9run sprou ts, forgotten
in corners wfu:r• 9run had com. rw more.
C£u
7Mr• /eJ1. tlu& rain fu:ali"'],
mil£"'] am! f a!l£119,
remLmli"'J us of paths. rivulet.s /or9otten,
paths unilwtujit of, ways too new to Lrn<UJi.ne,
the joy of clesctmt unforesun, abandoned
to tlu& twists of mud am! stone, un.ltwwn,
new, quid.Ly. abrupt, steep.
rai,n remlndL"'J to fall w'tlwui ceasi"'],
fall 9Uully, /all gratefully,
fafl, lo119Cr and try f or tlu& bottom,
Ln mud, Ln stornJ, Ln green, Ln greetJ$St
magnif£ceru;e of rain,
the rain that falls ~lL119.
f"aCL, 1989
�ArlWOl'.I: l¥y JamM Rhea
If you ever talk to an old-timer, and you mention the word
"panther," be prepared for some emotion-laden and perhaps
superstitious stories. Human fear of the unknown has influenced
and shaped the Eastern panther's destiny. Because of this fear the
Eastern panther has been almost completely wiped out in eastern
Nonh America.
This article is an.anempt to decipher myth from reality and
to present evidence for or against the existence of the Eastern
panther today.
TI1e following is an example of the typical panther story
told to an old-timer of today by his or her parents:
'The night was dark and still. Daddy put a log in the
fireplace and then tricked us liule'uns in bed. The only sounds
were the hoot of a screech owl and inseccs serenading. And then,
all of a sudden - a clt1unp, on the roof!
Wha1's that, daddy?'we asked in fright.
They got us children down and we gathered around the
fire. We could hear the creature pacing back andforch above our
heads. It was rryinR ro claw up some shinRles!
'Don't be afraid,' Mommy cold us, 'it'll be alright.'
Daddy grabbed his gun from the wall. We knew it wasn't
a/rig Ju. Then there was a loud, piercing scream! We knew it was
the call of the painter."
Is this scenario accurate - or is it just exaggerated mountain
folklore? Was the Eastern cougar, or "painter," as it was called
by the mountaineers, so bold as to come up to a human home and
threaten to attack and kill humans? Do panthers still exist in the
Southern Appalachians? What were, or are, they really like?
Cougars were almost completely eliminated in eastern
Nonh America soon after it was seuled by European immigrants.
The attitude toward the great cat was the same auitude which
caused the "taming" and destrucrion of the wilderness. The
settlers anacked the animal, fearing it would prey on livestock
and humans. Also, the destruction of the deer population through
over-hunting and land-clearing, and direct hunting of the Eastern
cougar saw this subspecies to its demise.
1"aCC.. l989
According to Robert Downing, former Forest Service
officer in Clemson, South Carolina, the Eastern cougar (a
subspecies which differs from the Florida panther, western
panther, and twenty-seven other subspecies of Nonh American
panthers), is as elusive as the answer to the questions asked
about it. Many factors complicate the picture. First we must
understand the habits and peculiarities of the panther.
A cougar (Fe/is concolor) will live almost anywhere there
are deer, or enough of the other animals of its prey base, such as
racoon, opossum, rabbit, skunk, and fox. Deer, however, are by
far the preferred prey of the cougar. All predators are best
adapted for a specific prey animal. The deer is the right size and
speed for the cougar and has come to be almost the cougar's only
food source. ln Mexico where deer are few or non-existent,
panthers prey on smaller rodents solely. This means that the
panthers must spend more time and energy to kill more animals,
but also shows their exrreme adapuibility. Unlike bears. panthers
will not eat the meat of an animal they have not killed themselves.
Occasionally an individual panther will acquire the habit of
preying on livestock, although that occurrence is rare. Cougar
are not and have never been a real threat to livestock. Wild boar,
however, are definitely a possible prey animal for the cougar
(which has implications for restoring balanced ecosystems in the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park). Panthers feed only once
every week or two. They kill only when hungry, usually eating
pan of the deer and caching or hiding the rest to finish later.
Robert Downing is called at least once, and sometimes
several times, a month to investigate reponed sightings of the
Eastern panther. He is presently rraining other Fish and Wildlife
officials how to identify and verify rracks and scats. Only a
rrained expen can tell the difference between a panther track and
that of a large dog. Cats walk with their nails retracted (to keep
them sharp). except on rare occasions when they are in a hurry.
Panther scats average one and onequaner inches in diameter, and
are smooth like those of a bobcaL Another panther habit is to kick
up a pile of din and leaves on the edge of its territory and urinate
on it. This habit is also shared by bobcats and foxes, so it takes a
trained eye to determine the difference. Tracks are difficult 10 find
in the mountains because the ground is either hard clay or the
(continued on p:ige t8)
JC.at ®h Jo1mmC. pa9e t 7
�FRONT
COUGAR
"'"~
(continued from page 17)
constant rain washes the tracks away. Snowfall helps to locate
tracks, but high mountain winds, subsequent snow storms, and
melting make tracking in winter as challenging as any of the
seasons.
With so many sightings reported, Robert Downing finds it
hard to believe they can all be wrong. But it is also hard to
understand why there has never been an Eastern panther hit on
the highways, when 5-15% of the Florida panthers (another
subspecies) arc killed each year on the road. Perhaps the Florida
panthers find roads more desirable to navigate than low, rugged
wetlands. a problem the Eastern cougar would not have.
Cougars were formerly common throughout North and
South America. where they existed mostly on deer, bison, and
elk. Today only small pocket populations survive, mostly in the
western United States. Panthers are loners, rarely traveling in
groups or packs. An individual cougar in the west occupies a
10-20 square mile territory. In Florida each panther uses 50-60
square miles because the population pressure 1s not as great
There is no regular mating season for panthers. They will
breed any time of the year once they come to maturity at three
years of age. However, breeding for any one panther occurs only
once every two tO three years. The two or three kittens in each
litter are raised by the female. After weaning at two to three
months of age, they accompany the mother on hunts.
The panther ranges in length from five to eight feet,
including the tail, and weighs from eighty to two hundred
pounds. Their call varies. It can be soft like the cooing of a dove,
a rattling growl, or an eerie shriek -- sometimes described as
resembling the scream of an old woman. The panther does not
scream when it is about to attack, as myth would lead us to
believe. The bark of the grey fox is sometimes mistaken for a
cougar call, although there is no resemblance. Some owl calls
have even been mistaken for panther howls.
In Florida, and many eastern states, panthers are protected
as an endangered species. In western states cougar are managed
by state fish and wildlife departments as a game animal. In
Texas, there i s no protective legislation for the cougar
whatsoever.
A known population of panthers exists in Manitoba which
has spread west into Ontario, and south into the Upper Peninsula
of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Maine is an ideal habitat
for the panther, as there are large areas with no public roads and
large deer populations. But so far no panthers have been
officially sighted there.
Before there can be any action taken to protect the Eastern
cougar and its habitat, the presence of the Eastern cougar must be
confirmed. Roben Downing has written a report fol' the USDI
Fish and Wildlife Service entitled: "The Current Starus of the
Cougar in the Southern Appalachians." In it he describes recent
reports, historical aspects, searches for sign, and research needs.
The Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service pooled their
resources and sponsored Roben Downing's study when the
controversy came to a head in 1977. At that time several groups
threatened to bring suit against the Forest Service unless it hailed
timber harvests in an area where several cougars had reportedly
been seen. If you think you have seen a cougar or its sign, this
repon may help you to determine a true sighting.
The conclusion of Robert Downing's study is basically that
there is yet no conclusion as to the status of the Eastern cougar.
Although it seems fitting and right for panthers to be inhabiting
the southern mountains, not one official sighting has been made.
Until then, panther advocates have no basis for demandfog
protection for cougar habitat
The best thing one can do at this point is to get a copy of
"The Current Status of the Cougar in the Southern
Appalachians," learn all one can about tracks and panther habits,
and keep one's eyes and ears open when roaming the hills. The
true spirit of native Appalachia will shine forth when species such
as the panther (along with the American chestnut, gray wolf, and
black bear) are existing together in stable and self-sustaining
populations.
Roberr Downing's reporr, "The Current Sratus of the
Cougar in the Southern Appalachians," is available from rhe
Denver Wildlife Research Center; Department of Forestry;
Clemson Universiry; Clemson, SC 29631.
The Earth First! Biodiversity Project is collecting data for
an Eastern Cougar Study. Your help is needed to document
cougar sightings and habitat use in the eastern states.
If you see a cougar, remember as accurately as
possible the location; a description of the animal including height,
length, approximate weight, length of the tail, and distinguishing
marks; a description of the terrain; and an account of the event
Send information to: Eanh First! Biodiversity Project
2365 Willard Road
Parkersburg, WV 26101
Cougar tracks have four toe pad marks in a
semi-circle ahead of the larger metacarpal pad. There are usually
three lobes on the back of the metacarpal pad. The tracks of adult
cougars measure 2 3/4 inches or more in width. Cougars have a
central lead toe on each foot, and the two middle toes are not
symmetrical, but one is normally farther forward than the other.
Dog tracks appear similar to cougar tracks, but the toes arc
almost directly opposite each other, and claw marks arc always
visible ahead of the toe marks. Bobcat tracks are similar in
appearance to cougar tracks, but smaller. The tracks of a young
cougar will appear the same as those of a bobcat.
If you see a cougar track, make a plaster cast.
Here is how:
I) Prepare the ground surrounding the track by removing
any debris. Carefully remove any loose objects in the track itself.
2) Take a strip of light cardboard or plastic long enough to
surround the track, fold it into a circle and fasten lhe ends
togelher. Set it around lhe track.
3) Mix Plaster of Paris according to directions on package.
Once mixed, plaster sets quickly, so be prepared to pour
immediately.
4) Pour the plaster slowly over the track, taking care to fill
all the recesses, especially the toe marks, to avoid air bubbles.
Pouring too quickly will disturb the track. Pour plaster one inch
over the track.
5) Allow the plaster to harden. Then lift the cast and
carefully wipe away excess din and debris.
/
raet,1989
�Last fall, when the mornings turned c
turned to gathering firewood, we didn't hav
south-facing slope behind rhe cabin was doned
oaks. We discovered enough snags just along
the wood stove stoked all winter, and without I
summer I've found enough dead and dying oak
house next wioter, too.
Oaks are treasured trees -- valuabl~ fo~~r. !f!l~per
provide, valuable for their shady canopy and
wood and their sturdy beauty. But something is
oak forests of sourbcrn Appalachia. Since the
ll980's,
we've seen an increase in the mortality of oaks la
~land
h3nlwood fcxests throughout the eastern United ~ This
phenomenon, called• decline, has been o b s e r v e - y
since the early 1900's, bat foresucs~.ud 1
are just beginning to tmensi.v~ it! Ciiiil'di
k
is having on the forest ecosystem.
Oak decline is not caused by a single discaa odDlilllPa. bot
a series of interactions between environmenw strelles,
diseases, and insectS. A healthy oak ~ will begin to dec:Uae
when it is subjected to unusual stress, such u drought; fiosl
iniury or spring defoliation by insects. This causes physiological
changes in the tree and its root n~omes vllJn~ IO
lltlCk by the annillaria root'l'Offungus (Ari1tiJJaria metled), wllil:b
aormally lives on roOlS of dead trees. This runaus killS put oflhe
mot sySl!Cm, further weakening the tree and making it sa~
above ground auaclc by other diseases and iosects. The
two-lined chestnut borer (Argilus bilineatus) is often fond in
uees at this stage, its larvae making meandering galleries dna&b
the inner bark and eventually girdling the tree. As the aee
declines, ns growth slows down and the crown dies bact. Tbe
dead branches exposed as the leaves die are the most obvious
signs that a tree is being seriously stressed. If good condieiom
return, a young, vigorous tree may be able 10 recover, bat an
older tree will continue to decline and eveniually die, UiUll1y iwo
to five years after the stress first occured.
The U.S. Forest Service has been conducting surveys
throughout Karuah to determine how widespread oak decline ~
and which areas arc affected most severely. By combining aerial
surveys and data collec1ed on 1hc ground, resarchcn have
de1crmincd that oaks are declining in all southern upland
hardwood forests, but the damage varies greatly in different
areas. Oak species in the red oak group (including bhd. scarlet
and nonhcrn red oaks) are much more likely to decline lhan !hose
in the white oak group (white and chestnut oaks). Oak decline
1ends 10 be grca1cs1 in areas where trees naturally grow most
slowly -- on ridgc1ops, on shallow, rocky soils and on southand wes1-facing slopes.
Age is a fac1or, too. "Declines arc, by and large, diseases
of ma1ure trees." according to Sieve Oak, forest pathologist with
the Forest Service. "However, chronological age may not f>e the
best measure of tree maturity. On a high quali1y site, an
80-year-old black oak might be considered middle-aged, but on a
poor site the same ttcc would be a senior citizen, and probably
more prone to decline".
Oak seedlings arc relatively intolerant of shade so they
••id
br
'°
have a hard time establishing themselves under a forest caoopy.
Once a dominant tree dies and more fight reaches the g10lllld.
1hey tend 10 be out-competed by fas1cr growing seedling -yellow poplar, maple, sourwood, black locust In order 10 be
sure !hat oaks will be present in the next stand, it's generally
agreed tha1 there must be a substantial number of oak seedlings
and saplings already growing in tbc undcrstory before lhe
dominant trees die.
"If it doesn't maucr what kind of trees replace declined
oaks, then decline is of no consequence because some
regeneration will happen", Sieve Oak says. "But given the
problems of oak regeneration, it's not at all clear !hat oaks wilt
replace themselves after decline".
Understanding the biological causes of oak decline and
where it tends to occur gives some clues as to why we are seeing
ao increasing number of dead oaks in the green mountains of our
bioregion. Kan1ah forests were almost decimated by the "cut ou1
and get otlt" logging practices which prevailed around the tum of
!he century. As a result, the majority of these next-generation
forats are now in the 60 10 90 year range -- the age al which
oaks become more vulnerable to the stresses that cause decline.
1llc long-1erm drough1 we arc experiencing is surely a
contributing fac1or. Overall, the raie of global wanning since
1970 is higher than a1 any earlier recorded rime. If our heedless
consumption of fossil fuels continues to blanket the earth with
increasingly heavier layers of carbon dioxide, the drought stress
caused by higher tcmpcra1ures will have dire consequences for
the whole ccosys1em, and oaks may be among the firs! obvious
casualties.
Oak decline is also predicted 10 increase with the steady
advent of the leaf-hungry gypsy moth as It chews its way south
into these foresis. The gypsy moth, an insect pcs1 introduced 10
Nonh America in the ninc1eenth cen1ury, is expected 10 cause
significant amounts of defoliation in the near future.
One of the major current concerns about oak decline is the
impact it has on wildlife. As their crowns die back, declining
oaks produce less hard mast (acorns) and the nutritional value of
the mast may not be as high. In one declining stand surveyed, the
acorn yield was predicted to be 58% lower over five years than
would be cxpcacd in a hcahhy stand.
"Acorns arc very high in fa1 and carbohydrates", explains
Lauren Hi1hmn. Forest Service wildlife biologist. "They arc one
of 1he highest energy foods in !he forest".
This shortage creates a grave situation for all animals
which depend on acorns for fall and winter food -- black bear,
deer, eastern wild turkey, racoon, squirrel and other small
mammals. The populations of preda1ors such as bobca1, cougar
and raptors a.re also adversely affec1cd by decline, since much of
their prey consists of small mammals dependant on acorns.
According 10 Hillman, decline also decreases the diversity
of acorn species. Having a variety of mast in the forest, she says,
"cushions failure in one crop which may have a poor production
year. Given periodic hard mas(shonages, this could be a critical
fac1or for wildlife survival".
And !he impact of oak decline on wildJife wilJ be even
grca1er in the future because many dying oaks will be replaced by
(continued oo page 20)
foU, 1989
JC.atimn Journa! p1i9e 19
�olher species of trees which won't produce any hard mast.
"Black bear reproduction is directly dependent on. hard
mast availability", continues Hillman, and she asscns that 1f oa1c
decline continues to jcapardizc this food source, "the black bear
.
.
might not stnive".
If we consider long term trends m climate, the s1e~dy
advance of the gypsy moth and the current age of our .f?"=sts, 1.t is
reasonably safe to predict that oak decline is.a cond1uon wh~ch
will not be disappearing in the near future. Is 11 a problem which
needs to be addressed by forest management practices. or should
oa1c decline be viewed as one factor among many in the evolution
of a continuously changing ccosyst~m 7
.
The oak-dominated forests m the mountains of southern
Appalachia arc a result of land use history ov~r the last 200 years.
Past agricultural use of the land, woods _grazing, fire control and
the chestnut blight have all contributed to the present
predominance of oaks. But given ~hat we know a.bout ~ak
regeneration, it's a fair bet that there will
fewer oaks an K~u3!1
forests in the future if some oak decline management 1s!11
undenaken. If the resultant changes in wildlife habitat, species
diversity, wood supply and aesthetic valu~s are acceptable, t~en
there isn't any reason to try 10 reduce the impact of oak decline.
In areas where there is liule or no interference by humans, such
as in designated wilderness areas, oak decline and other n~tural
events are allowed 10 run their course. Then the ?Utc.ome 1s not
influenced by the imposition of management ObJecuves which
determine which resources to promote, oflen a1 the expense of
other resources.
However oak decline is increasingly being perceived as a
problem of fo~st health in forests which are being managed to
maximize one or more of these resources. The recently released
Draft Environmental Impact Statement co".ering the Grassy Gap
and Wesser timber sales in Nantahala Nauonal Forest. is one of
1he first public documents to address oak decline as a
consideration in the action alternatives.
The environmental and topographic factors which inc~
the incidence of decline cannot be altered by forestry pracuccs.
However there arc silvicultural treatments which can reduce the
effects of decline if the objective is to maintain a vigorous oalc
forest.
be
One such treatment is thinning. Reducing the density of
trees by thinning, especially when the trees arc ~l~tivcly young,
should help alleviate water stress. However, 1h1~mg can cause
an increase in armillaria root rot fungus, and u may actually
increase moisture stress if decline is already in progress by
exposing more of the soil surface to the drying effects of the sun.
Another management strategy involves encouraging oa1c
seedlings and saplings to grow in the understory of o~ stands
which arc declining, or which arc at high risk for dechne. As
noted earlier, oa1c seedlings under the shade of mature trees tend
to be out-competed by more shade tolerant species. If the growth
of these competing seedlings, saplings and shrubs is controlled,
the young oalcs will be in a position to talce advantage of
increased light when the mature trees arc gone.
The method chosen to control competing understory
vegetation is likely to cause some. controversy, si.nce .using
herbicides appears 10 be more effecuve and economical m the
shon tenn than cutting down the competing plants by hand.
Hopefully, this decision will be carefully considered in view of
its potential long term costs.. Much more needs t~ be ~nown
about the complex interacuons of these che1D1cals rn the
ecosystem before herbicides arc given a seal of appi:oval.
.
Some silviculturists advocate a second phase m the crcanon
of a vigorous stand: cuning down the declining mature trees.
From a silvicullural point of view, harvesting the big trees allows
enough strong light to reach the ground for the oak seedlings to
begin growing rapidly. Forest manag~rs "!BY .also .choose to
harvest declining trees based on economic obJCCUves, 1f the trees
can be sold as timber.
Harvest methods have been at the center of a great deal of
debate recently, with clearcutting generating most of the
opposition. And the controversy is likel>: to become eycn ~ore
intense with this issue, because clearcutung has been identified
by many silviculturalists as the most effective way to manage.oalc
decline. They affirm that if ~equate numbers of oak Sec<!lmgs
and saplings arc present rn the understory, clearcumng a
declining oalc stand is the most reliable way to ensure that ~e
following stand will be less susceptible to the stresses which
initiate decline.
The major harvest alternative to clcarcutting is managing an
uneven-aged forest by selectively cutting small groups of trees.
This harvesting is done periodically, usually every 10-20 .Y~·
and the trees arc selected in such a way that at least three d1sunc1
age classes will remain in the forest Uneven-aged stands are
valued for containing a diversity of ages and species of trees and
for their basically intact forest canopy.
However, oak decline is more likely to increase in stands
which arc managed this way than they arc in clearcut stands,
because uneven-aged harvest requires more logging road
construction, as well as more entries into the stand. This means
there is increased potcmial for soil compaction, i:oot system
damage and mechanical damage to the trees which arc not
harvested. These injuries decrease a tree 's resistance to the
stresses which cause decHne.
Skillful horse logging would subs1amially decrease lh~se
risks and would make uneven-aged management a beuer option
for declining stands. Unfonunatcly, neither the timber industry
nor the Forest Service consider logging with horses an
economically viable practice. Small woodland owners, without
the market pressures of big business, may find that using horses
to log decline-prone areas, thereby creating space_ for youn.g
vigorous trtts 10 grow, is a good way 10 m:in11ge de.chn .. on 1he1r
land and encourage biodiversity.
.
Oak decline is a biological fact in the forests of Katuah.
Watching robust, bountiful oak trees slowly lo.se th~1r stren~th
and die is an emotional experience. Oak decline is an issue which
gives us a chance 10 discuss what we value most about our
.
forests, and how we want 10 influence future forests by the
decisions we make now.
Photo abow, armillaria root rot fungus, courtrsy c{Strp~tt W. Oak
f"llU,1989
�PEOPLE & HABITAT
While many view the pastoral scenes and
remote majesty of the Southern Appalachians as
all-enduring, trends in human population
l migration and unrelenting resource extraction
have had monumental effects upon wildlife and
the diverse flora of their native habitat. Today
litlle remains unaltered by the effects of human
activity. The landscape we view today is a
threatened glimmer of what was once, but it still
exists as one of the most diverse ecosystems on
the North American continent.
A universal tenet that holds true for every
form of life is the ecological principle of
carrying capacity: a given habitat can only
suppon so many individuals of any given
species. Beyond that threshold the numbers of
the given species begin to decline or that species
begins to impinge on the ability of the habitat to
function and support other forms of life.
The principle of carrying capacity holds as
true for human beings as for any other life form.
The difference is that we are so insulated from
the greater environment by the barriers of
civilization, that we often do not realize the
impact we are having on local, to say nothing of
distant, habitats. In the case of homo sapiens the
situation is funher complicated by the effects of
a highly-developed technology, which adds an
additional element to the equation by magnifying
the impact of a given number of individual
humans.
Bioregional awareness leads us to become
as regionally self-sufficient as possible, so that
we restrict the impact of our presence to our
own bioregion. We also realize our
responsibility to accurately determine the
region's carrying capacity for human beings and
to limit our numbers accordingly.
A historical perspective of human
manipulation of the Katt.lab province will help
raise the question of the proper carrying capacity
for human beings in our bioregion - the level
that allows for the preservation of wild habitat.
land already subject to conditions of dire
overpopulation. The Old World represented a
virtually inexhaustible well of humanity that
flooded over the new frontier. After the
mountain highlands were first penetrated by
DeSoto in 1540, the question of access was of
paramoum importance in the development of the
Southern Appalachians.
The Indian culture tied to the land and her
offerings was rapidly overrun by the streams of
white-skinned settlers that moved in along the
major Indian trails 'through the Shenandoah
Valley and from the Atlantic Tidewater area,
widening the trails into roads as they went so
that others could more easily follow.
The first small communities sprang up
along the river valleys and larger coves of the
Watauga, French Broad, Little Tennessee, and
Hiwassee watersheds. Although few and far
between, their presence was marked by the
agrarian need for cleared land. The bottomlands
and wellands were cleared or drained firs1, and
!hen trees were felled on the side slopes to make
room for more fields and pastures. As the first
sertlemen1s became towns, the clearings spread
deeper into the mountains following small and
muddy roads that wound along the river and
stream tributaries.
Early In habitants and First Immigrants
The Cherokee Indians and the indigenous
people before lived in balance with their world,
utilizing the offerings of their Eden. Sources
estimate the native population co be about
22,000 individuals throughout the entire region
in the early 17th century. This number is
somewhat lower than pre-Columbian levels
because of war and disease brought by white
settlers. (Today, that number would be
considered only mediocre actendance at Fulton
County Stadium in Atlanta.)
The native people manipulated their
environment with a technology based on fire and
scone tools. Even though they had developed a
sophisticated system of agriculture before the
arrival of the first white people, it is clear they
never exceeded the ability of the region to
support them. They did not interfere with the
capability of the habitat to provide for other
forms of life; quite to the contrary, the native
people relied on that capability for their
continued existence.
The arrival of the first Europeans,
however, changed conditions drastically. The
first immigrants represented the overflow from a
1'a!L, 1989
Plwlo by Rob MusidJProject Ug/llhawlc
These first settlers lived largely off the
land, much in the manner of their native
predecessors. Like the Indians before them, the
white settlers annually burned off the forest
floor. However, because of their greater
numbers, this had a much greater effect on the
forest than it ever had before. Even so, until the
end of the 19th century most of the mountain
highlands remained an impenetrable wilderness.
Daunted by the richness of the New
by CHIP SMITH and
LEEK. FAWCETT
World, the Europeans regarded the productive
capacity of the land as limilless, leading them to
farm and hunt carelessly and without regard for
the future. Because they were completely
ignorant of ecological balances, they
exterminated game species of animals and birds
and slaughtered the native predators so that their
domestic livestock could free-range in the
woodlands. Hogs and turkeys were particularly
well-adapted to the forest environment and
thrived on 1he fall mas1 provided each year.
Once fattened, these were gathered into large
"droves" and walked along the "drovers' roads"
to markets in the piedmont
Mountaineers also traditionally foraged
for medicinal roots in the forest. As commercial
demand for these natural remedies began to
grow, medicinal roots became a prime baner
item in town and at the crossroad country stores.
As wagonloads of ginseng and other potent
roots and herbs began to roll down the twisting
mountain roads to the eastern cities, the rate of
trade began to threaten the survival of ginseng
and other herbaceous forest plants.
The Industrial Era
Grinding mills and small saw mills were
the height of industrial production in the
highlands until the mid-I 800's. The barter
system was the usual means of exchange. The
US Census estimated the population in the 18
western counties of North Carolina ac 200,000
in 1890. The lifestyle was still based primarily
o n subsistence agriculture, hunting, and
foraging.
However, in 1880. the first train into the
mountains pulled inco Asheville, and the
Southern Appalachians were changed forever.
The railroads represented a new degree of
access, and they brought exponential population
growth, absentee land ownership, and industrial
commerce.
The population of the city of Asheville
(which today is only somewhat greater than
65,000 people) mushroomed from 2,000 in
1880 to more than 10,000 by 1890. Tourism
also arrived on the rails, and sanitariums and
luxury hotels offered all the comfons a tired and
ailing flatlander could desire.
Commerce was the primary reason for
pushing through the railroads, and in the
Southern Appalachian region, commerce meant
timber. Large traces of land, often
30,000-200,000 acres in size, were opened up
to exploitation and soon surrendered their
bounty. Temporary company towns were built
at the base of major watersheds and railroad
lines extended into the highest coves.
The early timber barons were
industrialists, not foresters, and they neither
knew nor cared about the ideals of sustained
timber )'ields and forest regeneration. Their
mastery of the new steam technology gave them
access to the most remote reaches of the
mountain forest, and the destruction they
wrought there was unprecedented. The damage
to the species composition of the forest was
irrevocable, as was the damage to the soil. By
the early 1930's 80 percent of the mountain
(continued on page 22)
JC.awc:ih Jo'4rnat plMJe 21
�(continued from pqc 2 1)
landscape had been burned over. Little was left
to shield the soil from the area's high levels of
rainfall , and severe flooding occurred in 1896,
1901, and 1909, and periodically into the
1940's.
A mountain native, the Reverend A.E.
Brown provided first-hand insight in an
interview in the Manufacturer's Record ip 1910:
" ... these mountains were full of sparkling
brooks and creeks which required a two or three
week rain to make them muddy; today a few
hours of rain will muddy them .... Many of the
mountain streams are dry throughout the
summer and fall, while in winter, the waters
descend in torrents and do vast damage
rendering wonhless the bouom lands... The
sides of mountains have been denuded of their
topsoil and bouom lands have been overflowed
and swept away... "
Shortly after the end of World War I most
of the timber barons had tom up their tracks and
moved on to the Pacific Northwest. By 1930
only a few companies, such as Champion
Corporation, were left In the wake of the timber
rush, and at the onset of the nation's worst
drought and the chestnut blight, little was left for
human or beast.
The Present-day Forest
(or Wha t You See Is What Is Lefi)
Between the I 940's and the I 960's the
population of the Ka1uah province remained
static or even dropped The mountai n binhrate
remained high, as it had in the past, but many
young folks left the mountains to find wage
work in the cities of the east and the midwes1.
The bumpy roads offered a way out of the
mountains tO seek the American Dream.
During the 1960's and the I 970's,
however, a change took place. The isolation of
the "backward" Appalachians began 10 look
appealing to flatlanders sick of noise, crowds,
and pollution, and perhaps sick at heart at the
manner in which they earned their wealth. The
very isolation that had protected the mountains
from industrialization for so long now proved
their strongest attraccion. City-dwellers realized
that they could "have" that isolation - all they
lacked was a way 10 get there. Thus began the
era of the four-lane. The Appalachian Regional
Council brought in federal money 10 help state
governments upgrade old roads and build
modem expressways.
During this same period agriculture
declined sharply in the mountains - and with it
declined the traditionally high binhrate that had
always characterized Appalachia in the minds of
outsiders. With the construction of new roads,
in-migration became the driving force in the
population growth of the Ka1uah province.
Today the rate of biological growth (che ratio of
the binh rate 10 the death rate) remains at flat
zero or in fractions of a percentage point (0.07
percent in 1984), while the rate of in-migration
continues 10 rise dramatically, putting the overall
population growth of the Southern Appalachians
well above the national average. The number of
retirees translcx:ating to the mountains raises the
percentage of monality, but a look at the figures
shows the dominant influence of migration on
the regional population.
Lack of access has always been the
limiting factor on growth • the growth of human
populations, economic development, and
Xat®h Journal pa9e 22
industrialization - in Appalachia. Lack of access
protected the wild nature o f the mountain
habitat. Now the cork is out of the bottle. The
sporadic stream of in-migration has turned into a
flood. As over-populated Europe once offered
an inexhaustible supply of humanity to fill up
the New World, the large eastern cities now do
the same for the mountains, as the in1ersu1te
highway system offers an easy means of travel.
Along with the increaSe in new residents,
there has been a tremendous increase in demand
for recreational opponunities in the Great
Smoky Mountains National Park and the
national forests. Today, human management and
human use penetrates 10 the deepest reaches of
the forest on 4,900 miles of forest roads and
touches every aspect of life on virtually every
acre of the mountain forest habitat.
Meanwhile, wildlife has been pushed
back to the most remote areas of the forest in
search of food and safety due 10 the clearing
necessary for roads and development and the
associated noise.
Environment Committee assures us that al l this
developmen t can proceed with no impact
whatsoever on the "beautiful mountain scenery
that is so imponant to all of us" - in fact, it'll be
even beuer, because there will be more people
here to enjoy it wilh us.
Typical of this approach is the l-26
Corridor Association, a coalition of Western
Nonh Carolina industrialists, developers, and
their followers, who believe it is imperative 10
immediately upgrade the present Route 23 to
interstate proportions through Madison County
10 the Tennessee state line providing a d1rec1
connection between Asheville, Johnson City,
TN, and the large industrial cities of the
mid west.
Jerry Grant, the biggest developer in the
Katuah mountains, provides the following
insight via the /-26 Corridor Association
Newsletter: "We would be on the way to
somewhere - not the end of the line. We think
Asheville and this region are extremely fortunate
10 have an excellent liveability factor. We are
able to attract the right kinds of industry."
Those who still espouse this approach
have not yet realized that whenever we perceive
something as a resource, then it is automatically
for sale. And once sold, it is no longer ours. It
is gone.
In another public relations publication of
the l-26 Association, WNC at the Crossroads:
Crisis or Opportunity?, this theme of
development continues:
"Improving the US 23 gateway to
interstate standards opens the entire Ohio Valley
and Nonheastem US to the WNC mountain
expenence....Imagine how many more travelers
would discover WN~ if traffic now using I-77
and 1-75 could re-route via 1-26 through the
scenic Southern Highlands.... An interstate
would produce many business opportunities
away from its interchanges. Well-designed and
The North Carolina Highway Bill
(or Come One, Come All!)
This summer in Nonh Carolina the state
legislature passed a $9.1 billion Highway Bill.
Governor Ji m Manin's plan is 10 place "every
resident in the state within 10 miles o f a
four-lane road," build by-passes around seven
urban centers (includi ng Asheville), pave
10,000 miles of secondary gravel roads by
1999, and the remaining gravel roads in the state
by 2006 (see page 25).
To hear the road boosters talk, the new
roads are going 10 bring in all the good aspects
of industrial culture and none of the bad.
There's big bucks in it for everyone, we are
told, and, because we live in the mountains,
things will be as nice as they always were. The
;
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f'aU:, 1989
�perpetual wild sanctuaries
It ts both a form of reverence
and a human need that we learn
at this time to intentionally leave
some wild places alone forever.
At this lime In Earth history. our
human species Is severely and Irreversibly
tmpacttng the ecosystems of the planet. As an
acknowledgement of our reverence for Life and
for the sake of our planet's biological heritage.
ll Is Important that we lntenllonally leave
perpetual wild sanctuaries where humans do
not enter....places where the non· human life
fonns tnd1genous to a pan.tcular area arc able
lo proceed lndeflnltely. undisturbed by human
presence. judgement. or Intentions.
This Idea Is not wtlhout precrdrnt. In
New Guinea there arc small areas of natural
vegetation left amid lands that have been
ovcr·grazed and ovcr·cut for cooking fuel.
These small fragments of natural diversity are
the burial grounds. rabu areas. sacred to the
spirits of the ancestors. where It Is blaspht>my
to tread.
In old English estates. amid the
Impeccably kept lawns and gardens. there Is
one comer kept wild "for the fairies • that Is
never entered These are probably areas that
would difficult lo matntaln anyway. and these
days the tradition Is most likely kept with
tongue tn cheek. but ll Is slill kept, as ll has
been for generations.
In the small country of Costa Rica the
newly-established tropical dryland forest
national park Is divided Into three pans: one
pan ts open to appropriate commercial use.
one pan Is only open to tradltlonal native use.
and the remainder Is not open to human use at
all.
Here In Katuah. there have always been
energy centers and sacred sites endowed with
spiritual power that were never entered except
by lndlvlduals or small groups of people who
felt compelled to venture there to fulfill a
specific spiritual mission.
ThJs idea could be easily translated lnlo
our own lime. lf people took ll to heart. Small
areas could be set aside on small tracts of land.
but setting aside a mountain range or large
areas of the forest to be forever undisturbed by
human presence would make a significant
difference tn the conditions of habitat and. no
less Importantly. would transform our
relationship to the land.
It Is both a form of reverence and a
human need that we learn at this lime to
Intentionally leave some wild places alone
forever. All who feel so tncllned are Invited to
set off an area of land - however large an area
for whJch the tndlvldual or group feels ll can
accept responsibility - as a perpetual wild
sanctuary. This could be done by purchase.
decree. or by personal witness. The areas could
be regarded as sacred shrines. devlc
dwclllng-places. burial grounds. or liberated
1.ones. In whatever manner It Is undertaken.
this commitment tnvolvcs a responstbtllty lo
respect the boundaries and lo urge others who
might come tn contact with the area to do the
same. It also Involves educallfllt the young
about the nature of this area and the purpose
for selllfllt ll aside. that they might be willing
to continue the practice.
ll Is time lhts Is brought forward as a
serious suggestion.
May all beings live wUd and free!
Plca.\C !lend any commcnis expressing your
rcacuons, dreams, or visions about a perpetual wild
sanctuary lO KatiUih Journal: Box 638: Leicester, NC
28748.
(conlJnUOd from Pl&C 22)
developed interchanges therefore not only
enhance the corridor's immediate environs, but
also seive as gateways which entice additional
development into surrounding counties.
"Regionally, the 1-26 gateway will
increase traffic throughout WNC. Thus,
thousands of businesses - both established and
yet-to-be stand to benefit...The US Chamber of
Commerce has determined that each additional
100 manufacturing jobs have the following
positive (sic) benefits on a given locale:
Non-manufacturing jobs .. ...............&!
Population increase...................... 202
Family units .............................. I 02
Increased school enrollments............ 61
(t ndguote)
The effects would certainly be positive for
the developers and real estate speculators who
stand to make a lot of money selling off the
mountain habitat. For current residents,
however, land booms do not necessarily mean
more jobs. They do mean higher taxes as the
local people absorb the costs of expanded water
supply and waste disposal services to provide an
infrastructure for the new industries. They do
without fail mean over-crowded schools, higher
crime rates, increased noise. congestion,
sedimentation. air and water pollution.
Richard Stiles. an economist for the
Western Nonh Carolina Tomorrow group, a
primary motivator behind the push for an 1-26
corridor, actually maintains that an
interstate- level highway would be less
ecologically damaging than expansion of the
present Rt. 23. He says that this is because an
interstate would have only limited access, rather
than being lined with development.
Such an analysis shows a complete
ignorance or disregard for the idea that there is
any limit to the regional canying capacity for
human beings.
T11U, 1989
Ptn:cmage Change in !>()pulation Size. Ra1c of Na1ural lncrcase.
and Net Mignuion Rate for lhc Average of !he Eighteen
Wt"stcm Counlle• of We.tern Nonh Carolina, 1940-1980
LEGEND:
- - Rate of PopulallOD Change
-""" ··· · Net Migrabon Rate:
· • • - - Ra1e of Natural ln~ase
25
20 -
15 10 5-
0-5 ·IO·
. :?Q -
1940-50
1950-60
1960-70
1970-80
(1971 l'"'JOC- )
Source: S«io-£c()namlc OverviLW of W~s1u11 Vorrli. Carol1NJ
fo r ti!, Vtu11aMla PusaJi VaiwNd Fou compilttl by the
.•t
Sou1hnn Appalachian Ccnlef, Man Hall College, Mars Halt,
NC
Direct displacement by the interstate
construction and resulting commercial
development will remove thousands of acres of
relatively undeveloped habitat. Migration routes
and range areas of different animals will be
disrupted by the cut-out, paved-over, and
fenced-in interstate route.
A new interstate route will greatly increase
fragmentation of habitaL The forest north of
Asheville will be severed by a route comparable
in size and volume to the 1-40 interstate. Instead
of one habitat area • however patchy and ragged
it is at present - there will be 1wo smaller areas.
The local gene pool, already in disucss, will be
divided in half once again.
However. the most damaging effect will
be the ucmcndously increased volume of traffic
that will pass over the new highway. A new
superhighway will mean more use. more
commerce, more in-migration, more human
demands on the already over-stressed
habitat. We long ago overshot the capacity of this
region to suppon the weight of our population.
As access opened the mountains to the ravages
of unrestrained technology at the turn of the
century, so now is it bringing in unrestrained
numbers of human beings. We arc the greatest
threat to habitat in the Southern Appalachians.
Rather than manage the forest to meet our
unending demands, we need to manage
ourselves. our numbers and our way of life. that
the forest may continue. In the long run, this
would be the best for all the inhabitants of the
mountain forestlands. ourselves included.
This process requires values that are at
once new and at the same time very, very old.
These values arc the substance of the biorcgional
vision. We need to learn/remember them and
pass them on. Only then will we be able to
approach a reasonable carrying capacity of
human beings in the Katuah province of the
Appalachian biorcgion.
~
Xot.Uah Journot p119e 23
�J
CAPTIVE BEARS FREED!
"ROAD MANIA" SLOWED
NabJral World News Service
Senator Wyche Fowler, Jr. (D-GA) led the US
Senate lo adopt an amendment to the interior
appropriations bill that cut the road-building budget of
the US Forest Service by $65 million.
Vowing lO curb "road-building mania" in the
Forest Service, Fowler called on his Senate colleagues to
pass the amendmenL They responded 55-44 in favor of
the measure. Twenty-rive million of the recovered money
would be returned to the federal treasury. The balance
would be used for stewardship programs, habitat
improvement, and land acquisition.
In calling for support of the amendment, Fowler
cited a Congressional Research Service study that found
that road construction was the most environmentally
damaging aspect of the Forest Service timber program.
OTTERS MAKE A COMEBACK
... AND A GETAWAY
Natunil World News Service
CARNIVOROUS PLANT LISTED
Norural Wbrld News Service
NllUnl) World News Service
Recent events in Cherokee drew attention to the
plight of caged and exploited black bears. One evening
this summer, several bears were "liberated" from
Saunooke's Bear Den show by unknown individual(s). A
large hole was cut in the outer wall of the enclosure,
through which the bears escaped along the creek into the
surrounding woods, and hopefully into the Great Smoky
Mountains National Parle.
The outcome for the escapees is unknown:
Saunooke has made no comment as to whether or not the
bears were quickly recaptured or escaped into the wild. In
any case, this evem effectively brought the bear's
situation to the attention of local media.
People for the Ethical TreaUTient of Animals
have annouoced plans to protest in Cherokee on
September 9, 1989. They have been warned off by the
Chief of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation,
Jonathan L. Taylor. A clear message appeared on August
15, 1989 in the Asheville Ci1iz11n-Times that any animal
rights protesters would be arrested and prosecuted for
"interfering• with the reservati.on practice of exploiting
bears. lo a pointed way. it is clear that on the
reservation, as in many areas or Katuab. the rights or
humans to exploit the bears supercedes any rights of the
animal species.
Loss of freshwater wetland habitat has
eliminated or threatened many plant and animal species
throughout the country. The US Fish and Wildlife
Service has recently proposed to add to the Endangered
Species List the mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sorrounio
rubro ssp. jonesii). Native only to a few motmtaln bogs
and streamsides in southwestern North Carolina and
northwestern South Csrolina along the Blue Ridge
Divide, the mounuiin sweet pitcher plant has been
reduced from 26 known historical populations to only
10. The pitcher plant has been the victim of drainage of
bogs. flooding. convctsion or the land for agriculture and
grazing, various other forms of land development, and
collection. Eight of the remaining 10 populations
survive on private land where they may be subject to
habitat alteration and collection by fanciers or
carnivorous plants; the other two are situaicd on State or
South Carolina lands. but are also vulnerable to
recreation and illegal collection.
The mountain sweet pitcher plant, like other
carnivorous plants, traps and digests insects for food. 11
grows up to 29 inches in height, producing showy.
typically maroon flowers gracefully suspended on single
tall stems, each covered with a hood. Insects. attracted to
the mouth of the pitcher by sweet secreted nectar, crawl
or fall into the pitcher. Their escape is prevented by a
smooth slippery surface just inside the mouth of the
pitcher. and by stiff hairs lining the interior or the pi!Cher
tubes, pointing downward. The insects are digested in the
enzyme.filled fluid secreted int the pitchers.
The mountain sweet pitcher plant and its related
species have long inspired curiosity and wonder. Unless
they are protected and s:ived they will soon inspire only
memories. Your comments can be addressed to the
Asheville Field Office: US Fish and Wildlife Service;
100 Otis Street (Room 224); Asheville, NC 28801.
ACID RAIN A PROVEN KILLER
NabJral World News Service
A link between acid precipitation and a wsease
which bas killed thousands of dogwood trees may have
been proven by US Forest Service plant pathologist
Robert Anderson and colleagues. Dogwood anthracnose,
or dogwood blight, caused by Disculo fungus species,
was first found to be infecting trees in the Northeast and
the Pacific Northwest about 10 years ago (see Kotuoli
Journal #21). Since then, it has spread lO many of the
Southeastern states and caused high mortality among
both woodland and ornamental dogwoods. More than one
quarter million acres in Kllttiah have been affected by the
disease.
Otters, absent from the Smoky Mountains
following excessive trapping and logging activities
during the 1930's, are making a comeback. Not only are
they successfully surviving in several reintroduction
sites, they arc claiming ierritoric:; across mountain ronges
from their points of rcintr0duction. Nine nvcr otters
were rclea.~ into thc Little River on the Tennessee side
of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and at
least two have crossed into Nonh Carolina drainages.
The ouers arc eluding the tracking efforts of
researchers. even though fitted with surgically-implanted
radio transmitters. Kim Dcl..o'1ier, wildlife biologist for
the Park. says, "Most of them have moved extensive
disuinces from the release site to other drainages. We
really don't know why they are moving so much."
Recently, biologists have been able to track the otters
only by air. A few oucrs from a 1986 release project an
the Cades Cove area of the Parle also were sighted later in
Nonh Carolina waters.
FtShermcn have expressed concern that ottcrs will
destroy game fish, but analysis or oner scat from river
banks bv University of Tennessee researchers revealed
that scat piles contain no trout bones.
"Trout are fast and much harder to catch," says
DeLozier. Instead. the otters prefer slow-moving fish like
white suckers. daces, sculpins, and hogsuckers, says
DeLo1Jer. For the ouers, •...these slow-moving fish ate
like picking sweets from a candy store."
The next proposed release of river ouers will Ulke
place as early as this winter in a watershed on the Nonh
Carolina side of the Park...but don't expect them to stay
there for long.
Xai.imh Journal pmJe 24
The disease is chanictcrized by putple-rimmcd leaf
spots. followed by twig, brunch. and stem cankers. Trees
ID the forest • parucularly trees growing ID moist
environments at high elevations - suffer more from
anthracnose than omrunental dogwoods located where the
disease can be controlled by cultural practices. Among
wild dogwoods, the disease is expected to continue 10
spread throughout the South.
In the past researchers had not been successful m
producing anthracnose symptoms on trees which had
been inoculated with lhe Disculo fungus in the
laboratory. In the recently reported experiments. one year
old dogwood seedlings were exposed to various levels of
simulated acid rain at a Forest Service lab. The seedlings
were then exposed to Disculo inoculum and the
subscquem rate of infection was noted. Exposed to the
fungus alone, the trees showed no sign or the blight. but
as the rain acidity levels were increased there appeared a
corresponding increase in infection. Research is
continuing to determine if the acid rain/anthracnose
connectio~an be observed in dogwoods growing under
field cond111ons.
Anderson's work will be helpful in effons to s:ive
the tree that bears the North Carolina state nowcr.
Perhaps more importantly. however, his experiments
have proven a link bclwecn acid rain and plant disease and
decline. It is commonly accepted that airborne pollution
is contributing 10 the deaths or red spruce and Fraser fir
treeS at high altitudes in the mountruns, but Anderson's
experiments offer the first scientifically accepted proof
that acid min is a major culprit in any instance or forcs1
degradation.
The logo above symbolizes the commitment of
the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League to protect
the integrity of the New River. The group is demanding
that the State of North Carolina carry ou1 its
rc.~nsibility to protect the river as a fcder:illy-dc.~ign:ncd
Wild and Scenic River area. The New is presently
designated a Wild and Scenic River for 26.5 miles or its
length, but this designation is threatened by an alarming
rate of de,•clopmcnt along its banks and a proposed water
treaUTient plan! upstream of the fcderally-pro1cc1cd zone
(sec Ka1t1aliJourna/ If 24).
Join the Blue Ridge Environmental Defense
League's efforts on behalf of the New River. Contact
BREDL: Box 1308; W. Jefferson, NC 28694.
raC!., 1989
�.
SAHC TO REVISE PROPOSAL
Nmural World News Strnce
The Southern Appalachian Highlands
Conservancy (SAHC) has announced !hot il will drop o
proposed National Scenic Area Proposal thllt the group
hnd drafted as potential leg1slauon 10 define m:inagemcnt
policy for the 24,000 acres of spcc18Cular landscape
known as the Highl:inds of R0311.
The ongin:ll propos:>I met w11h protest from local
l:indowncrs and building conl13Ctors who felt thllt lhcii
propcny rights would be violated by the plan.
The SAHC sud m a prepared sl3tcmcm, "Since u
has been our hope from the beginning !hot a proposal
could be drafted which met with the approval of all
part1e~ •... SAHC has withdrawn 1ts proposal for lhe
present and 1ntcods IO revise the same <;<>as IO hopefully
'™=Ct the conocms of local l'CSldcnts md landowners.•
The conservauon group pbns to hold both formal
and informal mceungs with all CO'ICcmcd to come up
wilh a new and belier proposal for keeping inl.3Cl the
beauty of the Roon Highlllnds.
NC ROAD BINGE
Nonnl World News Service
The North Carolina state legislature
overwhelmingly passed a bill o~ July 26 that will
contnbute greatly to mushrooming development in the
Klllliall province. By a House vote of 95-19 and a Senate
vote of 39-11, lhe legislature raufied a highway package
rood bill calling for S9. I billion for road construction
throughout the Slate.
In campaigning for the bill carher, Republican
GovClllOI" J1m Martin vowed IO bnng every resident of
the state within 10 miles of a fow--lanc highway. The
bill would fund major road-building and road-widening
projects and pave thousands of miles of ara,-cl roads.
Pnrndox1cally, the governor turned against his
own bill when Senate Democrats added a provision to use
incrca~ vehicle sales taxes for 11110 years to fund pay
raises for 1eaehcrs and swc employc:cs. But legislators did
not respond to the governor's last-minute call to tum
down lhe revised bill.
Among the projects IO be funded by the massive
highway constrUCtion act are widening of US 23 in
Madison County 10 cn::ue a four-lane roadway between
Asheville, NC and Johnson City. TN: widening of US
19-19E between Mars Hill and Ingalls m Avery County:
expansion of US 19 between Bryson City and Andrews:
widening of US 441 soulh of Franklin: and construction
of a loop IO circle west of Asheville between 1-26 and US
23.
1"c:i[(, I 989
FRIENDS OF GRANDFATHER
temperawrc in the river, which would cause populations
of fish and olha- life to decline.
Geologically, the Grandfather Mountain Window,
where some of the oldest rock exposed on earth juus out
of the gl'OWld, provides a unique glimpse into the past. 11
is estimated lhat Grandflllher Mountain is between 625 to
680 million years old, placing its formation during the
Precambrian era, a time when life still existed primarily
in the seti. and microorganisms were prom111CnL
Fncnd~ of Grandfather is c , rently securing
501(c)3 non-profit status with the Elisha Mitchell
Audubon Soc1c1y. It has also received suppon from the
Blue Ridge Group of the Sierra Club and is worlcing with
the Trust for Public Lands. To become involved or 10
send a donation to the Friends of Grandfather Mountain
Fund please write to them at: P.O. Box 239: Sugar
Grove, NC 28679.
Nonnl World Ne"°' Service
On !he northwest slope of Grandfather Mountain
hes 1,200 acres for sale. 900 acres of lhis is owned by
lhc Wilmore Corporation, headed by John Williams and
Hugh Monon. A master pion has been drawn up which
any developer interested in buying the property must
agn:c to. Tiie sellers see this master plan. which includes
a ski slope, shopping mall. convention center, golf
course, and 200 or more homesiteS as being earned out m
an envll"Ol\mentally conscious way.
Friends of Grandfather Mountain is a group of
concerned local citir.ens working to keep these
envuonmentally sensiuve areas mtact by initiaung a
media cnmpaign and an effort to purchase the land. By
purchasing the land and placing it in the care of a
conservation organi1.auon, perhaps future generations can
enJOY at least one moun1:1m whose i.rrcplacable beauty
lives unscathed.
In protceting the land, douns of species of plants
and animals would also be protccted. Many vnriwes of
irces, and several rare nnd threatened plants and animals
eiust on and near the 900 acre tract up for sale. Of pnme
botanical concern are the Blue Ridge goldenrod and the
Hclleri bla7jng star, both growing on the Profile Cliffs
directly above the endangered land. These species are
listed as critically globally imperiled by the Natural
Heritage Program. The Blue Ridge goldenrod is also
CODSJdered endangered by the State of North Carolina.
DU"CClly off the Shanty Springs Trail arc bent avcns and
lnuhng wolfsbane. These bcauuful plants arc also
globally imperiled. Their ap(>C3rllllce is considered rare
nnd highly localized.
The proposed development would also displace
hundreds of animal species mcludmg: deer. racoon,
opposum. red and grey fox, bobcats and an occasional
bear. Newly discovered is the presence of the northern
Oying sqwrrcl, a "Jlt'CiCS endangered in the Sl&IC of North
Carolina, just above the glade on the Shanty Springs
trail. These small, nocturnal creatures seem 10 be
declirung because of changes in vegetation and habitat
disturbance. The population of these rare squirrels at
Grandfather Mountain is the farthest north the species has
been discovered in the state. Also, disturbing the territory
below the hacking site for young endangered pe.rigrine
falcons may reduce the chance of the mature birds
renuning lO breed in lhal area.
From the westtm slope of Calloway Peak, the
highest peak in the Blue Ridge Range, spring three
pristme streams which form the headwaters of the
Linville and Watauga Rivers. Both rivers are currently
being proposed for designation as Outstanding Resource
Waters. The Watauga River may be unable to support
additional treated wastewat.Ct, awaillng further LCSts by the
NC Division of Environmental Management. Wastewater
treallllent standards for the nver have already been made
motC Stringent, and in some 111.S1allCC$ new pcnmts have
been denied. Any silt or 1dditional emuent into lhcsc
headwaters may ruin the nver"s quality. Of critical
imponance is the potentinl increase of average water
ACID VEINS
Narunl World Ne"°' Sen-a
The final mslallment of a ten year study on acid
rain for the Kau1ah biorcgion has recently been released
by Lhe Environmental Prolec:tion Agency. The final
rcpon states th:11. 1f current sulfur emissions continue et
the present rate, 129 streams in the region will become
acidic within SO )'ClltS, and 203 additional sueams will be
occasionally acidic.
Researchers also projected the possibility of
increases in sulfur emission during the same 50 year
period. Starling with a steady inc= of 20% in the first
10 years and continuing for 15 years, then leveling offin
the next 2S years. At lhis level 159 streams would
become acidic:, and 340 would be potcntJally vulnerable
IO periodic acidification.
Presently there are no S11C811lS in KatWlh that are
considered aciC:ic, and jUSt lhree are eswnated IO have an
ac1d-ncutrali21ng capacity or lower than 50
m1cro-equ1valcnts per liter • the estimated vulnerability
threshold or streams becoming temporarily acidic during
heavy snow melts and rainstorms.
Sulfur dioxide, wh.icb is convened in the
atmosphere into acid, 1s primarily produced by
C031-buming power plants and other industries.
Oxides or n11.rogcn arc released in approxim3tely
similar amounts by automobiles and industry. Even
though the CIU"Tcm presidential admlnlscraUon has
proposed a 10 million ton reduction in sulfur diollidc
emissions and a two million ton reduction in nitrogen
oxide releases over the next decade. one of lhe best means
to reduce poisonous emissions is energy conservation,
which lessens lhc need for both existing and proposed
power plants.
Here are some organizations that offer catalogs
contammg energy-effiCIClll products: Tiie Renew America
Prop:t: 1001 Connecticut Avenue NW (Sutte 63&):
Washington, DC 20036 (&02) 862-2999 and The Rocky
Mountain Institute: 1739 Snowmass Creek Road: Old
Snowmass. CO 81654.
�Gathering
I dream the spirits gather,
Gather in a space outside my
Room. They call my name over
DRUMMING
And over, I stand
Before them and their voices are
The howling of wolves, lhe cooing of doves,
LETIERS TO KATUAH
We are in another place,
They are touching me,
I feel like a candle
With a tall flame,
They give me messages,
When I wake I can only remember
The voices of doves,
Of Wolves, and the way
We wavered over this world,
Dear KatUah.
I'm writing to thank you for sending the
Katilah Journal all the way over to Swil.l.erlandl h's
very important lhat people sian to think and care more
and more about our environmental problems ALL
OVER the world!
I'm looking forward to your next issue!
The seem of sandalwood.
- Palricia Claire Peters
YourS sincerely.
Christine Moser
~t:.~S·
p$.
o-t$S
~ ri..~ \)~ tjl{C\;1!1
~G·s~~s
.~'.tS ....o~
,.c9v~st:.•S v
J\}t>G1!i :iS ~~
Dear Friends at Katrlal1 Journ(l/:,
Dear Katilah Journal People,
Your summer '89 issue on Ptau in the
Mowttains was a moment of serendipity for me as well
as good energy and inspiration. It connected with my
moment of comple{ing a silk screened print inspired by
and incorporating the Cherokee words for Water and
S~
7~(~:t;;)are:\JA 0' (pUJL'-)
Phone~ally pronounced:
~
-
q Ma.
Justice prevails - this time - in S.E. Georgia. If
here, anywhere! Your publication is excellent, keep it
running. Can we do an exchange with you?
At this time, it's a little out of balance, but the
best we can do. h's all part of the same problem greed and power.
Pax,
Martina. John and Donna
St. Mary's, GA
~
L/A1.,;1
-tho 1t1 :JU..
Several Cherokee people (Laura King, Pheasant
Driver, Mary and G.B. (Going Back) Chiltosky) helped
me with this identification and pronunciation.
~ 1hi1 G: spoken with urgency because water is
critically essential to life.
yours, delighted and connected,
Margaret Gregg
Jonesborough. TN
love Story
! lie wirh the Eanlt
Ukea lover.
Embracing Her
Enfolded in Her fragrance
In the heat of Her body
Through langucrous swooning afternoons
And rhythmic pulsing nights.
She is
With me
Dear KatW!h folks.
A new book is out. that all serious gardeners
and fanncrs should have. h's called Secrets of the Soil
by Peter Tomkins and Christopher Bird (Harper &
Row, 1989). Please try to get a copy!
- from Knotts Island, NC
Arowuim£
Inside me.
Oneness.
Greenness.
Wilderness.
Wildness.
Swirling in the spiral
Lost in Mystery.
Knowing the Unknowable.
-Mary dt La Va/ttte
Xatiulh Jou.rnal p1i9e 26
f'aU., 1989
�Dear Friends.
Greiuly enjoyed your spring issue. ns usual.
need to call your attention, however, to what I consider
the Planet Art article's wholely uncritical appr~~al of the
current 'crystal craf.e'. So I thought I would send along
Earth F1rster. Karen DcBraaJ's brillnnt linlc piece on
crystals as an 31ltcdote. from 'Live Wild or Die', n recent
Eanh First! dcnvauve. Please consider pnnting 1L
Sincerely.
Bill McCormick
Crozet. VA
Enclosed anic:lc {b) Karen OcBf.131):
Crystals. Their shimmering beauty vibrates
deep into your being, helping your being, helping you
setf-actuahzc wuh healing powers und guided
imageries. Cool and hip, right? New age and stylin',
yes? But at what price? Well. hell, can a price be put
on spirituality? Can a price be put on how the earth
feels when her powerful energy trnnsm1uers and hc:llers
arc ripped from her bowels for a profit, be u monetary
orspmtual?
The ripping (np off) of crysuils from the earth
is causing her to ulcerate. Great eroding <;ear; rc,ult
from the hungry hordes scouring the U.S.N:uional
Forcsts (mainly in Arkansas) and areas in other
counties, such as Mexico and Brazil. Armed to the
teeth wuh screwdrivers, shovels and bulldozers,
new-age hucksters and spiritual profiteers.
well-meaning heaters and seelcers of the sacred arc
mining and tearing at the earth with no thought of the
cost to her. The environmental impact of our
spiritually starved, buclc-hungry droves is not a
consideration.
Think about it. The next time you stroll by
Toots for Fools (no kidding) or any other nashy
crystal store in Santa Crut or elsewhere, and sec those
t.v. si1~ cryslJlls glimmering in the display window,
think about the hole it left when it was wrenched out
by its roots. like a bloody wisdom t00th from a gum.
And all those smaller oncs... thcy aren't laying around
the forest noor like pine cones.
"It resembles Gold Rush Days." said
Montgomery County Sheriff James Carmack in
Spectrum (Dee. 23, 1987). when asked about crysllll
seekers in the Oucitn National Forest and surrounding
areas in Arkansas. According to Carmack, people
vandalve the area by stealing crystals from legal mines
and digging illegal muics. These all cause erosion. The
Forest Service liberally grants crystal mining permit,,
3Ccording to Spectrum. but the fees generated don't
begin to cover the cost of m:>nitoring the mines or
contr0lhng 1llcgnl hunters.
Sure. crystals are poweiful. But maybe they are
where they are for a reason. Leave them there, where
the earth c11n use them as she sees fiL It is mter.:sung
thnt newagc folks, who profess to care for the earth are
so blinded by the crystal light that they are dcstr0ymg
whnt they profess LO love. Their cryswls are bloody.
Docs our endlessly raped earth need more of this?
The NFS and the crystal-hungry massc.~ need to
hear from environmentalists: crystal mining 1s yet
another massive wounding that our earth doesn't need.
We need to heal ourselves by healing the earth.
Boycou crystals! If you own them, don't O:iunt them,
which encourages others to get them. Let the NFS
know th3t you don't want them to grant any more
crystal mining permits. Let people know that crysrols
belong to the earth!
''
• J
'·
I
.'
Draw111g by Sw Adams
Dear KatUah,
I picked up the wonderful winter issue of your excellent and much needed publication at the Tremont Center in
the Smokies. This issue has changed my perception and my life. I hope to live in the area some day. although I mny
Opl to have a cabin in the woods of Kentucky or Indiana. It has been a dream LO live m the forest for a long time • by
a stream. I wish to support and join the struggle for unity with the planet we inhabit. for stopping heedless
exploiUltion and destruction, for nurturing life. I am in the process of nunuring my own life (much damaged in
childhood). This nunurmg is most harmonious with the healing of the planet.
Thanks for your work,
Starfire
Forest Voices
I
Sleeping on the wall of the world
arching over the sun with the c11n•e
off est trees
or
wlwse tips are rwe11ry leagues high
i11 the morni11g light
casting golde11 leaf shadows
in this green place.
The high wind
orchestrates irs wisdom
with the forest:
Be at peace with the fly
and pain of bursitis
Let the heali11g ofthe pla11et
be pan ofyou.
Be one with me
2.
Hush, the gods of the forest
are speaking.
They toss the sun with their fingers.
The liale gods rising
from the growui
are staffs oftruth,
each blade ofgrass
a word of wisdom.
3.
listen,
the voice ofthe wmer sings,
the naiad ofthe stream
whispers
10 the silent one
who rests by her way.
The butterflies above
are mating
and the weefolk
are white water rafting
dow11 her tiny rapids
in small spherical crafts.
She says thar happiness
is here with the jwnpingjish
alld the drops of rain
quietly sampling
the edge of1he storm.
Here hidden and safe
I would wish to stay.
4.
W01erfa/ls
in nLrlung laugluer
as white fire ascends
in balance
ofcoll/I/er energies
providing
one another's needs
in mandala
of reality,
body alld spirit.
-S111rfire Soledad
f'p(t, 1989
�(conlinucd from page 7)
habitat types represented in the landscape, the
belier the possibilities for rhc survival of rhc
whole. Older, more mature forests musr extend
over many contiguous sites, not just on ridges
and in coves, for successful migration of
species. For life to adapt 10 changing conditions,
reproduction of all but the most highly .inobile,
weedy species must occur on adjacent sites.
Following the mosr recent ice age, forest
communities migrated at a rare of only a few
miles per century as the climate v.'nmled over rhe
course of thou,ands of years In the coming
century, species tha• cnmnnsc marurc fore t
communities musr migrate ar a rate perhaps I0
times faster, an impossible feat from isolated.
fragmented habiratS.
Optimum regional biodiversity, therefore,
requires a continuity of habitats across the
landscape in a mosaic of mature communities
that includes all topographic conditions: ridges,
nonh and south slopes, coves, streams and
gorges, balds, and bogs. FederaJ protection has
recently been extended 10 many of rhc latter
communities (at least those thar are not
commercially imponant) as Congressionally
designated Wilderness Areas. But nearly all of
the remainder - the large areas of contiguous
second-growth forests that arc now
cconomicaJly mature - is destined for violent
disturbance before the tum of rhc cenmry.
Defining Old-Growth Forests
Forests managed for commercial timber
and wild game species provide a great diver:;ity
of plant and animal species through logging and
other planned disturbances. Therefore, it is the
conclusion of Forest Service policy makers that
timber and game management activities meet the
legal requirement for biodiversity. The one
condition that managed forests do not meet is
that of providing for the types of natural
diversity in critically short supply: those
associated with mature old-growth forests. The
condition "old-growth" is defined by the
Southern Region of the US Forest Service as
any forest stand over 100 years of age. This
completely arbitrary definition fails to meet the
biological requisites for a mature forest, because
it simply means that any forest stand older than
an economic rotation for commercial timber
harvest is classed as "old-growth."
From the biological standpoint, an
old-growth forest contains trees in all age
classes, including dying, standing dead, and
fallen dead trees. Because most of the trce
species that comprise old-growth stands in the
Southern Appalachian forests do not reach
biological maturity for 200-400 years (and
pcrhnps longer 10 be wcll-rcpresenied in t11e
dying and dead tree categories), the present-day
second-growth hardwood forests must be left
free of disturbance for at least another 150
years. Even then, many micro-habitat niches
provided by old windthrown trees, standing
dead snags, and rotting logs will not become
available until yet another century has passed.
More imponantly, most of the plants and
animals of our second-growth forests represent
mid-successional species, which are not those
that will eventually be present in the climax
communities. The maturing forests of today will
undergo dynamic changes in species
composition when left undisturbed until they
reach a condition of biological old-growrh.
JCGtwm )o"rnaL paq~ 28
Artwork by Joma RN!a
Herc we should dispel several common
misconceptions regarding old-growth forests.
First, old-growth srands arc not decadent.
On the contrary, they arc dynamic and teeming
with life. As old crees fall. many new niches are
created for other plants and animals, both in the
canopy overhead and in the rotting wood on the
forest floor. Many microhabitats undergo
constant micro-successions of plants and
animals, as new niches arc created and old ones
disappear.
A second myth is that "old-growth" is
synonymous with "wilderness." This is
cenainly not true in eastern Nonh America,
where we have very liulc true old-growth in
areas that have been Congressionally designated
as "Wilderness." There is one important
difference between the two. Legal Wilderness is
by definition for hwnon beings. a commodity
for people to enjoy as a recreational experience,
and it is managed as such by the public
agencies. Old-growth forest is for bioro,
preserved for the intrinsic value of all the
various forms of biological diversity therein.
Managing for old-growth, however, does not
exclude use by people. rn fact, old-growth
forests enhance benefits such as recreation,
wildlife habitat, visual quality, and stream
quality, as well as providing for essential
biological diversity.
Restoring Old-Growth Diversity
We return full circle to the opening
paragraph of this paper. "Today we stand at the
threshold of a great decision" - one of the most
imponant for public land use since the creation
of the national forests.
Current management plans for the
Southern Appalachian national forests call for
widespread timber harvest, largely by
clearcurting, for most of the 60 to 80 year old
second-growth stands that have reached
economic maturity. There arc provisions in
some forest management plans to temporarily
preserve five percent of each harvested
component (approximately 50 acres for each
1000 acres harvested) for old-growth .
However, these temporary reserves are only
fragments surrounded by young managed
stands, and even these may also be harvested in
the future. Tree species in the young stands
created by harvesting will be heavily biased
toward those with known commercial value,
such as eastern white pine, yellow poplar, and
the red and white oaks. This would reduce
natural diversity ai.d would also reduce the
potential for genetically stable communities in
the future. An orientation toward timber
management is not going to maintain regional
biological diversity in its broadest sense.
The United States IOOth Congress stated,
"The Eanh's biological diversiry is being rapidly
depleted at a rate without precedent in human
history....Mosr losses of biological diversity are
largely avoidable consequences of human
activity ....Mointoining biological diversity
through habitat preserv01ion is often less costly
and more effective than ejforrs ro save species
once tltey become endangered." (Quoted from
H.R. 4335. 1988, emphasis added).
We frequently hear reports of
distinguished biological scientists warning that
human-caused destruction of naturaJ habnats is
the single most serious threat to survival of life
as we know it on our planet. The loss of genetic
diversity and the loss of entire ecosystems arc
occurring at an accelerating pace around the
world. The Southern Appalachian Mountains arc
a pan of this grim picture. But the existing
public lands have the potential to restore the
natural diversity provided by the old-growth
forests currently missing from the Appalachian
biorcgion. Unbroken, naturally-functioning
habitats must be restored here to provide the
basic life suppon systems necessary to carry all
forms of life through rhe unfolding ecological
catastrophe of our times.
We can overcome rhc mental blindness
that would have us believe that providing
commodities for people is the uhimote use for
the Appalachian national forests. We can expand
our vision to keep in mind the value of habitat,
the foundation for all life. Whole and healthy
habitats provide the necessary elements for the
continued survival of the entire global
ecosystem.
Robert Zollner was a professor of
forestry at Clemson Universiry specializing in
the ecology of Sowhern Appalachian hardwoods
until lus retirement in 1988.
f'~U.. 1989
�LIVING GREEN
<O Christoph and Mary-Clayton Endcrlein
The Oreen Movement is more than 1 political ideology because Green vallltS also involv~ how we live every
day. This list is for thl>se who have lhe "Green Spirit" and would like IO i~rponlle II further tnlO _daily
living...Only by activating the ilel1IS on lhis list, can our grea1-grea1-grea1 gra~c~1ldren have an opponunuy.
interacl directly wilh lhe grea1 whales, lhe elephanlS. the ravens, lhe wolves. This hs1 was created by Interspecies
Communication board member ChrisU>ph Enderlein and his wife Mary-ClaylOll. Feel free IO copy. bul do llOl change
i1 wilhoul permission.
'°
Recycle paper, glass, and metals
.
Recycle motor oil, dispose of hazardous waste responsibly
Use cloth diapers
Reuse egg cartons and paper bags
Avoid using styrofoam
.
Avoid disposable plates, cups, utensils
Use rags instead of paper towels
.
Use paper bags, not pa~r towels to drain ~se
Give away rather than dispose of unneeded nems
IO. Use the back of discardable paper for scratch paper
11. Be responsible and creative with leftover food
12. Use the water from cooking vegetables to make soup
13. Mend and repair rather than discard !llld replace
14. Invest in well-made functional clothing
15. Buy bulk and unpackaged rather than packaged ~oods
16. Purchase goods in reusable and recyclable containers
17. Buy organic, pesticide-free foods
18. Avoid highly processed foods
19. Eat foods from low on the food chain
20. Compost your food scraps
21. Grow your own food (even small kitchen gardens)
22. Volunteer to start or help with a community garden
23. Suppon your local food co-ops
24. Discover where the foods and goods you buy come from
25. Buy locally grown produce and other foods .
26. Use glass and steel cookware rather~ alu1TU11um
27. Volunteer to maintain local parlts and wilderness
28. Buy living Christmas trees
29. Plant trees in your community
30. Learn about the plants and animals in your re~on
31. Discover your watershed and work to protect II
32. Oppose the use of roadside defoliants in your area
33. Use non-toxic, biodegradable soaps and cleansers
34. Use non-toxic pest control
35. Don't buy products tested on animals
36. Keep hazardous chemicals in spillproof containers
37. Put m a water conserving shower head
38. Take shoner showers
39. Tum off the water while you brush your te~th
40. Put a water conservation device on your toilet
41. Learn where your waste and sewage goes
42. Learn where the energy for your home comes from
43. Suppon your local utility's conservation programs
44. Hang your clothes out to dry
45. Be sure your home is appropriately insulated
46. Weather-seal your home thoroughly
47. Heat your home responsibly, with renewable energy
48. Don't bum green wood
49. Choose the longterm investment of solar energy
50. Tum off lights when not in use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ta!!.1989
Drawing by Rob Messi<:lr.
51. Tum down your hot water heater
52. Lower your thcnnostat and wear warmer clothes
53. Buy energy efficient elccuical appliances
54. Keep your car engine well tuned
55. Drive a fuel-efficient car that uses unleaded gas
56. Walk, bicycle, carpool, and use public transponation
57. Shop by phone first, then pick up your purchases
58. Use rechargable batteries
59. Research socially-responsible investments
60. Suppon local credit unions
.
61. Suppon local shops and restaurants. not chruns
62. "Adopt a grandparent" from the local senior center
63. Volunteer to cook for senior citizens
64. Provide for children in need
65. Hold a community potluck to meet your neighbors
66. Pick up liner along highways and near your home
67. Sponsor a clothes swap
68. Become involved with community projects and events
69. Organize or panicipate in community spons
70. Be responsible for the values you express
71. Educate yourself on global and "Third World" issues
72. Participate in sister city and cultural exchanges
73. Learn about the cultural diversity in your region
74. Work for global peace
75. Learn how your legislators vote, let them know your views
76. Be an active voter and anend town meetings
77. Vote for candidates who support green values
78. Become involved with your child's school
79. Encourage your child's natural talents and interests
80. Organize or join a toy co-op
81. Put toxic substances out of reach of children
82. Teach your children ecological wisdom
83. Listen to your children's needs and suppon their dreams
84. Discourage the use of violent toys in your household
85. Communicate openly with your co-workers and friends
86. Acknowledge someone who provides quality service
87. Work to understand people with different values
88. Be conscious of the struggles of oppressed people
89. Unlearn cultural sexism and racism
90. Acknowledge individual spirituality in yourself and others
91. Donate blood if your health permits
92. Explore ways to reduce the stress in your life
93. Practice preventive health care
94. Exercise regularly and eat wisely
95. Bring music and laughterinto your life
96. Learn about the medications you put in your body
97. Practice responsible family planning
98. Learn First Aid and emergency procedures
99. Take time to play, relax and go into nature
JOO.Decrease TV watching and increase creative learning
IOI.Have fun and be joyful!
JC.atiuah JournGt p!MJB 29
�Whether you are a New Age prosperity
afti m1a11onist or an idealistic pauper avoiding
guilt by association with money, either way you
look at it, inflation has deemed our dollars paper
symobls of wealth that does not exist. A
practical person cannot help but wonder how
long before the big balloon pops and blows all
our preny greenbacks away.
There is a low-level anxiety present
concerning our inflated economy which has
prompted many people 10 s1ockpile food. move
back to the land, and in many other ways be as
self-sufficient as possible.
This awareness is helpful in keepi ng us
on our 1oes and ready for change, which is
inevitable, even if it is unpredictable. However,
survivalist consciousness can be devastating if
you spend all your energy preparing for the fall
of the existing order and deny yourself the
bounty of the present, which is all we have
really got.
It seems important to balance respect for
the preseni solu1ion of problems within 1
he
world in which we live, however imperfect,
with a vision and steps LOward an economics
rooted in life.
Barter Fairs offer a deeply satisfyin g
eicperience for those who long to participate in a
tangible, life-oriented exchange system, where
true value is considered.
As an example, here is a trade I witnessed
at a Saner Fair in Idaho a few years ago:
George had an anvil that Dennis wanted,
but all Dennis had brought to trade were
moccasins, which George did not need. Dennis
kept coming back to George longing for that
anvil, which George could not find anybody
else to take. Meanwhile, George had found
some gorgeous jewelry he could not live
without, and in talking to the crafter he
discovered that she was looking for some
footwear. George told her about Dennis. They
did a threesome, and the goods shifted hands.
All three lightened !heir loads and left richer.
Ideally the three people involved in the
trade did not translate their goods into money
value and compare their worth that way. They
each il~d a.a abundance of something of which
they no longer had a need and convened it into
something they preferred to carry around with
them. The anvil may have been worth $150
new, but to George it was just unused heavy
baggage. Those jewels might have carried a
hefty price tag at a craft fair. but since George
had such a yearning gaze and such an open
smile, the artist easily chose to exchange them
for Dennis' moccasins, which could never have
been sold for so much money, but fit her feet
like her own skin, to her infinite comfort and
delight.
BARTER
FAIR
All judgement on money ethics aside,
bartering goods and services without the value
translation of money is a stimulating,
heart-warming, and enlightening activity. The
true value of things is discovered to be
subjective. The shifting of a fair full of items to
their most valuing recipients is wondrous in its
unfoldment; the grounds for transfer are
infinitely variable.
The phenomenon of the modem American
Bane. Fair originated in the Pacific Northwest, a
r
region with a well-developed bioregional
awareness and a strong emphasis on
self-sufficiency . The fairs are held
semi-annually. The autumn fairs, coinciding
with harvest season, are heavier on agricultural
produce. In the spring, people bring more
handmade items produced during the long
winter. Both fairs are rich in reunions of
friends, music-malting. sitting around campfires
late into the night, and all the peripheral activitiCl>
of the time and place.
Barter Fairs are different than flea
markets, although many people do bring used
clothes, tools, and other goods to trade. They
are more akin to the county fairs in the country.
There is a spirit of festivity and pride in personal
accomplishment and a sense of the bounty that
comes of humanity working with nature. They
are a celebration of the fruits of this union within
a region of Earth.
There is no reason I can see that Saner
Fairs need to remain unique to the Northwest.
Our southern highlands, historically short on
money and high on resourcefulness, seem
naturally suited to generate and support this kjnd
of community celebration and self-sufficiency.
Barter Fairs carry on a spirit with ancient
roots in prehistoric times, when wandering
tribes periodically gathered together in great
council circles to define and experience their
cultural autonomy. During later agric ultural
periods fairs continued to stir human souls.
Now in the age of K-Mart when you can hardly
find a service station for your car, and pliers fall
apart after one use, it is especially good to come
together to celebrate our connectedness and
support each other in our skills. Barter Fairs in
Katuah will breed a healthy blend of personal
pride and community empowennent.
(Anyone with ideas on a good location to
hold a Baner Fair in Kat1'ui11, please contact me.
The main considerations are a flat place large
enough to accommodate camping, parking, and
trading for l ()() or so barterers and some daytime
visitors; a good water source; and reasonable
access by larger vehicles.)
- Morgan Swann
wrire clo KatUahJournal,
orcaU (704)298-1770
'1\iaee, '1Wll~l 'Nat\Jri\ls
KRLRNU
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f'at!, !989
�The dates are set. The location is chosen.
The Fourth Norch American Bioregional
Congress (NABC IV) will be held August
19-26, 1990 in the Gulf of Maine Bioregion on
the shores of Lake Cobboosseecontee ("where
the sturgeon leap" in the Penobscot language)
just west of Augusta, Maine and the Kennebec
River.
This Congress finds the bioregional
movement at a critical juncture. The burgeoning
ecological crisis is going to test the depth of the
movement's commilment. The stakes are high,
and while Third World countries are currently
taking the brunt of the ecologicar impact, we 100
feel the
pressur~
here in North America
a.~
the
fortes maintaining industrial society struggle 10
keep their power.
But times of crisis are also times of
change. What we are witnessing could possibly
be the last days of induscriaJ civilization. A great
deal depends on what we do in the decade
ahead. The bioregional movement could be at
the pivot point of a great change, or it could end
up as just another bit of flotsam sucked down
the tubes. The values we hold to and the actions
we take are what will decide. At NABC IV we
will have an opportunity to clearly state those
values and decide how we will put those values
into action.
Excerpt from World Charter for Nature
NABC IV
The Eanh is calling to us. Are we ready to
listen?
A delegation of bioregional folks from ·the
Kaulah province will crave! to the Gulf of Maine
for the NABC IV. We would like to see the
Southern Appalachians well-represented at the
Congress. Make plans now if you are interested
in attending.
For information on the forming Katuah
delegation, contact:
K011"1h Journlll
Box 638
Leicester, NC
Kanlah Province 28748
(704) 683-1414
For information on the Congress, contact:
Gulf of Maine Biorcgional Network
61 Maine St.
Brunswick, ME
Gulf of Maine Bioregion 04011
• Leopold, Aldo; A Sund Country Almanac; Oxford;
Oxford University Press, 1949
• Lovelock, J.E.; Goio: A New look at Life on
Earth; Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979
A Shon List of Sources and References on
Biodiversity and Habirat Relevant to the
Southern Appalachian Forest
• Margolin, Malcolm; The Earth Manual: I/ow to
Work on Wild Land Wi1hou1 Taming /1, Berkeley:
Heyday Books, 1985
• Berger, John J.: Restoring the Earth: /low
Americans An Working to Renew our Damaged
Environment; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986
• Maser, Chris; Tht Redesigned Forest: San
Pedro, CA; R. & E. Miles, 1988
• Berry, Thomas. Tile Dream of 1h11 Ear1h; San
Francisco; Sierra Club Books, 1988
• lfuxton, Barry and Melinda Crutchfield, eds.:
Tiie Great Fores/: An Appalachian Story: Boone, NC;
Appalachian Consortium Press, 1985
• Cooley, James L, and Jane H. Cooley, eds.;
Natural Divtrsi1y in Fores/ Ecosystems: Proceedings of
tht Workshop: Alhens; Institute of Ecology, University
of GA. 1984
• Frome, Michael: Strangers in lligh Places;
Knoxville, TN: University or Tennessee Press, 1966
• Gordon. Lorimer C.: S1and flis1ory and
Dynamics of a Southern Appalachian Virgin Forts/; Ph.
D. dissenation, Duke University DepL of Forestry and
Environmental Studies, 1977
• Harris, Larry D.; Tht Frogmenltd Forest: Island
Biogeogrophy Theory and 1he Prtstrvo1ion of Bio1ic
Diversi1y; Chicago, IL: University or Chicago Press,
1984
• Jackson, Laura; Moun1oin Treasures al Risk;
Washingion, DC; The Wilderness Society, 1989
• Kulhavy, D. L., and R. N. Conner,
eds.;Wi/derntss and Natural Artas in Eas1ern United
States: A Monogtmenl Chai/tinge; Nacogdoches, TX;
Stephen F. Austin State University, 1986
1"titL, I 989
• Ma.stran, Shelley Smith and Nan Lowerre;
Mountaineers and Rangers: A flis1ory of Federal Fores1
Monagemenl in 1he Sowhern Appalachians. 1900-1981:
Washingion, DC; US Dcpan.mcnt of Agriculture, 1983
• Michaux, F.A.; Travels 10 tht Westward of 1he
Alleghany Moun1oins in the States of Oliio. Kentucky,
and Tennessee in 1he Year 1802; London; Barnard and
Sulizer, 1805
• Myers, Normnn Or., gen. ed.; Goia: An Atlas of
PIOlll!tory Monagtmem: New York; Anchor Books, 1984
• Nash, Roderick F.; The Righ1s of Nature: A
History of Environmental E11iics: Madison; University of
Wisconsin Press, 1989
• Norse, Elliot A.; Conserving Biological
Diversiry in Our National Fortsis; Washington. DC; The
Wilderness Society, 1986
• Norton, Bryon G., ed.; Tht Preservation of
Species: Tht Value of Biological Diversity; Princeton,
NJ; Princeion University Press. 1986
• Pringle, Laurence and Jan Adkins; Chains,
Webs, & Pyramids: Tht Flow of Energy in Na1ure; New
York; Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975
• Raven, Pete.r H.; The Global Ecosys1em in
Crisis; Olicago:The MacAnhur Foundation, 1987
Adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly
(9 Nov 1982)
".... I. Nature shaU be respected and iis essential processes
shall not be impaired.
2. The genetic vinbility on the earth shnll not be
compromised; lhe population levels or all life forms, wild
and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their
survival, and to this end necessary habitaL~ shall be
safcguan:lcd.
3. All areas or the canh. both land and sen, shall be
subject to these principles of conservation; special protection
shall be given to unique areaS, to representative samples of
nil the different types or ecosystems and to lhe habitats or
rare or endangered species.
4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land,
marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by
humans. shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum
sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to
endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species
wilh which they coexist.
5. Nature shall be secure.<! against degradation caused by
warfare or other hostile activities.
6. In lhe decision-making process it shall be recognized
lhat humans' needs can be met only by ensuring the proper
functioning or natural systems and by respecting the
principles set forth in the present Chnner...."
This UN Charter can serve as a starting point for
local areas and regions to draft their own Charter for
Nature. Legally recognizing the rights of other
species is a critical step in bringing our species' syslem
more in balance with the Life systems in which we
pa rt id pate.
If you would like a copy of the entire UN
Charter, send a SASE to: Mamie Muller, Katuah
Journal, P.O. Box 638, Leicester, NC 28748 Katuah
Province.
Please keep us in touch with your efforts. Ho!
• Seed. John, Joanna Macy, et al.; Thinking Wee
A Moun1oin: Towards A Council Of All Beings:
Philadelphia; New Society Publishers, 1988.
• Shands. William E. and Robert G. Healy; Thti
Lands Nobody Won1ed: Washington, DC; The
Conservation Foundation, 1977
• Shands, William E., and John S. Hoffmnn, eds.:
The Greenhouse Ef!u1. Climate Change, and U.S.
Fores1s; Washington, DC; The Conservation
Foundation, 1987
• Spurr, Stephen H., and Bunon V. Barnes; Forts/
Ecology {3rd edition); New York; Wiley and Sons,
1980
• United States Congress: Technologies to
Main1ain Biological Diversity; Washingum, DC; Office
ofTechnology Assessment, 1988
• United States Department of Agricult.ure, Forest
Service, Southern Region; Atlanta, GA; Land and
Resource Monagtmenl Plans and Final Environmenlal
Impact S101emen1s:
C!Jauaboochee-Oconec National Forests
(Georgia), 1985
Cherokee National Forests (Tennessee), 1986
Nantahala-Pisgah National Forests (North .
Carolina), 1987
• Wharton, Charles H., and Harvey L. Ragsdale;
The Values of Unmanaged Notional Fores1s in 1he
Sou1hern Appalachians; Atlanta, GA; The Georgia
Conservancy. 1983
�evenrs
SEPTEMBER
19-22
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Parkways, Greenways, Riverways: The Way
More Beautiful" linear parks conference. lnt.crdisciplinary
discussion of al1ematives to preserve the scenic landscape
againsl development, pollution, billboards, and
commercialism. Sponsored by the Appalachian
Consonium. Great Smokies Hilton. Regis1rotion: $~25.
For more info., call (704) 262-2064.
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HOT SPRINGS, NC
"Walking Gently on the EartW' ~
with John and Penelope Youngb L
J
ynam1cs o evo UJ1on a t. e I ig so~ 't,.;p "
psych_ology ...a new evolutionary mysn.~sm.
Reading: The Dream of the Ewth b~ Tf":mas
Berry. SI 10. Sou~ern Dharma RylrQal C\\J'te~ RL ).
°·
/
(
OCTOBER ,
~
·
C,f{EROKEE, NC
Cherpkee Indian Fall Festival. Crafts, dance,_
stickball, archery, blowguns. exhibi~. midway. o..ilyadm~n: $3. A,! lhe Indian Ccremon,il\l Grounps.
3_7
Box 34-H; Hol Spnngs, NC 28743
t~
¥"' \ ) ,/
V--V \~
ASHEVILE NC
P
Child ~musical fantaS al>oul children
.
•
. .
eace th •
\, Y1
bnngmg peace to c world. Thomas ,vohe Audiionum.
Advance: S6 aaulls, $4 children and sr. citizens. Door: $7
d SS ~ . (704)
_
684 5530
an
·1
n
"I~ ~his r_etreat we will explore togetJ1er n
spmtual1ty of the Earth 1n harmony_w1
· if
J ·
nd h ·nS· hff ,, ~th
d
22-24
r
~
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MORGANTON, WV
"
John Henry Blues feStiv#. ~usic,
workshops, theaLCr, more. Greer P•vill~. W~ver (
Park. Contact: Ed Cabbell; John HeorWl
SQl\iety;
Box 1172; Morgantown, WV 26507. 0fl4)~9 60?.
ASHEVILLE, NC
'11ie 'Dream of the 'Eartli.
'I1iomas 'Berry, autlwr of '11U '1>rtam
'Eart/i, 'flli{! sfum with us his concerns a6out mu
pfanet anti What fu means 6y "reinventin9 tk
fuiman at tk species kveC. 9:00 AM Iii Noon. Al
the Jubilee! Community Ccmer, 46 Wall StrccL For
more info, caJJ Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414.
23
ASHEVILLE, NC
African Drumming Workshop with Darrell
Rose. Noon 'ti! 3 pm. S20. At Troy Set7.ler's For
directions and info.: (704) 683·3405.
Evening African Drum performance with
Darrell Rose and Michael Saleen. Al Stone Soup, 9 pm.
FINCASTLE, VA
Firsl Annual Southeastern Men's Conference,
"Male Initiation and Isolation· wilh poet Rohen Bly,
James Hillman, Michale Meade (storyteller and musician
in the Ccllic tradition). and John Stokes, tracker.
Jn the post the "emotional bodies" of men were directly
ae1iva1ed by the interaction with elders, grand/others, and
mentors...What happens when the grandfathers are
aistant? ...How to hold to the duryofa father and not lose
the passion of a son? ...How to explore the rage, grief.
s'lro.me, anger, and joy inherent in the male psyche?
Registration: $450. For more info, wriie Fred Stephens;
'Box ~2; Raleigh, NC. or call Doug Lcaster(919)
782-2900.
·FILLED·
Write to bll put on mailing Ii.st for next year.
1
5-JS
MADISON, VA
"Wilddmcss Leaming Quest" - exploring lhe
viild, exploring ~e self. Sl60. Sevenoaks Pathwork
Center; Rt. I, BOX'~; Madison, VA 22n1.
17-20
'°6-8
JONESJWROUGl:f, TN
NAP~S Na~al Sl~rytelling Pe$,tival
fcaturirig mllJly famous nam~ in story·tellirjg. S5°'adull
»<>j·membets, S2S chi\dtt.n, $125 f~milie$. For ~re
inp>.• write f4ation3J AssQciailon for th~ Pn:se._rvalion &l\d
pcrpc1uati6o of Storytelll{lg: Box.__309; Joni;s,boroug~ .
37659foc call
~l~ 75~·2171.
- )
™
23
14-19
!p'tOXVl,LLE, TN
~nnual mecling of the Natural Areas
Assoc!lidon, \lllldentlal land conservation and restoration
organization. The fust day of the meeting will be devOLCd
1o th~lJibila.t of'lhe Soulhem Appalachian Mountains.
PulilcffiiViteb.. Hrau Regency Hotel. Contact J. Ralph
JordaJ;\TV ~; Norris, TN 37S2S (615) 494-9800.
.,_)
I
20.22
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
The Black Mountain Fall Festival wilh
,.s
lRASSTow ll, NC
~
/ ,.....
Vassar Clements, Allen Fontenot and the Country
Fall Festival al the JobD C. Campbj)ll Folk
dljuns. Roy Bookbinder, Rhythm in Shoes (step dance),
SchooL-'Mus)c. craftS, country danci1,1g. · )ohn._C.
• and more. Grey Eagle and Friends; Box 216; Black
Campbell Follc Sch09l; Brasstown, ~c· 28906,
Mountafo, NC 28711.
11·15
H.IGHLANDS, NC
20-22
HOT SPRINGS, NC
"Visual EnvironmentaHsm· photography
"The Song of Creation al Harvest Time•
workshop in the field and in lhe dnrkroom wilh Robert
harvest celebration in the Jewish tradition with Lynn
Glenn Kelchum and Michael Wilder. $250 includes
Goulieb, storyteller and rabbi of the Nahalat Shalom
lodging. Appalachian Environmental Ans Center: Box
Community, Albuquerque, NM. SI LS. Sou.them Dharmn
5SO; Highlands, NC 28741. (704) 526-4303.
Relreal Center. See 9/22·24.
12
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
WomnnSong at McDibbs. "Socilll concern
through harmony." S3. 119 Cherry St. (704) 669-24S6.
27
ASHEVILLE, NC
Thomas Berry will give the sermon at the
Equinox service of the Jubilee! Community. Service
begins at llAM 46 Wall S1rcc1. {704) 252-5335
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Mountain Sweet Talk" - a lwo-acl play with
the Folktellcrs, Barbara Freeman and Connie
Rcgan-B lake. The Folk Art Center Theater. Thursdays
lhru Saturdays - S pm: Sundays - 3 pm. TickctS: SS
advance from Malaprop's; SIO dooc. Reservations, cnll
(704) 25S-l l 13.
29- LO/I
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Restoring Biodiversity in the
Southern Appalachians: A Strategy for
Survival" conference on mountain habitat
13-19
24
NEW MARKET, TN
STP (Slop the Poisoning) School al the
Highlander Center. Tactics, strategy, and networking for
those working to stop industrial pollulion. Pre-register.
Call Highlander at (615) 933-3443.
30
CULLOWREE, NC
Moumain Heritage Day at WCU campus.
Clogging, shape-note singing, exhibils, crafts, food,
musical events, kids' shows. For more info, call (704)
227-72ll.
30-10/l
SWANNANOA, NC
Women's class on Jamaican culwral ceremony
with Rev. Queen Mother Azula. For more info, call:
(704) 29S-3935. The Eanh Center; 302 Old Fellowship
Rd.; Swannanoa, NC 28776
12-29
HI GHLANDS, NC
"Praying Feel and Dirty Hands"
Intergenerational Peace Conference led by Stepanie
Nichols. Carol Powers (The Peace Network) and Bob
Alpern. Programs on US/USSR cooperation, connict
resolution and non-violence, overcoming slrCeotypcs,
more - "leading people into action." SSS includes meals
and lodging. The Mountain Camp and Conference
CenLCr; 841 Highway 106; Highlands. NC 2S741. (704)
526-5S3S.
14
AS HEVILLE, NC
"Danger Down Under" groundwnter pro1CCli011
workshop. Health risks, citizen action, simulations.
Keynote: Larry and Sheila Wilson of Highlander Center.
S:30-4:00. Owen Conference Center, UNCA.
Pre-register: S15 to Clean Water Fund of North Carolina:
l lS Person St.; Raleigh, NC 27602. For more info, call:
(704)251-0518.
(Sec ad on back cover.) Pre-registration: S20 to
"Resloring Biodiversity..." c/o Box 233; Hot Springs,
NC 28743. For more info, call: (704) 251-6441.
27
ASHEVILLE, NC
Earth First! Road Show with Dakou Sid nnd
Roger Featherstone. Music and rabble-rousing. Stone
Soup, Broadway and Walnut. al S:OO pm. $4.
28
ASHEVILLE, NC
"For All Things Wild" Forest
Rescue Action Workshop. Strategy meeting
for activists wishing to help defend and restore
Appalachian habitat. (See ad on back cover.)
Pre-regiStration: SS to "For All Things Wild" c/o Elmer
Hall; Box 233: Hot Springs, NC 28743. For more info..
call: (704) 29S-3325 (ExL 250).
Drawing by Rob Messick
f"aCC., l 989
�10-12
28
4
ASHEVILLE, NC
·wt1d In the Str••h: The Feral
Q.all· Do.-..:• with Grondmother o"d
Strow
Com•
c::o&-tutT\ed
o.s
your
Q,...
BLACK MOUNTAIN , NC
David Wilcox, vinuoso local songwriter, at
McDibbs. S4. See 10/12.
fovortt•
~"·"'• onlmal or bird ... or .som•tN""S
10-12
MADISON, VA
"Living the Sacred Round: Lessons from the
Medicine Wheel.• Sevenoaks Pa!hwork Center, see
1W15-18.
wlldl
B 00 """" Loccrtlon to be c:>l'V'C>unc:.ed
10-12
CAMP NEW HOPE, NC
Celebrating the Dream ofthe Eanh
Earth, isn't this whaJ you want
28-29
WA YNESVlLLE, NC
"Chi Kung: An Ancient Taoist Mysiery" with
Ellen Hines of the Chinese Acupuncture and Herbology
Clinic, Asheville, NC. S50 includes room and board.
Contact S1il-Light Retreat Center; Rt. I, Box 326;
Waynesville, NC 28786 (704) 452-4569
NOVEMBER
4
FLETCHER, NC
"Improving and Maintaining Soil Fertility," a
conference sponsored by the Carolina Farm Stewardship
Assocuiuon. $15 includes lunch. For more info., call
Fairglen Farms (704)252-4414.
invisibly to arise in us?
11
(Rilke)
Reflecting the key Lhemes of Thomas
Berry. the conference will focus on the cerebral
as well as ki11esthetic interpretations of the
Dream of the Earth. With Miriam Therese
MacGillis, Amy Hannon, Marnie Muller, and
others. Workshops include: "Evolutionary
Remembering," "Exploring the Dream through
Movement and Sound." Annual Conference of
the Center for Reflection on the Second Law.
Info: CFRSL; 8420 Camellia Dr.; Raleigh, NC
27612
Cost: $9.50, includes postage
(NC residents please add S~ sales tax.)
raU,1989
CELlNA, TN
TN Alternative Growers Assoc. Fall
Conference. Includes soil improvement and backyard fruit
production. At Sta.nding Stone State Park. info: (615)
232-7777.
DECEMBER
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
Mike Cross at McDibbs. Shows at 8 and 10
pm Tickets SIO in advance. See 10/12.
..
...
Please specify size: Sm.. Med., Lg., X-Lg.
11·19
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
Livingston Taylor at McDibbs. Shows at 8
an 10 pm. Tickets SS in advance. Sec 10/12.
15-17
Beer & Wine Making
Supplies
•: Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains :.
In the traditional Cherokee Indian belier. the
creatures in the world LOday are only diminuitive forms of
the mythic beings who once inhabited lhe world, but
who now reside in Galuna'li, the spirit world, lhe highest
heaven. But a few of the original powers broke through
the spiritual barrier and exist yet in the world as we know
it These beings arc called with reverence "grandfathers".
And of !hem, the sirongest are Kanali, the lightning, lhe
power or the sky; Utsa'nati, the rattlesnake, who
personifies the power of the eanh plane; and Yunwi Usdi,
"lhe little man•, as ginseng is called in the sacred
ceremonies, who draws up power from lhe underworld.
Each is lhe sirongest power in its own domain.
Together !hey arc aJJies: tJ1cir energies complement each
other 10 form an even grcatct power. As medicine allies,
they represent the healing powers of the Appalachian
Mountains.
The medicine powers of Katuah have been
depicted in a striking T-shin design by Ibby Kenna.
Printed in 4-color silkscreen by Ridgerunncr Naturals on
top quality, aU-couon shins, they are available now in
all adult sizes tllrough the Kal:mu bioregional mail-order
supplier.
Order shirts from: KRLANU
Box 282; Sylva, NC
KatW!h Province 28779
SWANNANOA, NC
Marketing Alternative Crops seminar at
Warren Wilson College. Call Fairglen Farms (704)
252-44 14 for more info.
2
Natural Foods
rt'.ED'LC'LN'.E A.LL'L'.ES
WAYNESVILLE, NC
Weekend Meditation Retreat with Dorothy
Abbenhouse, president of the Theosophical Society in
America. $60. Stil-Light Retreat Center. See 10/28-29.
Vitamins & Supplements
Wheat, Salt,
& Yeast-Free Foods
Dairy Substitutes
•: Hair & Skin Care Products
111
200 West Kina Street. Boone NC 28607
\.•
'\..,_
704-264-5220
~~':"'
WAYNESVILLE, NC
Discussion and practice of "The Yoga Sutras
of Patanjali" wilh Leon Frankel. $60. Stil-Light Retreat
Center. See 10/28-29.
224'. broadway
ashcvi.lle. n.c
288o1
704-252-8404
=•
Ill
..
carolina costume
compaey
_J~ .._________________,
1
=-~
MOON
Gilts of Celebration
(EARTHWAY BOOKSTORE)
Books • New Age Music
Wildcrafted Herbal Producu
Gemstones • Unique Cards
Magazines • & More
WATER PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT
SOLAR PRODUCTS
Member NC Water Ouallly Assoeiallon
RANDALL C. LANIER
704-293-5912
HWY. 107
RT . 68 BOX 125
CULLOWHEE, NC 28723
(704) 264-7242
315 E. King Street, Boone NC 28607
e1ti11ese .,4(11p1111(/11re
DESIGNS
111tli
Jler/Jp/gl/I e/iHi(
by Rob Messick
lllustralion & Design
in Pen & Ink and Colored Pencil
P O Box 2601 • soone. NC 28607 • 1704)754-0097
78 EMT CMESTNUT STREET
AS>il:VIU.E. NC 28801
704 2S8-llOl6
M.C. M.VEBE. M.S., Ao.0.
UC. ACUPl.INCT\JRIST
EU.£H Hll<ES M.Ac.. ¥ M.
UC. ACUPUNCTIJRIST
�LEAD TESTS • Is your plumbing leaching
poi.~onous lead into your drinkingwatcr? Find out
for sure • lead-testing kit from the non-profit Clean
Water Fund of NC. All you need for Sl2. Send a
check w/ name and address to CWF: 138 E.
Chestnut St.; Asheville, NC 28801
MOCCASINS, handcrafted of elkhide in the
traditional Plains Indian style. Water-resistant,
rcsolable, and rugged - great for hiking! Children's
and infant sizes available. Write: Blue Feather
Moccasins; Box 931; Asheville. NC 28802. or caU
Patrick Clark at (704) 253-5047.
BLIGHT RESISTANT CHESTNUT - hybrid
American/Chinese Dunstan chestnut lJ'CCS - blight
resistant, limber growth form, productive orchard
crop with large, sweet easily-peeled nuts. Chestnut
Hill Nursery: Rt. I, Box 341-K; Alachua, FL
32615 (904) 462-2820
APPLE TREES - old-timey and popular
contemporary varieties on standard, semi-, or dwarf
stock. Send SASE for prices: Jeff Poppen: Long
Hungry Creek Nursery; Red Boiling Springs. TN
37150.
UNION ACRES, an alternative community for 20
families based on principles of stewardship,
equality, consensus, and simplicity. Spaces
available. Apply to Caroline Grant: Rt. I, Box
61-J; Whittier, NC 28789 or call (704) 497-4964.
ADOPT-A-TREE. Trees are the great conservators
of the planeL The Adopt-A-'Ire.e program will help
malce the vital connection between individual people
and individual trees. Donations accepted. For more
info. write to Box 144, Sugnr Grove, NC 28679
CHRISTIAN MA TCH-A-FRlEND seeks to bring
together Christian men & women. Interested
persons, advenisc free. We arc non-profit. For
information please send a self-addressed envelope io:
Gospel Ministry. P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN
37717.
RENEWAL PROGRAMS- I provide individual and
corporate renewal programs for businesses &
organizations interested in healing themselves and
providing empowerment 10 others. Write: Kathie
Pieper c/o Pieper Associates, Rt. I, Box 238
Waynesville, NC 28786.
NEEDED: CHJLD-LOVING PERSON who loves
Lo be a nanny and housekeeper for my four
children. Hours, wages negotiable. Rm. and bd.
available. Asheville area. Call Morgan (704)
689-5382.
NEW AGE - group forming. All interested in
shnring about spirit to spirit communication,
channeling, visualization, healing, chakras, tarot,
etc. Emphasis on spiril and our connecLion lo
Mother Earth, visualizing positive growth and
nunuring. ConUICt Theresa C&rlson, 7501 Ruic Rd.,
Knoxville, TN 37920.
PEPPERLAND offers a variety of outdoor education
programs for church, school, or civic groups
year-round. We will help you design a program for
your group. Send for information packet to:
Pepperland Farm camp: Star Route; Farner, TN
37333.
"THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT' - a complete
rcpon on our changing environment for the next 60
years. $17.00 poslpaid, or write for more
information. Lorien House, POB 1112, Black
Mountain, NC 28711-1112.
APPALACHJAN GINSENG CO. ·stratified seeds,
seedlings, roots. Send for price list to: P.O. Box
547; Dillsboro, NC 28725.
DRUMS ·Custom handcrafted ceramic dumbecks &
wooden medicine drums. Call Joe Roberts at (704)
258-1038 or write 10: 738 Town Mountain Rd.:
Asheville, NC 28804.
THE PEOPLE OF THE ONE SONG - booklet of
stories and poems that tell of the people's dreams,
rituals, roles, and relationships from the arthetypal
memory of the past, present, and future. S3 to
Colleen Redman: One Song Scribe; Box 634;
Floyd. VA 24091.
MOON DANCE FARM HERBALS - herbal salves,
tinctures, & oils for birthing & family health. For
brochure, please write: Moon Dance Farm; RL I,
Box 726: Hampton, TN 37658
WOMANSONG - ongoing choral group forming.
Songs of beauty, meaning spirit, fun, peace,
cooperation, sisterhood. Come and sing! Mon.
evenings, 7:30-9, Asheville, NC. (704) 254-7068.
X-citUah Jo1mmL pci9e 34
SEA KAY AKlNG - Come enjoy peace and
solitude traveling with the rhythms of the sea.
Classes. day trips, overnight tours, custom charters.
Kayak/Sail boat tours to the Bahamas. Kayak tours
to Costa Rica. For more information contact:
Chnrlie Reeves, Sea Level Inc. POB 478 Tybee
Island, GA 31328 (912)786-5853
ORGANIC HONEY - Tulip Poplnr, Sourwood
and WildOowcr. From Patrick County, Virginia. No
chemicals. no white sugar, no heat, ever Strained
through cheesecloth and packed in heavy glass
canning jars. For a 4-oz. sample of our premium
sourwood and our catalog, send $4 to: Wade
Buckholts & Megan Phillips; Route 2. Box 248:
Stuart, VA 24171. (703) 694-4571
LO cook
NAMASTE FAMILY needs brothers and sisters to
join us in Lovi~g. Giving, Growing. Send Sl2
donation for writings and videotape to Namast~
Family; RR2, Box 578: Barnstead, NH 03225.
THE WATAUGA LAND AND WATER
CONSERVANCY • is a not-for-profit charitable
trust set up to protect the values and ecological
settings which sustain us both spiritually and
economically. If you are concerned about the purity
of the headwaters and watercourses, and the
preservation of wild and agricultural lands GET
INVOLVED. Write to Quality Living Publications,
POB I, Valle Crucis, NC 28691
"MAGIC AFTERNOONS" - for children at the
Unitarian Church of Asheville. An an program with
Linda Metzner in music, Norma Bradly in visual
arts, and Barrie Barton in creative movemenL It
begins Sept.ember 18th. Call 254-7068 for details.
NATURE LOVERS' COMMUNITY· Christians
only. SIOOO gives you life time ownership rights
on .5 acres. Whole prope.n y consists of 45 acres of
wooded calm and privacy. Write: Gospel Ministry,
P.O. Box 654, Clinton, TN 37717.
ITS THE ACHOO! SERVICE - Patch the clown
brings laughter and fun to the hospital. Join him
and the Gesundheit Institute at 2630 Roben Walwer
Place, Arlington, VA 22207 or (703) 525-8169.
PURE SORGHUM - and sorghum based desserts
toppings and chocolates. Handmade in the
Appalachian foothills. Free sorghum recipe brochure
send SASE. Candy sampler (2-KY Buckeyes &
2-Bourbon Balls) $2.00 postpaid. Golden Kentucky
Products, POB 246, Livingston, KY. 40445. (606)
453-9800.
MOUNTAIN DULCIMERS • made of black
walnut, red cherry, or maple. Tops available in
wormy chestnut, butlernut, sweetgum, sassafras,
western cedar and other woods. Contact: Mize
Dulcimer Company Rt. 2, Box 288, Bloumville,
TN. 37617 (615) 323-8489.
WEBWORKING is free. Send submissions to:
RHYTHM ALIVE • Handcrafted African- Style
Drums, workshops, learning tapes. drumbags. and
accessories. Please send SASE to Rhythm Alive! 85
Phenix Cove Rd. Weaverville, NC 28787 (704)
645-3911.
Drawing by Rob Messick
Kat1'ah Journal
P.O. Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
:r~u;.1999
�The Karuah Journal wants to communicate your thoughts and
feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them
to us as letters, poems, stories, anicles, drawings, or photographs,
etc. Please send your contributions to us at: Kattiah Journal; P. 0.
Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan1ah Province 28748.
The Winter 1989-90 issue of the Katuall Journal will be
concerned with the challenges and opponunities involved in
"Raising Children into a New Consciousness." We are interested in
hearing first-person stories, alternative schooling information,
children's resources (books, places to go. etc.), and any other
creative or pertinant ideas. Don't forget the canoons (kids love
canoons!).
BACK ISSUES OF KATUA H JOURNAL AVAILABLE
' ,!,!';;..,
~
~-
-
The Spring 1990 issue of the K atuah Journal will be
focusing o n "Wellness in the Mountains." We are looking for
information and articles on those who contribute to the healthful
quality of life in our southern mountains; especially through
accivities which promote self-responsibilicy and a high level of
wellness as the nonnal living state. A broad look at wellness might
include topics like stress management, spirirualfry, retreats and
adventures, service to others, Earth stewardship, having fun,
education, family and other relationships, fitness and nutrition, or
other areas of a satisfying lifestyle.
lncluded in the "Wellness" issue will be a directory of goods
and services related to wellness. There is no cost for a listing in this
directory. Please send in your name, practice, and a shon
explanation of your work or product, if you wish to be listed.
ISSUE EIGHT · SUMMER 198S
Celebration: A Way of Life · K.uuah 18,000
Ycan Ago • Sacred Sites - Folk Ans in lhe
Schools Sun Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems:
Hilda Downer - Cherokee Heritage Cenaer Who Owns Appalachia?
.
ISSUETHREE SPRING 1984
SUSllllJUlble Agricuhure - Sunflowcn - Human
lmpac1 on lhe ForcSI - Childtcns' Education
Veronica Nicholu:Woman in Polilics - Uule
People - Medicine Allies
ISSUE FOUR ·SUMMER 1984
Water Drum Water Quality • Kudzu • Solu
"i Eclipse · Clurcu1ung · Trout • Ooing IO Weier
~I Ram Pllmps . Microhydto - Poems: Bennie
Lee Sincl&ir, J1m Wayne Miller
ISSUE FIVE · FALL 1984
Harves1 • Old Ways m Chcrolt~ • Ginseng •
Nuclear Waste - Our Cehic Heritage Bioregionahsm: Put, Prucnt. and Future John Wilnoty Healing Oatkness • Politics of
Partlcipation
ISSUESIX - Wl.NTER 1984.SS
Winter SolsticG EAl'lh Ceremony - Horsepasturr
River - Coming of lhe Ligh1 - Log Cabin
Root• • Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop
- Williun Taylor . The Future of lhe Forw
ISSUE SEVEN • SPRING 1985
Sust1111able &:onomM:s • Hot Springs • Wortcr
Owncnhip - The Gru1 Economy • Seit Help
Credit Union • Wild Turltcy - Responsible
lnvCS1m1 • Working in lhc Web of Life
ISSUE NINE - FALL 1985
The Waldce Fo re11 - The Trees Speak Migrating Forats - Horse Logging - S1ar11ng a
Tree Crop · Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Mylh
ISSUE FIFTEEN - Spring 1987
Coverlets • Woman Forester • Susie McMahan
Midwife - Ahcmativc Contraception •
Bioscxuolity - Biorcgionalism and Women Oood Medicine: Mairi.=hal Culture . P1t1Jrl
LSSUE SIXTEEN - Summer 1987
Helen Waiae • Poem: Visions m a Garden Vi11on Ques1 • First Flow • ln1llllllon
Learning in lhc Wilderness • Cherokee
Olallcngc - "Valuing Trees"
Time
ISSUE TEN · WINTER 1985-86
Kate Rogers • Circles of Stone - lntemal
Mylhmalting • Holistic Healing on Trial •
Poems: Steve Knaulh - Mythic Places - The
Ulttcna's Tale - Crystal Magic •
ISSUE EIGHTEEN · Winier 1987-88
Vernacular Archiaecrure . Drcanu in Wood and
Stone • Mountain Home • Earth Energies •
Earth-Shchcied Living - Membrane Houses •
Brush Sheller • Poems: October DMsk. • Oood
Mcdic111C: "Shclaer"
~g·
ISSUE ELEVEN SPRING 1986
Community Planning • Cities and the
Bioregional Vision • Recycling · Community
GIJdenin&. Floyd CoWll}', VA - Guohol Two Bt0rcgional Views - Nuclear Supplement
Foxfire Gatnes • Oood Medicine: Visions
ISSUE THlRTEEN · Fall 1986
Cenaer For Awakening · Eliu.bclh Callari · A
Gentle Death • Hospice - Ernest Morgan Dealing Creatively wilh Oealh • Home Burial
Box • The Wake • The Raven Mocker •
Woodslore and Wildwoods Wisdom · Oood
Medicine: The Sweat Lodge
LSSUE FOURTEEN . Winier 1986-87
Uoyd Carl Owle • Boogcn and Mummers - All
Species Day • Cabin Fever University •
Homclca in Katuah - Homemade Hot Watu
Saovernalter's Narrative • Good Medicine:
lnaerspccics Communication
~UAt;)OURNAL
ISSUE NINETEEN - Spring, 1988
Perlcandra Gorden - Spring Tonics • Bluebarics
Wildnower Gardens - Granny Herbalist •
Flower Essences • '"The Origin of lhe Arumals ·
Saory • Oood Medicine: "Power" • Be A Tree
ISSUE TWEJIITY - Summer, 1988
Preserve Appalachian Wilderness - Hig)ilands
of Roan - Celo Community - Land Trust •
Arlhur Morgan School - Zoning hsuc • "The
Ridge" • Farmers l1ld lhe Farm Bill - Oood
Medicine: "Land" - Acid Rain - Duke's PowcT
Play • Cherok~ Microhydro Project
uve
Regular Membership........ $10/yr.
Sponsor.........................$20/yr.
Contributor .....................$50/yr.
Address
Enclosed is $
10 give
this ejforr an extra bOost
Zip
I can be a local contact
person for my area
Area Code
"'"'· 1989
Phone Number
ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR · Summer, '89
Deep Listening • Life in Atomic City - Di.reel
Action! · Tree of Peace - Community Building
Peacemakers • Ethnic Survival • Pairing
Projcc1 - "Baulesong· • Growing Peace in
Cultures - Review: The Chalice and the B/Dde
P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
Name
State
ISSUE TWENTY-THREE - Spring, t 989
Pisgah Village - Planet An • Green City •
Poplar Appeal - "Cl- Sky" • "A New Eanh"
Black Swan - Wild Lovely Days • Reviews:
Sacr('Jf land Sacred Sa, / cc A1e • Poem:
"Sudden TaOils"
lSSUETWENTY-ONE - FaU, 1988
Chestnuts: A Natunl History - Restoring lhc
Chestnut - "Poem of Preservation and PnUc"
Continuing lhe Quest - Forests and Wildlife
Chestnuts in Regional Diet • Chestnut
Resources • Herb Noie • Oood Medicine:
"Changes to Came" - Review: Wliue u1ends
For more info: call Mamie Muller (704) 683-1414
City
-·-
ISSUE TWENTY-TWO - Wintu, •gg.g9
Global Wanning - Fire This Time • Thomu
Berry on "Biorcgions" • Eanh Exercise • Kor~
Loy McWhirtcr - An Abundance of Emp1iness
LETS - Chronicles of Floyd • Derry Wood
The Bear Clan
Back Issues
Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _
Issue# _ _ @ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $_ _
Issue#_@ $2.50 $_ _
Complete Set (3-11, 13-16,
18-23)
@ $35.00 = $_ _
=
=
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 25, Fall 1989
Description
An account of the resource
The twenty-fifth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on biodiversity and habitat: forest ecosystem, old-growth forest, regional planning, forest devastation, black bears and Eastern panthers, and living green. Authors and artists in this issue include: Sam Gray, Robert Zahner, Laura E. Jackson, David Wheeler, Anna Muir, Julia Nunnally Duncan, Annelinde Metzner, Patrick Clark, Heather Blair, Chip Smith, Lee Kinnaird Fawcett, James Rhea, Rob Messick, Marnie Mikell, Patricia Claire Peters, Mary de La Valette, Sue Adams, Starfire Soledad, Christoph and Mary-Clayton Enderlein, and Morgan Swann, <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1989
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
The Great Forest by Sam Gray.......3<br /><br />Restoring the Old-Growth Forest by Robert Zahner.......5<br /><br />Regional Planning for Habitat Integrity by Laura Jackson.......8<br /><br />A Question of Value by David Wheeler.......10<br /><br />Closing the Gate on Forest Devastation by Ann Muir.......12<br /><br />Poem: "Sparrow Hawk" by Julia Nunnally Duncan.......13<br /><br />A Place for Bears: An Interview with Dr. Michael Pelton.......15<br /><br />Poem: "There Fell the Rain Healing" by Annelinde Metzner.......16<br /><br />Eastern Panther, Where Are You? by Patrick Clark.......17<br /><br />Oak Decline by Heather Blair.......19<br /><br />People and Habitat by Chip Smith and Lee Kinnaird Fawcett.......21<br /><br />Perpetual Wild Sanctuaries.......23<br /><br />Natural World News.......24<br /><br />Drumming.......26<br /><br />Living Green.......29<br /><br />Barter Fair.......30<br /><br />(Natural) Resources.......31<br /><br />Events Calendar.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Forest management--Appalachian Region, Southern
Human ecology
Black bear--Appalachian Region, Southern
Regional planning--Appalachian Region
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Acid Deposition
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Congress
Black Bears
Community
Ecological Peril
Economic Alternatives
European Immigration
Forest History
Forest Issues
Forest Practice
Geography
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Katúah
Poems
Politics
Reading Resources
Transportation Issues
Turtle Island
Wilderness
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/e8b264ef4ec25f6e96204d3ae515c995.pdf
da3b1c41e52d67bec48c8df227746edd
PDF Text
Text
/-�
�UAWURNAL
P.O. Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
Postage Paid
Bulk Mall
Permit #18
Leicester, NC
28748
�FromMountains to the Sea
uy uafMyczack........................•....•
1
Profile of a Southern Appalachian Watershed:
The Little Tennessee River
(An Interview with Dr. William Md.amcy)
rtcortkd by David Whttlu.....................3
Freshwater Canaries: The Spotfin Chub
b y William Mclarney.........••.•.........•..5
Mudwatch and Fmoount: The Environmental
Survey of the Little Tennessee
6
by William McLarnq.......................••
Headwaters Ecology and Blgh Quality Habitat
by Mary Kelly.........................•.••....?
"It All Comes Down to Water Quality"
by Mitlit Buchanan............................8
Water Power: Ac.tion for Aquatic Habitats.... IO
Dawn Watchers
uySncw Bear ................................ 11
Adventures on the River
uy uaf Myaack.............................12
Accessory toMurder: Watts Bar Lake and the
Public Trust
uy LeafMyczadr........•.........•......••...14
Poem: "Country S10re"
by Witliam MU/u...••.......•........•......14
The Nonh Shore Road: Environment or
Development in the Great Smokies
by Pmrick Clark..............................15
The Long Branch Composting Toilet
by Paul Gallimore ..•...............•.....•... 11
GoodMedicine: The Long Human Being....18
Katuah Sells Out!!
by Bud Young and Rodney Webb............ 19
Watershed Map of the Kauiah Province......20
Namral World News. ...........................22
Green Spirits: Karuah Rains
by Lte Barnts................................26
Off the Grid
uy Jim lloustr ...............................21
Drumming (Letters (O Katuah) .................28
Early Warning: The Gypsy Moth ls Coming!
uy Ed lytwack..•......•....•............•...30
Poem: "Unbound"
by Gaston Siniard............•........••.....31
Events.............................................36
Webworking.....................................38
TaUMint.u, 1990
FROM MOUNTAINS TO THE SEA
by LeafMyczack
It begins as dense, moist clouds riding
the prevailing winds 11p from the Gulf of
Mex.ico. Meeting the Corest updrafts from the
AppalachianMountains, the clouds release their
wet cargo over the rich forest below. The rain
drips to the ground through the leafy canopy,
seeps into the dark soil, gathers, and begins to
triclcJe down the mountain slopes. Ct is here
where the River is born. SmaJJ riwlets become
streams, splashing and tumbling down rock
strewn beds. When enough of these feeder
streams converge, creeks form, and Lhey in rum
•
receive additional aibutaries.
From the slopes of the old mountains of
Kanlah, the growing rivers bring their watery
gifis 10 the valley lands. But rivers do not lend
themselves to arbitrary beginnings. The health
of a river is the culmination of an ongoing,
cyclical process. The health of rivers depends
on atmospheric as well as ground conditions.
Sulfates, nitrates, and toxic gases are washed to
eanh in the form of acid rain. Here the
contaminated water combines with herbicide
residues used by forest abusers and with din
paniclcs from bulldozed land. The first stream
f ormed is already poisoned. Add industrial
chemicals, silt from road construction, salt
fertilizers, utility company herbicides, raw
sewage, and the result is a river much
diminished in itS capacity 10 suppon life. Even
before the rivers leave the Appalachian foothills,
their health is often severely compromised.
Most humans have forgouen that we arc
dependent on the interplay of all life. We think
we can clear the forest without harming the
river, or that we can diny the atmosphere
without harming the forest. Even when
confronted with historical evidence of
environmental impact, ecologically destructive
patterns continue unabated, especially when
there is money involved. Greed seems to be the
engine of destruction. Cut, rape, slash - "How
much money are we making?"
Rivers, in order to be healthy, must have
a healthy watershed. The atmosphere and the
ground must be clean in order to maintain the
aquatic environment. To protect the life of the
river, steep slopes musr be closed to logging
and development. The less roads, the better, for
roads only promote the migration of ecologically
abusive people and materials. Rivers are
intended to be pathways for rich organic
nutrients leached from the mountain slopes to
feed the diverse aquatic communities living in
the estuaries. Damming rivers inhibits this
cycle. In place of nutrients, rivers now carry
water-soluble toxins that are deposited in delta
and estuarine habitats.
This Katuah region, sacred in all its
biodiversity, is in great danger. The forest ones
and the river ones call out for help. The scream
of pain is almost constant among them. But their
voices are not going unheard. Joining these
voices are human voices - Lhe voices of
caretakers, poets, Earth defenders • aU
advocaLing a respect for all of'life.
Ycs, brothers and sisters, trees and rivers
do have rights Lo life and good health. Let us
sing and dance to life in aJJ its many forms. The
dance of life must supersede the chant of death,
for without our relatives we are diminished in
spirit, mind, and body. It is not a political
struggle we are engaged in, but a spiritual quest
to find the wellsprings of our soul. Listen
closely, and you will hear great wisdom from
Karuah. Be creative with your work and your
life. for these are your honor song.
- illustration by Cielo
(canlinucd p, 12)
XAtuah Journot � t
���������������������������������������
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 29, Fall/Winter 1990
Description
An account of the resource
The twenty-ninth issue of the<em> Katúah Journal</em> focuses on water quality: the Little Tennessee River watershed; Watts Bar Lake; development in the Great Smokies; and solar composting toilets. Authors and artists in this issue include: Leaf Myczack, David Wheeler, William McLarney, Mary Kelly, Millie Buchanan, Snow Bear, William Miller, Patrick Clark, Paul Gallimore, Buck Young, Rodney Webb, Lee Barnes, Jim Houser, Ed Lytwack, Gaston Siniard, Rob Messick, Bob Clark, Marnie Muller, Marlene Mountain, and Susan Adam. <br /><br /><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1990
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
From Mountains to the Sea by Leaf Myczack.......1<br /><br />Profile of a Southern Appalachian Watershed: The Little Tennessee River (An Interview with Dr. William McLarney), recorded by David Wheeler.......3<br /><br />Freshwater Canaries: The Spotfin Chub by William McLarney.......5<br /><br />Mudwatch and Fincount: The Environmental Survey of the Little Tennessee by William McLarney.......6<br /><br />Headwaters Ecology and High Quality Habitat by Mary Kelly.......7<br /><br />"It All Comes Down to Water Quality" by Millie Buchanan.......8<br /><br />Water Power: Action for Aquatic Habitats.......10<br /><br />Dawn Watchers by Snow Bear.......11<br /><br />Adventures on the River by Leaf Myczack.......12<br /><br />Accessor to Murder: Watts Bar Lake and the Public Trust by Leaf Myczack.......14<br /><br />Poem: "Country Store" by William Miller.......14<br /><br />The North Shore Road: Environment or Development in the Great Smokies by Patrick Clark........15<br /><br />The Long Branch Composting Toilet by Paul Gallimore.......17<br /><br />Good Medicine: The Long Human Being.......18<br /><br />Katúah Sells Out!! by Buck Young and Rodney Webb........19<br /><br />Watershed Map of the Katúah Province.......20<br /><br />Natural World News........22<br /><br />Green Spirits: Katúah Rains by Lee Barnes.......26<br /><br />Off the Grid by Jim Houser.......27<br /><br />Drumming (Letters to Katúah).......28<br /><br />Early Warning: The Gypsy Moth is Coming! by Ed Lytwack.......30<br /><br />Poem: "Unbound" by Gaston Siniard.......31<br /><br />Events.......36<br /><br />Webworking.......38<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville</em> <em>Mountaineer</em> Press
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Watersheds--Tennessee, East
Watersheds--North Carolina, Western
Watersheds--Virginia, Southwest
Human ecology--Appalachian Region, Southern
Water quality--Appalachian Region, Southern
Gypsy moth--Control--Environmental aspects
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
https://www.geonames.org/4666185/watts-bar-lake.html
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
||||osm
Watts Bar Lake
||||osm
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Alternative Energy
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Definitions
Book Reviews
Community
Economic Alternatives
Education
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest Issues
Geography
Good Medicine
Habitat
Health
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Plants and Herbs
Poems
Politics
Radioactive Waste
Reading Resources
Recycling
South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness)
Stories
Transportation Issues
Turtle Island
Water Quality
Wilderness
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/0791c74f61bfeccd6b0575a3e53240f5.pdf
e919144545b326bd6e557ea5b917f958
PDF Text
Text
ISSUE 33 WINTER 1991-92
$2.00
�Drawing by Rob Messick
~UAHjOURNAL
PO Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 28748
ti}
C,
Q,-
Postage Paid
Bulk Mail
Permit #18
Leicester, NC
28748
~
...
j\
Printed on recycled paper
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
�Fire's Power..................................
by David Wheeler
3
What Is Natural?..............................
5
by David Wheeler
Do Clean:uts Mimic Fire?....................
6
Smokey and the Red Wolves................
7
Fire in Jeffreys Hell..........................
8
by Vic Weals
Poems..........................................
by Barbara J. Sands
9
Fire and Forge................................
by Jan Davidson
and David Brewin
11
The First Fire..................................
A Cherokee Legend
12
Hearth and Fire in lhe Mountains........... 14
by Barbara Wickersham
Good Medicine................................
15
Midwinter Fires...............................
Poems by Jeffery Beam
18
Natural World News.........................
20
Who Will Have !he Power?.................
by Veronica Nic/10/a.t
22
Litmus Lichens................................
by Rob Messick
24
Reading the Inner Tree.......................
by Charlo1te Homsher
25
Review:
Where rite Ravens Roost.....................
25
Around the Fire...............................
by lee Barrres
26
Drumming.....................................
27
Poem: "Sky Mangler"........................
by Mike Wilber
29
Review:
The Sound of Light...........................
31
Events..........................................
33
\Vcbworking..................................
34
Wlntcr , 1991 -92
Fire is one of the four Great Beings, the
elements !hat move Creation.
Fire is the catalytic spark of the life
essence. Living, we are warm and moving;
non-living, we are like ashes, cold and dead.
No wonder ancient wisdom associated Fire
with the directed passion of the will. It is
fitting that through the ages the spirit of life
has been depicted as "the sacred fire."
Fire radiates all around us in the
life-giving energy of the Sun.
Fire is at the center; in the slick and
sweat of love a spark is ignited between a
male and a female and life is born anew.
Fire in its many forms powers the
movement and the production of our societies.
The hearth fire is the center of the home.
Fire cooks the food, warms the dwelling, and
from the fireplace the old stories spring alive
into the family room.
In the heart of every green plant cell the
sunfire drives the process of photosynthesis,
upon which life on Eanh depends.
But ftre is also the changer, lhe
destroyer - a demon of voracious appetite that
gobbles indiscriminately all it can ignite.
Fire unleashed destroys the house it
warmed.
Under the power of drought, forest
becomes desert.
Fire is the nuclear terror, shriveling all
life to ashes.
The most terrible punishment the
bishops could imagine was to bum a witch
alive at the stake.
Fire in the hands of the invaders torches
Lhe village huts and razes the crops in the
fields. Old cities are bombed and guued by
Fire.
Wildfire, the major force of change in
!he forest around us, is capable of overturning
in a matter of hours vegetative associations
that have stood for centuries.
The four elemenml beings circle in the
Great Round, the world we know.
Fire needs earthy fuel 10 eat, oxygen
from the air to breathe. Fire and water are
complementary - at firSt look they seem in
total opposition, but upon a second glance
they are seen to be in a careful and delicate
relationship. There is fire on these mountains
only because there is water to grow the wood
that bums. Born of the union of fire and
water, life is forever suspended in that
balance.
But what is the role of fire in our human
lives and in the life of the mountain forests
that surround us? Where is that balance?
Fire flickers and dances...too quick, too
changeable, 100 close to the essence of life
itself for us to ever expect definitive answers
to those essential questions. But it is
worthwhile for us to begin the process of
understanding.
We need to know Fire, one of the great
powers that shape our being in these
mountains, on this Earth.
The Editors
Drawing by Rob Messick
XAtuah
J~mat PQ9"- l
�EDITORlALSLASH:
Heather Blair
Emmeu Grcendigger
Charlone Homsher
Richard Lowenthal
Rob Messick
James Rhea
David Wheeler
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE:
Acasia Berry
Christine Detweiler
John lngruss
Billy Jonas
Bill Melanson
Mamie Moller
Donna Stringer
Rodney Webb
Thanks again IO Mountain Gatdens for hospiUllily and inspiration.
Thanks to Larry Tucker for able computer assiSlBIICe.
As always, thanks to JH.
Thanks 10 Gene for the car, we couldn't ruive done ii without you!
COVER: by Rob Messick ©1991
PUBLISHED BY: Kattlah Journal
PRINTED BY: The Waynesville Mountaineer Press
EDITORIAL OFFICE THTS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens,
WRITE US AT: Katuah Journal
Asheville
Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kauiah Province 28748
TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097
Diversity is an important element of bioregional ecology. both natural
and social. In acxord with this principle Katuah Journal tries IO serve as a
forum for the discussion of rcg.ional issues. Signed articles express only the
opinion of the authors and are not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah
Journal editors or staff.
The lnlCmal Revenoo Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-profit
~anization undu section 501(c)(3) oC the lnu:mal Revcnoo Code. All
contributions IO Katuah Journal are deductible from personal income tax.
Articles appearing in Katuah Journal may be rcprinltd in Olher
publications wilh permission from the Katuah Journal staff. ConLaCt the
journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097.
'LNVOCA'Tto'.N
When my skull lies with yours,
Will you sing for me?
The long sleep heals.
We will find new life in the spring.
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Here,
in the Ka1uah Province
of these ancient Appalachian mountains
where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom
berween the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont
between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain
on this Tunic Island continent of Mother Ela, the Eanh
Here,
In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep
connection to the spirit of the land.
We bring this connection inro the being and the doing of
our daily lives
When the land speaks, we Listen and we act
We tune our lives to the changes, to the seasons
We respect the limiis of the land
We preserve, defend, and restore the land
We give thanks for all that is good
Harmony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative.
The land is a Living being. She is sacred.
As the land lives, so do we.
As the spirit of the land is diminished,
our spirits are diminfahed as well.
Katuah Journal sends a voice...
with articles, stories, poems, and artwork
we speak 10 the spirit of all the living, breathing
inhabitants of these mountains
in hopes that we, the human beings,
may find our place in this Great Life.
The Editors
Doug Peacock - Criuly Years
Border by Ja.son TudlCf
KATUAH JOURNAL wants 10 communicate your thoughts and
feelings to the other people in the bioregional province. Send them 10 us
as leners, poems, sroriu, articles, drawings, or photographs, etc. Please
send yoiu contributions 10 us at: Katuah Journal; P. 0 . Box 638;
Leicester, NC; Kattlah Province 28748.
OUR NEXT ISSUE will be concerned with "Sustainable
Agriculture and Regional Diet". We need your input on topics including:
sustainable agriculture (alternative ag., low input, appropriate ag.,
permaculture, biodynamics, etc.); seed-saving techniques; wild-foods
and medicinals; regionaVcommunity food production and marketing;
Xatimf~ )ournot J>°'Je 2
seasonal diet and recipes; food preservation; green manures and
composting; agroforescry; and especially recommended resources,
guides, and contacts. Send all material by January 30th, 1992 to Lee
Barnes; Box 1303; Waynesville, NC 28786. (704) 452-5716.
THE SUMMER, 1992 ISSUE will be involved with the continually
controversial topic of Councils, and how to create more viable methods
of decision-making in the ful\Jre. Possible topics include: Native
American sovereignty, the State of Franklin, Town Meetings, Council of
All Beings, Regional Rainbow Gatherings, Grassroots Groups, Conflict
Resolution, and more? Submit all material by April 30th, 1992.
,.,lnur. 1991-92
�FIRE'S POWER
The Influence of Fire
on the Evolutionary History of the Southern Appalachians
by David Wheeler
Thunder rumbles over the old hms. Ir is
just after dusk, and the nwtmtains steam in rite
humid air ofsummer. 011 the somlrwestem
lrorizo11 great cloudbanks roil up i1110 tlte sky,
arching over tlte land like a pouncing beast,
blotting ow the stars.
High in those clouds, invisible to the eye,
thermal fron1s meet and clash. creating turmoil
in the skies. The collision of hot and cold air
creates violent gusts and downdrafts of wind.
The clouds become enonnous electrical
generators. Humid air condenses into raindrops
then into ice crystals within the whirling
confusion inside the cloudbank. The electrical
forces generated by the clouds become
polarized. In the space of only tens of
milliseconds, there is a branched discharge of
energy within the cloud called the
"stepped-leader" that moves first horiwntally
and then downward at one-third lhe speed of
light.
The Eanh is also electrically charged. As
the tip of the stepped-leader approaches the
Eanh's surface, an answering discharge rises
from the Eanh. The two join and cause a "return
stroke," a surge of intense ionization that moves
back up the leader channel toward the cloud in
the brilliance ,~e see as cloud-to-ground
lil?htning. The whole process has 001 yet taken a
whole second, but there has been an elecaical
discharge of, on the average, 40,000 amperes although discharges of 340,000 amperes have
been measured. The temperature within the
leader channel reaches 30,000 degrees Kelvin.
After 40 10 80 milliseconds a new leader is
l.>i.ntcr, 1991-92
D,awmg by Jomes Rhea
formed and again the process is repeated. Most
visible lightning consists of two to four return
strokes. The rapid expansion of the
super-heated air around the lightning channel
produces a shock wave, so that shonly after
seeing the glare of lightning arcing through the
sky, we hear the booming sound of thunder.
Lightning strikes with awesome power. 011
a l11gh ridge a sta11di11g dead snag is seared by
the blast and explodes imo flame. leaves 011 the
ground ig11ire from the hear ofthe blaze, and the
fire is 011 tlte move, traveling uphill.fanned by
the wind.
The experience of a thunderstonn with
lighrning is intense, but it is a common and
completely natural process. There are about 40
million cloud-to-ground lightning saikes in the
United States each year. It is esumated that
around the world there are 50 10 100 lightning
discharges every second, although half of these
remain in the clouds. Lightning is one of the
great powers of nature.
In the Southern Appalachians lightning
saikcs are frequent during the summer storm
season, which lasts from April through August.
There are usually between 40 and 60
thunderstorm days/year. A review of the records
of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by
Lawrence S. Barden and Frank W. Woods
showed that between 1940 and 1969 lightning
caused 77 fircs wit.hin the park boundaries.
During the course of an eleven-year study they
recorded six lightning fires per year in their one
million acre study area.
In the conifer forests of the West. with their
dry summers, lightning strikes often start raging
holocaustS that climb into the high 1JCC1ops and
sometimes bum off thousands of acres. Our
image of lightning fires is based on that model.
But in the Southern Appalachians lighcning
saikes during the summer rainy season when
the deciduous leaves arc green and full of
moisture and the fuel on the ground is damp.
There are few dry lightning strikes in the
Southeast, and lightning fires usually are soon
extinguished by a drenching rain or subdued by
a steady rainfall. It has been estimated that the
average lightning fire burns five to 10 acres of
forest. Thus, the effects of ligh1ning fires seem
10 have been small, irregular dis1urbances,
localized on south-facing slopes and ridgetops at
higher elevations which would show the driest
conditions and be most prone to lightning
strikes. The deep coves and nonh-facing slopes
were so moist as to be vinually fireproof.
But if the effects of lightning fires were
limited, there was another source of ftre in the
southern mounm.ins that unquestionably had
more impac1: the human beings. The best
archaeological evidence we have uncovered says
that the first humans were present in this area
12,000 years ago. These were
hunting-gathering people. Fire was
unquestionably pan of their technological
toolkit.
Geographer Carl Sauer says in his essay.
"Man's Role in Changing the Face of the
Earth," "Speech, tools and fire are the tripod of
culture and have been so, we think, from 1he
beginning. About the hearth, the home and
workshop are centered. Space heating under
shelter, as a rock overhang, made possible
living in inclement climates; oooking made
palatable many plant product~; industrial
(oonunuod annul P'&")
X<ltuan Jouri!"f p ~ 3
�(c:onunued from page 3)
innovators experimemed with heat treatment of
wood, bone, and minerals. About the fireplace,
social life took form, and the exchange of ideas
was fostered. The availability of fuel has been
one of the main facton. determining the location
of clustered habitation."
Besides using fire in the village, the human
occupants of the Southern Appalachians during
the Paleolithic period also set fires in the
surrounding countryside 10 encourage the
growth of grasses and forbs and thus improve
the range for the grazing animals that were the
foundation of their diet The humans also used
fire as a hunting technique to drive animals
either wward waiting spear-throwers or over
steep cliffs.
Around 10,000 years ago the life of these
Paleo-Indians began to change as they moved
into what is called the Archaic cultural period.
As they became more familiar with the land and
itS inhabitants, they began to settle more into
sedentary villages. As we are told in the ''Good
Medicine" column (see page 17), they burned
the area around their villages to keep out pesrs
and for better defensibility, and burned up the
mountain slopes in the fall of the year for
hunting purposes, to encourage berries, and to
make nut gathering easier. Light burning every
year also kept down fuel loads, thereby
preventing the possibility of large, hot fires that
would harm the forest and destr0y their villages.
Keeping the understory clear greatly facilitated
travel, particularly on the ridges and along the
riversides, where the fires helped the beavers to
clear the bouomland meadows.
Between 800 and 1,000 AD the Cherokee
tribe adopted maize agriculture and became
firmly established in a mixed agricultu-m.1/
hunting lifestyle. They practiced a rotating
"slash and burn" agriculture, burning their fields
off annually and continuing lO fire the
mountainsides every year.
Unlike lightning, humans could start fires
in any season of the year, wet or dry. Autumn,
when a fresh layer of light, dry leaves covered
the ground, was the preferred season for
burning off the forest floor; spring was the time
to bum over the fields. Thus, human-caused
fires were of greater frequency, often of greater
intensity, and covered larger areas than lightning
fires. To be talking about the prehistorical
impacL of fire on the SouLhern Appalachians is
to be talking mostly about human impac1 on lhe
mountains - through their main tool for change:
fire.
Fire was the the most imponant disturbance
fa~tor i~ th~ Southern Appalachians; through the
rrullenma since the retreat of the last glacier it
has been a major shaper of the highland forest
communily. In general, the light bums caused
by lightning and the primitive people thinned out
young trees and opened up the forest floor.
When trees got to a certain age and girth they
became less susceptible 10 fire damage, so that
on fire.prone sites they loomed over an open
forest noor that struck the first white explorers
as "park-like," reminding them of Lhe carefully
tended parks of Europe. Generally, it was the
moist coves and north,facing slopes had the
shrubs, the herbs, and the ephemeral flowers
that we associate with the deep forest.
We will never know many of the ways 1ha1
fire ha.c; influencc.:d the forest around U5. It
changed the chemical and te,ctuml composition
of the soil; it altered lhe microbial populations of
Xat1&aW-Jou.rn«l ... p"4)v '-f ',
p~sJ genlo,...,--
the forest: it killed insect
and
infestations of parasites and disease where it
was present. Yet Lhere were visible signs of the
force of fire's impact.
Because of the abundant rainfall in 1he
southern mountains, the forest cover
recuperated quickly from burning, but openings
remained to testify to fire's passing. Professor
Kenneth L. Carvell of West Virginia University
wrote, "When the first trappers and traders
penetrated the Southern Appalachian
wilderness, they discovered scattered treeless
areas. These forest opemings were of several
kinds; some natural. some man-caused (sic). In
cenain localities these made up a considerable
acreage. Treeless areas could be grouped into
five categories: sphagnum bogs, resembling the
muskeg of the nonh country; grassy glades,
dominated by tall grasses; upland meadows, of
debatable origin, but perhaps the result of Indian
burning; "old fields," areas formerly cleared by
the Indians for agriculture and now starring to
grow up; and finally the high elevation balds,
dominated by shrubs and stunted tree cover, but
not a true tree line. Although obscured by the
dense forest. these openings were discovered
readily, since the first trappers and traders
followed animal trails, and these often led from
one glady area to the next. These openings,
particularly the grassy glades and old fields,
were sought out at an early date by the
homesteaders and settled first, since they were
spared the difficult task of clearing the dense
forest cover to provide crop and grazing land.
"ln spite of these scattered openings, more
than 90% of the land was forested, and in the
Southern Appalachians 90% of the forest was
hardwood."
The early European explorers spoke of
grazing animals like elk and a small woods
buffalo roaming the forest along with an
abundance of deer. Deer are leaf-browsers that
like forest edges; elk and buffalo eat grass,
which grows in the open, indicating that.
particularly in the bottomlands, there were
substantial areas that were open and clear.
The grassy balds were found at the top of
the highest ridges (see KattW, Journal #5).
They were thought 10 be created by extreme
climatic conditions during the last Ice Age, but
they were apparently maintained largely by fire
since the climate warmed. Since fire
suppression has caused natural succession to
overtake the open balds, they are returning to
forest cover. These bald areas con1ain species of
grasses more commonly found in grasslands
1hat fire ecologist E. V. Komarek says "did not
develop wilhout a history offire."
Fire has changed 1he species composition
of the tall tree canopy, exerting strong selection
pressure among tree species on dry si1es. There
are species of trees living in the forest today lhar
are completely dependent on fire for their
continued existence. There arc other tree species
that 1hrive on di:aurbance and are thus
pamcularly adapted to fire.
Dr. Roben Zahner, formerly professor of
forestry at Clemson University, tells us, "Most
of the oak and pine forest stands in eastern
North America were fire maintained. Oaks and
Pines are not climax type species. Without
d1s1urbance, they would have been displaced by
maples. basswoods, hemlocks, beeches. and
other cove hardwood species. In an area with
rainfall as plentiful as the southern mounuuns,
1~ese 'cove· species would do well on anr good
sne. However. they are not at all fire tolerant. so
they were restricted from the dry south slopes
.
•
I
I
~
ano ridgetops that wire liable 10 burning.
'The mature trees of fire tolerant species
can survive burning. White pines are the most
fire tolerant trees. White pines have a thick bark
and can withstand any kind of fire except a
crown fire. They can survive when every1hing
else is burned. Their seed requires an exposed
mineral soil to germinate. Burning creates a
good seedbed for them, so that when they drop
their seed the following season it regenerates
and produces a strong stand of natural white
pine.
"White pine does not have serorinous cones
that pop open in the presence of heat, but the
pitch pine and the Table Mountain pine do have
serotinous cones. These species, too, require
exposed mineral soil for seed germination. They
like a crown fire that climbs into the trees, kills
everything, and opens their cones with the heat
of the names. Within a week they send down a
rain of seed onto the newly cleared ground.
Pitch pine and Table Mountain pine are
completely fire-dependent for their germination,
and since fire suppression has become the
policy in the national forests, their populations
have been diminishing.
"Oak trees' reproductive strategy is to set a
lot of young seedlings and saplings in the
understory. The young trees are relatively shade
tolerant, so they just stand beneath the canopy
and wait for a disturbance to open up a hole for
them to grow into.
"Oak trees have tough roots, and are less
likely to root-kill than most other species. When
a fire comes through, it will kill the young and
medium-sized oak trees right back 10 the
ground, and then - with much of the competiuon
wiped out - they will resprout into vigorous oak
stands.
"Yellow poplar has a lot of weedy
characteristics and is another species that does
well in areas likely to be disturbed by rues.
Poplar has two major reproductive strategies.
First, the tree will sprout at almost any age.
Secondly, each mature cree will put out tens of
thousands of seeds every year. Leaves fall and
cover the seeds up. This process continues year
after year making layers of seed underneath the
leaf cover. Poplar seed can remain stored in the
litter for 8-10 years. When a fire - or a
disturbance of any kind - does occur, it strips
off 1he layers of leaves. Many seeds die. but the
seeds on the layer left exposed genninnte and
begin to grow.
"Black locust trees are not fire tolerant, but
they are dependent on disturbance for
regeneration. Locust seeds are generally not
viable. The tree has become so effective at
regenerating from root suckers that it has
virtually lost iri; ability to reproduce by seed.
But it doesn't need to seed itself. The extensive
root system of a locust cnn recover a
burned-over site almost immediately.
"Sassafras, too, is an early succession tree.
Like locust, it is a good sprouter, but it also
sends out lots of viable seed.
'The ericaceous plants, such as
rhododendron and mountain laurel, are also
fire-dependent. Like the pines. they actually
encourage tire by the fuel in their leaves.
Rhododendrons can survive for 3 long time in
the forest understory, but they can't bloom or
set seed in the shade, so they drop their leaves
each year and wait. When a fire does occur, it
bums fast and hot on the depo~ited fuel and kills
everything. including the rhododendron i1self •
but also opens up the canopy overhead.
(cor11111ood on pite 30)
,.,ultct,
1'!19 f.l-02'
�WHAT IS NATURAL?
The Fire History of the Mountain Forests
The
usual strategy for bioregionnl
reinhabimtion is to restore the narural life
processes and native species of a region while
simultaneously working ro change human
living patterns and limit the human presence to
lessen the impact of our species on the land.
We are largely unaware of the many
subtle relationships that maintain the life ofa
biorcgion, and we are usually ign_orant of_1he
nature and imponance of the mynads of uny
organisms that live around us and are so
necessary in keeping up !he vitality of the
community. In our ignorance, all we ca~ do to
heal a place is 10 restore the macro- species
and macro-processes of life support and allow
enough space and freedom from h:1nun
interruption that the land can find 11s own
natural equilibrium.
For rhe Kaufah Province this poses a
problem: what is "natural"?
It was hardly a "forest primeval" that the
first European explorers encountered on the\r
arrival in the New World. What they found JO
eastern Turtle lsland was actually - at least in
part - a managed landscape. Yet, particularly
during the ninereenth cemury, wrirers
continued to purvey the image of "a foresr so
thick that a squirrel could travel from the
Atlantic to the Mississippi without touching
the ground." Francis Parkman, writing in
1892, described a scene beneath an
impenetrable foresr canopy where "all is
shadow, through which spors of timid
sunshine steal down among legions of lank,
mossy trunks, ... maued bushes, and rotted
carcasses of fallen trees." While scenes like
!his did abound, today we tend to see rhe old
forest as a mosaic of different types, doued
with openings, due largely t0 the presence and
use of fire.
At anolherextreme was forester llu
Maxwell of the US Forest Service, who wrore
an article on the "Use and Abuse of the Forest
by the Virginia Indians" for the William and
Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine in
1910, when foresters were coming 10 see fire
as an unmirigated evil which had no place in
the forest
Maxwell had a decidedly
uncomplimentary view of the First People and
their fire habits. ''Though white men are rated
high as destroyers of forest, they arc not JO Lhe
same class with Indians," he stated. "...They
are wasreful and destructive, as savages
usually are, and the word economy had no
place in his vocabulary...The Indian \s by
nature an incendiary, and forest burning was
the Virginia Indian's besetting sin."
Maxwell described "open, park-like"
forests unencumbered by undergrowth. He
described lands cleared for agriculture along
the riverbanks, and also spoke of damage
done by unextinguished campfires. He quoted
William B>Td, who surveyed the
Virginia-Nonh Carolina line in 1728-29: "On
their way, the fires they make in their camps
are left burning, which catching the dry leaves
which lie near, soon pu1 the adjacent woods in
a flame."
i.>lnt«. 1991 -92
The 1n1th about the ecological impact of
burning by the First People lies somewhere
between the extremes of viewpoint contrasted
above. A multi-disciplinary research team
from the University of Tennessee, which
included archaeologists Jeff Chapman,
ethnoboranis~ Andrea Shea and Patricia
Cridlebaugh and paleoecologists Paul and
I foz.el Delcourt, investigated the environs of
old O,erokee village sites in the valley of the
Little Tennessee River, and found seeds and
pollen in stralified soil samples that enabled
them to deduce some of the narive people's
use patterns.
Samples taken around the village of
Tuskegee showed heavy use and burning of
the bottomland and the low- and mid-elevation
terraces by the Cherokee 1,500 years ago.
Samples from an upland site near the village
showed that the higher elevations surrounding
the Little Tennessee Valley were under
continuous forest cover for 3,000 years - fires
may have burned Lhere, but they did not .
pennanently thin out the forest canopy · unul
400 years ago, when weed seeds began to be
regularly deposited in the soil.
The team's research seems 10 support
rhe general conclusion made by retired
forestry professor Roben ?,aJtncr. "In valleys
like the Little Tennessee River Valley there
h.ad been conlinuous large se1tlemen1s by early
cuhures since Jong before the Cherokees.
When white settlers came into those valleys
they found the land already largely cleared of
forests by the lndian~. _The vall~ys and the
!ow!lr slopes surrounding the villages w~re
heavily and frequently burned. but the high
mountains were not, as a generJI rule. Some
balds \\Cre burned 10 maintain elk habitat, but
deer and turkey were largely found 31 lower
elevations, so that is where the bulk of the
burning occurred."
So what is the "natural" vegetative
,, .
pattern of growth in the South';_ffl
Appalachians? In !he sense of . natural _a.., ..
"growth unaffected by human mtcrvenuon,
Dr1w111g by J:«a1 Tuclla
we will never know. Twelve thousand years
of continuous habitation is a long time span.
There have been major climate changes during
the time the Fll'St People have been here.
Evolutionary adjustmenrs have been m~e in
that time, which must have included adJusnng
to the presence of the humans - and their fires.
Although their numbers were few, it
seems that the native inhabitants, primarily
through !heir use of fire, had a profound
impact on the natural history of the Southern
Appalachians. They did not dominare .
evolution in the mountains, but they did
influence the composition of the native flora in
certain areas by opening them to the sun and
encouraging fi~dependenr and fire-tolerant
associations. They influenced predator/prey
relationships by enhancing habi1a1 for deer,
elk, and other game animals, encouraging
their populations and thereby providing fo~
greater numbers of the other predator species
who also hunted them.
We will never be able 10 replicate the
conditions of 12,000 years ago, or the
changes that have happened since: But _we
know that, in spite of human modaficauon, .
this was still a magnificent land.i;cape when 11
was first encountered by the whites. The
human inhabitants were clearly a factor
influencing the process of change, but they
were only one factor among the many that
created the diverse mosaic of forest
associations scattered throughout the
mountains. While there were disturbed areas
that supponed the early-succcss1on, shade
rntolernnt trees, there were also nonh-facing
coves 1ha1 went without a major disturb3ncc
for hundreds of years at a time.
Fire was an influential force in this
region. Fire-dependent tree species have been
(cominocd 011 ,,. ., Jll&C)
Xat,101' Journm paga 5
�(canunued hom pqe S)
maintained in these mountains for many
generations. The grassy balds, that were
created during the last lee Age but were
apparently maintained by fire and grazing
pressure since, arc only now falling 10 forest
succession. The power of the element fire can
still be fell in the forest, even after 75 years of
fire suppression.
The Firs1 People, largely through their
use of fll'e, exened a strong influence on 1he
regional life community, but not a debilitanng
one. The First People found a balance, a
niche, within that community that 1he natural
life suppon systems could maintam. Unlike
the Europeans, the native inhabitants did no1
render their environment dysfunctional, but
only moved it 10 a different point of balance.
The region still had itS integrity; it still was
operating at full capacity.
Since it is impossible to recreate a virgin
mountain landscape, how then do we restore
an optimally adapted ecological community?
Clearly, fighting every fire is not necessary or
advisable. Lightning fires have been allowed
to bum for all but the last 75 years of human
habitation. They are a pan of the natural
landscape and should be allowed 10 return.
But do we have to bum off the
mountainsides every year 10 mimic the ruuive
influence? If so, how much should we bum?
How could we maintain the precious layer of
humus 1ha1 contributes so much to 1he growth
and health of 1he forest?
On the other hand, if we let narural
succession run its course, are we going to lose
DO C LEARCUTS MIMIC FIRE?
.
The current policy of the US Forest
Service is to clearcut lI"dCts of up to 43 acres
where all the vegetation over one inch in
diameter is removed and the cleared area i~
either replanted to ruws of monocullured
while pine (around which is sprayed ht.-rbicidc
to prevent competition from any intrnding
native hardwoods) or allowed 10 regenerate by
natural sprouting and seeding. This n:suhs in
large areas of ''even-aged" tree s1andli that are
easy and economical 10 cu1 when the loggers
retum to "harvest" the adolescent regrowth
60-80 ye:m; later.
~
This method "mimics natural processes
of disturbance, like fire." claims 1he Forest
Service.
But that is a hotly disputed claim.
"Simply put, clearcu1ting docs not emulate
nature in mixed hardwoods," declared retired
Forest Service silviculrural researcher Leon
Minckler in a recent anicle. "Oean:utting
advocates argue thal clearcurs replicate
wildfire bum parches. This statement is
questionable in the arid Wc:;t ond almost
irrelevant in the humid East where large.
high-intensity forest fires rarely occur.''
Minckler is reinforced by all the environmental
groups working in the Southern Appalachians
today.
"To begin with," says Haywood Greer.
a local activist, "fires don't bulldoze 15 foot
wide system roods that tear up slopes; cause
erosion and siltation in ~trcams: and open the
forest_ forever after 1 poachers, picnickers.
0
arsonists, campers, hunters, ORY'ers, and
whoever else has st.renglh and commitment
..
XotunI1 Joumot pCUJr. 6
..,
•
9
t
I
r t,
f
t.,fJ
valuable diversity and endangered species?
Can we afford that?
Two examples illusl!'llte the dilemma
posed by this uncenainty.
The first case centers around a concern
that communities of Table Mountain pine
might be eliminated from the moun111ins
because of changing conditions due 10 fire
suppression. Table Mountain pine occurs in
association with mountain laurel and galax.
All three species are fire adapted, and the
Table Mountain pine needs fire to survive.
The tree has serotinous cones. meaning that
intense heat causes them 10 open and spill their
seed. The species of the Table Mountain pine
association encourage fires hot enough 10
"crown," to bum into the tops of the trees.
Crown fires are hot enough 10 kill some large
trees, bum the cover off the forest floor down
10 bare mineral soil, and cause the serotinous
cones of the Table Mountain pine 10 open.
Those fires would regenerate the Table
Mountain pine association. which would then
work to perpe1ua1e itself by making ilS habi1a1
area more flammable.
Ftre suppression is clearly causing the
demise of the Table Mountain pine tree.
Existing stands are becoming old and decadent
and there is little regrowth of new stands.
Should we set intentional prescribed bums 10
preserve this fire-dependent species?
That depends on whether we consider
this species to be "natural." Lightning fires (as
we saw on page 3) tend 10 be small in area and
low in intensity. Lightning fires seldom
produced the crown ftres necessary 10
regenerate the Table Mountain pine.
enough 10 pul a vehicle in gear and gas
enough to make it up the hill.
"A fire doesn't come in with a chain saw
and a skidder cut all the tree~ and haul them
away out of the woods. Fires in the mounrnins
- depending on the time of ye:ir and the
dryness - arc usually cool and run lo,.., 10 1he
ground. burning off the leaf cover and 1he
underbrush. S11;all sarlings ;md understory
trees are someumcs killed. hut unless a lot of
fuel· like Jogging slash· h:i~ built up on the
forest floor, fires seldom get large enough 10
kill 1he biggest trees. If the big trees are ktl led,
they s1and n long time as dead snags, offoring
1he finest kind of den location for
over-wintering animals. 1l1e forest biomass
stays in the woods. Eventuallv the dead trunks
rot out and topple over. and their bodies
decompose 10 enrich the soil for the next
generations of trees.
"Also, fire~ around here don·t bum
everything in a 20 or 40 acre area. Most fires
hip-hop around and bum at random • maybe
heavily here, but maybe only slightly burned
over there. Fires tend m create mosaics of
disiurbance on these steep ridges."
Robert Zahner. formerly a forestry
professor at Clemson University. talks more
specifically about regeneration. ''The species
that rclllm after a fire arc somewhat different
than what comes back after a clearcut. l\aiural
eanh-healing species sprout up after a fire weedy planL~ mostly. 1ha1 gro"' from :;eed that
had tx.-en stored in the soil under the litter until
the liner was burned off and 1he seed was
exposctl. Most of the herbaceous seed that
germinates following a fire is quite different
from the seed th:il would grow follm, ing a
We do not know about the fires set by
the native inhabitanLS. There probably was
great variation in the intensity of the fires 1hey
sci, but generally, since they burned certain
areas often, it would seem that they would
keep the fuel loads down and have light, cool
fires every few years.
The great conflagrations occurred in the
mountains after the logging era. The loggers
left great piles of slash in the forest that, when
ignited, caused hot, destructive fires that
burned the whole landscape.
The Table Mountain pine could be only
minimally sustained by lightning fires. In the
moun1ains, the tree inhabits only the driest
sites or reclaims badly degraded areas. It
seems very likely that, while it has long been
present, the species came into its own through
1he over-burning of the white mountaineers,
and expanded its influence due 10 the logging
boom. h does not seem reasonable 10
perpetuate abuse in order 10 maintain a species
that to a great extent was a product of human
abuse. h seems that 1he ecological need for the
Table Mountain pine has largely passed away,
1ha1 it is not a naturally endangered species,
and that we do not have 10 talce special
measures to re1ain it, but could lei narure 1ake
its course.
A second case is the oak tree family,
widespread throughout the mountains and an
important source of mast upon which many
species of wildlife depend greatly. As we
were told by Dr. Robert Zahner (on page 4 of
this issue) frequent, light fires are influential
in the continued regeneration of oak stands in
(continued oo page 30)
clearcut
"I-ires also release nutrients in the
residual ash which change the soil situation.
Leaf liuer and sometimes foliage is burned in
the fire. Carbon and nitrogen arc given off,
but 1hc minerals stay on the site and oc·t as an
instant shot of fenilizer, which changes the
pH and the nutrient bal:lnce and generates a
different populallt)n of herb.,ceous plants.
''After clearcuuing, some sites are
prep:m:-d hy intentionally setting fires called
"prescribed hums." In tcm1s of the site, thai's
probably a better wuy of,.., orking than
clearcumng alone - unfortunately they bum a
site to prepare it for planting white pine tree~.
Thal negates nny advantage there might ha, e
been 10 1ha1 technique.
"Right now there arc plenty of open
areas con1aining early successional species.
We don't have to create them. By way of
immediate policy recommendations. I would
suggest we let present old-growth stands
continue to grow, keeping out uny fires except
lightning fires. Lightning fires we should let
bum. Because they bum during a rain,
lightning tires don't usually burn very much,
and they give a nke mosaic of disturbance.
''Why not just let lighming do it'! If we
are trying to maintain natur.tl systems and
narural biological diver.;i1y, then just letting
lightning fires bum would be the best and
easiest way to do it. Mo~t of this forest is so
disturbed. beat up. and cut over anyway. It\
a long. long way from being a natural syscem.
t would prefer 10 let lighming-ignited fires
burn wherever they are going 10 bum, and just
let them help the foreM 10 recover." , .
Winter, 199 1-92
- fr...
,__,, J
I
f
�SMOKEY AND THE RED WOLVES
For many years after white settlers
staned moving into the Southern
Appalachians, fire pauems changed linle from
the days of native habitation. The whites were
farmers, coming from Europe where the great
forests had long been leveled. They tended to
see the forest as an enemy 10 be overcome.
Wilderness equaled "wasteland" in their
minds, and they started out energetically 10
overcome the forest to make it produclive
fannland. But for their ally Fire, it would have
been a losing battle. The whites used fire in
clearing agricultural fields as the lndians had,
but the immigrants first girdled trees with their
steel axes, planted crops in the resulting
"deadenings," and then later felled and burned
the standing snags. Their numbers and their
steel tools made the newcomers more effective
at clearing land - and keeping it clear - than the
Indians had ever been. The forest began to
recede up the hillsides.
The white people also began to mimic
the Indians' practice of burning the forest
noor. At first they did it for identical reasons,
but as they became more settled and the
predator species were thinned out, the
Europeans began to free-range livestock in the
woods. At frrst there were only a few scrawny
cows and scattered bands of domestic pigs
roaming the forest, but as the numbers of
white inhabitants grew, they put more and
more animals out to forage on the mountain
slopes. And they staned more and more fires
to encourage grass and open grazing areas. As
old-timer Taylor Crockett of Macon County
has said, "fn those days people vinually
replaced the native wildlife with cattle, hogs,
and sheep." Firing the woods became an
annual ritual, supposedly economically
justifiable - but also exciting and fun.
The early white settlers found one
purpose to which the First People had never
employed fire: genocide. One example was
Colonel James Grant's raid of 176 I. In
retaliation for a Cherokee victory ai Fon
Loudoun, Tennessee, in which 50 white
people were kiUed, Grant was ordered on a
campaign through the Little Tennessee and
Tuckaseegee River Valleys. He rode with a
vengeance, destroying crops and every village
he found. In his journal Grant bragged that he
had torched fifteen towns (including the
principal town of Katuah): ravaged "l,400
acres of com. beans, pease, etc."; and driven
about 5,000 men, women, and children "into
the woods and mountains to srnrve."
As more and more Europeans flooded
into the mountains, the increased use of fire
became detrimental to the forest. Although fire
Winter, 1991 92
was still being used largely in the traditional
manner, its use was so frequent and so
universal that the forest was degraded in many
areas because it was not allowed time to
recuperate.
H.B. Ayers and W.W. Ashe, in their
repon on The Sowhern Appalachian Forest,
published in 1905 for the US Geological
Survey, wrote that, "More than 78,000 acres
of the region examined have recently been so
severely burned as 10 kill the greater ponion of
the timber. but the greater damage has been
done by light fires creeping through the
woods year after year. scorching the butts and
roots of timber trees, destroying seedlings and
forage plants, consuming forest litter and
humus, and reducing the thatch of leaves
which breaks the force of the rain. Evidence
of such fires is found over approximately
4,500,000 acres, or 80 percent of the entire
area."
At one study site in Cades Cove in the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
researcher Mark Hannon found that the mean
interval between fires on south-facing slopes
between 1855 and 1940 was 12.7 years.
Considering that observation, Peter White,
also of the Park research st.aff, said that in
Cades Cove, "During the period of
Euro-American settlement, fires were so
frequent that few treeS reached a size capable
of surviving even cool surface ftres."
The damage to the Appalachian forest
and waters began to be noticed by the late
1800's. People began to complain of the
erosion caused by the frequent burning and
the resulting decline in stream quality. A
history of the US Forest Service in the
southern mountains, Mountaineers and
Rangers, mentioned a survey of the Southern
Appalachian forestlands published in 1902 by
Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson and
Gifford PinchoL The survey said that "the
special hardwood forests of the beautiful
Appalachians were being destroyed by
lumbering, fires, and - perhaps worst - by
mountainside farming. These agents of
destruction were causing the soil 10 leach,
slopes to erode, and streams to flood their
banks with rain and melting snow."
It was not a coincidence that the tum of
the century also saw the beginnings of the
forestry profession. The Biltmore Forestry
School, the first forestry school m the United
States, was located in Pisgah Fore.\t, North
Quolina. It was begun by the German forester
Carl Schenck, who was brought over by the
Vanderbilts, and subsequently directed by
Gifford PinchoL Suddenly the mountain
forests were attracting professional imercs1.
There was a growing awareness that the
yearly burning was destroying a fonune in
timber, and, since the railroads had finally
penetrated into the mountains, there was at last
a way 10 get at it To the foresters a forest was
an investment, more than an ecosystem with
its own processes and priorities.
The newly-convened foresters saw
burning the woods as the utmost stupidity. 1n
1923, Nonh Carolina Forester J. S. Holmes
surveyed rural residents to determine the
answer to the "burning" question: why did
they ftre the woods? He fouod that some fires
were staned by ''carelessness" and others by
"negligence." "Locomolives," "hunters,"
"sawmills," and the blanket category
"matches. cigar stumps, boys, etc."
contributed their share. While the most
common reason stated for starting woodland
fires was "to improve the range," Holmes'
survey showed conclusively that by far the
greatest proportion of fires were sraned by
people "without much object, 10 see it bum,
etc."
The damage to the forest was
considerable, but the worst was to come. The
large timber companies followed the railroad
into the mountains. and the Appalachian
timber boom was on. The timber barons were
ruthlessly exploiting a resource. They lo;ged
widely and indiscriminately. Whole hillsides
were cleared. Yet the greatest descruction came
from fires that staned after the loggers had left
a site. ln their greed and carelessness, the
logging companies left behiod on the
desecrated slopes great piles of slash, the tops
of fallen m:es. This build-up of fuel caused
fierce, hot fires that destroyed the remaining
crces, burned up the organic layer of the soil,
caused massive erosion and siltation. and even
degraded the potential of the forest to recover.
1n the eyes of the foresters, and
increasingly among the general public, fl.l'C
began to be perceived as an unmitigated evil.
ln his book Fire in America, Stephen J. Pyne
quotes lines from a poem of the period.
'They are loosed from their hiding
And the red wolves are riding There is blood and blast and fury in their
eyes And their packs go a-crashing
There's a crackle and lashing
Breathing smoke and sparks and splinters to
the skies.
- Anthony Euwer, "Red Wolves"
(canunucd on next page)
x.atuar, Journat
pQCJe 7
�(continW'd from page 7)
The Southern Appalachians came to be
seen as a national disgrace, and a call grew for
the establishment of timber reserves in the
region. It seemed to be the only way to halt
the fires and the flooding.
The timber companies were agreeable.
They had already used the forested eastern
mountains. Now their sights were set on the
tall old-growth stands of the Pacific
Nonhwest. They were happy to sell out and
leave. Timber barons and politicians alike
found that it was sttategically wise to blame
the problems of the forests on fire. Fire
control enjoyed a political unanimity that
controversial initiatives to regulate logging
practices did not. "To save the forests, the
main thing is to make laws to stop the fires,"
intoned timber magnate F. E. Weyerhauser
before a congressional committee in 1908.
The Weeks Act of 1911 provided for federal
purchase of timberlands in the East, and the
US Forest Service was born to care for and
manage the lands.
The new Forest Service rangers in the
Appalachians saw their first task as stopping
fire. They consn-ucted a fire lookout system
and organized fire-fighting crews. They began
a large-scale enforcement and public education
program to convince local fanners to give up
the practice of firing the woods. Throughout
the l 930's and the I940's, as the forest
gradually grew back and began to repair the
scars of its mistreatment, firefighting and
prevention was a major focus of the rangers'
effons. In a stroke of advertising genius, they
recruited the aid of Smokey the Bear. The
national public relations campaign was
successful beyond all eitpectations, and as a
side-effect greatly enhanced the image of the
by Vic Weals
East Tennessee rivers were at their
lowest flow in anybody's memory, and the
15.38 inches of rain that fell in the first seven
months of 1925 were less than half the
normal.
The Knoxville weather station was in its
55th year, and 1925 was the honest a.nd driest
yet recorded, meteorologist J.I. Widmeyer
told the local newspapers.
The temperature for Monday, Sept. 7,
~ 925, is still the highest recorded on that date
in all the 109 years of the Knoxville weather
station. The official reading was 102 degrees.
Logging camps had their greatest exodus
of workers. Heat without letup and short
tempers had sent many a man packing.
Benha and Frank Coppenger were still
working for logging contractor Gold Millsaps
a1 the beginning of September in l 925.
Bertha remembers Saturday, Sept. 5,
1925, as a notably ominous, uncomfonable
day in Jeffreys Hell. There was smoke in the
air from the woods fire that had now burned
more than two weeks across the ridge on
South Fork.
Frank was working at scaling logs that
Saturday. He measured them as they were
brought to the rail landing, and kept a record
of 1he number and kind and size.
Frank brought Will Graves, the camp
foreman, home to the Coppenger quarters
after their work day ended in the afternoon.
~~lU\» J(!Uf~t pm.JC
8
Forest Service as the friends of Smokey and
all the forest crearures.
Smokey's massive propaganda
campaign did help greatly in the fire
prevention effon, but it also had some
negative results. Only in recent years has it
become once again acceptable 10 talk of the
positive and necessary effects of
' THEN JT HAPPENED! SOME CAREI.E55 PE.RSOIII
i'LIPPEO A LIGHTED MATCH •••
From 'TM Tr,u Story a/Smoky tM B~ar·
naturally-caused fire in some ecosystems. The
Tall Timbers Research Station in Florida, for
eitample, opened up new pathways in fire
research and for 20 years has sponsored an
annual scienrific conference on fi.re ecology.
ln 1963. the Leopold Report. presented 10 the
National Park Service, and th~ 1964
Wilderness Act both called on federal agencies
to recognize fire's role in wildlancrs. But
because of the degree of one-sided
conditioning, the general public is having
difficulty accepting the fact that fire is a
process that is natural and, in some ecological
communities. essential.
One guide to the future is the fire policy
in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
which has the avowed goal of maintaining an
FIRE IN
JEFFREYS HELL
Frank filled his homemade poplar-board
bathtub with warm water and invited Will to
take his first bath.
Frank told him to take his time, and Will
did, soaking for maybe half an hour in the last
great enjoyment he would experience on eanh.
Benha says they had dinner early
Sunday, and right after that, about 12 noon,
the men were called out The fire was coming
across the mountain into Jeffreys Hell itself.
"Frank left with the other men to tty 10
smn a back-fire and maybe save the camp,"
Benha says.
''There was nothing fo.r me 10 do but
1alce the children and ge1 ou1 of 1hcre,"
Bertha explains at this point 1ha1 her two
oldest daughters, Sylvia and Beatrice, had left
camp only a week before for the Stan of the
school term in Tellico Plains. It was the two
youngest daughters, Bessie and Lula, who
were in Jeffreys Hell with their parents on that
fateful day.
"I got my husband's suit and draped it
over my ann," Benha continues. "I put the
Bible into his front pocket. The Bible had all
the family binh records in it"
"I had a new dress from Sears and
Roebuck. I had never worn that dress. It was
still in the box that it had been mailed in. I
ecosystem similar 10 that present before white
settlement for the purpose of human
recreational enjoyment. Flawed though the
guidelines may be from the point of view of
habitat preservation, the Park still represents
550,000 acres of (nearly) de /aero
wilderness.
Under current laws, the Park is not able
to use prescribed bums and must suppress
every fire ignited within the Park boundaries.
However, a draft policy recommendation is
being prepared which will suggest that
naturally-caused fires be monitored and, in
some cases, be allowed 10 bum.
Under the new policy, the Park might be
able 10 use fire in cenain situations - to
suppress eitotic species invading the Park, for
example, or to reestablish habitat for species
like the red cockaded woodpecker, which
once inhabited the Great Smoky Mountains.
This bird likes open woodlands, and when the
undergrowth in its nesting area grows up
more than 10-15 feet in height, it abandons its
nesting site and moves elsewhere. However,
due to complete fire suppression, there is no
"elsewhere'' in the Park and little in the
mountains as a region. The woodpecker has
been sighted in eastern Tennessee. but the las,
confirmed sighting in the Park was in 1982,
although in recent years there have been
several unverified sightings of birds that could
be red cockaded woodpeckers.
Like the red wolf, a policy that allows
narurally-caused fires to bum may be
reintroduced in the Southern Appalachians vio
the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Fire has a place in the forest, of that we are
sure. We are less sure of how 10 bring fire
back into its proper place in the scheme of
things.
~
took it out of the box and draped iL over my
arm with my husband's suit
ttWe started down the railroad toward
the town of Jeffrey. It was several miles, 1
forget exactly how far.
"We walked the crossties. I couldn't
make it very fast because I wasn't used to
walking on crossties.
"And my least linlc girl, I had to carry
her most of the way.
''And it looked like every few minutes
we were going to be cut off by the fire.
''The train came up the grade, but didn'1
stop for us. The engineer motioned us down
toward the town," she recalls.
She says the locomotive had been in
the repair shed and was taken our hastily that
Sunday to go on the emergency run. The
screen that should have been in place on the
smokestack to catch sparks from the fireboit
was not in place.
And as the engine scattered hot cinclerS
into Jeffreys Hell, it set new fires behind it.
Garfield A. Milsaps also worked for
logging conttactor Gold Millsaps, and lived
in the same camp with Frank and Bertha
Coppenger and Bill Graves, the camp
foreman.
He remembers Sunday morning.
September 6, 1925.
"Bill Graves told me to get the horses
out of there while I could. We had them fine
big logging horses • Nonnans and Percberons
(continued on page 10)
loJ\.I\WT, J99J-9'2 I
�Barbara J. Sands
In Less Than Ten Moons
A message for my Brothers at Lewisburg
In less than ten moons,
the moans of pleasure in a moment's quiet passion
flow steady as the river
into moans of labor.
The blending of two spirits in sacred dance,
in less than ten moons,
the creator weaves beneath my skin
into a new life.
Karuah
for Hawk
I listen to you deny your power to change,
to rise above the habits of self devastation
that have always held you back.
You tell me that you are too weak, that il is too hard ...
In quiet understanding, l smile...
Do you think you walk alone?
In these quiet hills
the swirling mist curls skyward,
Mother Earth offering her pipe to the Great Mystery.
It is easy to feel her in these ancient mountains.
My bare toes dig into the damp soil.
The breeze plays with my hair and shoulders.
I am invisible here, part of the whole.
My brother, when you can see the other road,
the birthing has already begun.
I grow roots, deep into the body of the Mother.
Her energy flows through me,
caressing me, warming me.
I join the timeless flow of all things.
Does it help you to know
that it is useless to tell me
what can not be done?
Three times, I have felt the swelling of life within my belly,
Three times, I have birthed between my legs a Jiving miracle,
Three times, I have watched the first breath of a warm, wet, newborn
And seen with my own eyes, and felt with my own flesh,
and known with my own heart,
the power of the Spirit That Flows in All Things
to change the world ...
In less than ten moons.
I dream.
I am a mountain lion. An eagle.
A rock in a swiftly flowing stream.
A leaf floating in the breeze.
A seed, waiting in the earth.
I am everything.
I am nothing.
The day breaks.
Father paints the sky with gold.
And I never want to leave this place.
k1lntcr, Hl91-92
Dnwin& by Rob Mmiclo.
�~
•
• a.
--
...
..,. '
Drawing by Rob Levacn
(cantinuod &om page 8)
and ClydesdaJes and someoLhers. We had 18
head of horses.
"We tied them Logether single-file and
led them down the railroad track. Fred Allen,
George Robens, Oley Hooper and Jape
McClure (now deceased) helped me. There
might have been some others.
"We walked the horses between the rails
where the ballast between the crossties made a
smooth path. Sometimes there was a
smoother trail beside the railroad. We took to
the creeJc to get around trestles. Horses won't
hardly walk a trestle.
"We tied the horses below the store and
post office at Jeffrey. Then we all went back
up the creeJc to help fight the fire."
Walter J. Evans, wife Grace and their
first two sons, Leslie, about 4 years old, and
Bill, 15 months old, lived just up the track
from the Gold Millsaps' camp and within
sight of it.
"Me and Frank Coppenger and a bunch
of men went to the fire line along the top of
the mountain," Walter recalls. He says they
thought they had the fire controlled there.
"We got up there a linle ways and we
heard the train coming up the railroad.
"We ran back down and Frank was
ahead of me and got to the train, him and
several more of the boys did.
"'The fire cut me and a bunch of the other
boys off and we didn't get to the train.
"We had to go back 10 the top of the
mountain to where the fire had already burned
over and get out thataway," Walter recalls.
One of the people with Walter was a
young relative who was quite drunk. "He
was too drunk to be afraid of what was
happening to us," Walter says.
Walter himself was only 31 years old
but he said to the younger man, "Son, I ha~
to leave you here to get burned up. But I've
fooled with you till I don't know whether ru
get out or not. I'm going to have to leave
you."
Walter says he began to run, and left the
other man. "But in just a few minutes he
passed me running. He ran over trees and
rocks and turned somersets and outran me to
the top of the mountain.
"He wouldn't get scared until be seen
Xawan )oumat
I
4J t •:
1 )P'":
1t ,•
pQCJa
l
O JI
so
•
that I left him. He got scared then."
Garfield Millsaps, returned from leading
the horses down the valley, was caught
behind the fire in the group with Walter. The
men were running side by side when Walter
threw away his ax.
"What was that you throwed away?'"
Garfied asked him
"My ax," Walter said.
"Don't throw our cools away," Garfield
said.
"Where we're going in a few minutes
we won'c need none, and I ain't taking none
with me," Walter told Garfield.
"I was sure we were all going to die
right there and right then," Walter says. '
Everybody in that group survived,
though. And of !he dozens of men scauered
over the thousands of acres of Jeffreys Hell
that day, only Frank Coppenger and Bill
Graves died.
Fronk and Bill and the others !hat made
it to the train were able to load the household
furniture from Walter Evans' shanty car and
one other onto the train. Then they had to
leave, because the fire was moving in.
Cinders from the locomotive's stack had
set new fires down the creek and closed off
that escape. Engineer Dave Dockery started
the train on up the valley. There was no
alternative.
. Walter says there was a big, new log
landing beside the creek in a curve of the
railroad about 300 yards above the camp. The
landing was smned in March, and the teams
had been bringing logs in for six months now
and only one trainload of logs had been hauled
away from it.
Frank Coppenger and Bill Graves left
the train there. 'The men told me later that
they wet their handkerchiefs in the water of
the creek and started up over that landing "
Walter continues.
'
'They thoughc they could make it across
the mountain to Willis Tucker's camp to warn
him about the fire."
'They got up just a litde ways and had to
run out of the slddroad into a field of green
touch-me-nots. That's where they got burned
up," Walter says.
_The wind was up and updrafts were
carrying great masses of flame from ridge to
ridge by now. Frank and Bill were thought to
have died of suffocation before their bodies
bumed.
Big portions of both bodies were burned
a~ay; Frank's was identifiable by !he gold in
bis teeth. The buckles from Bill's overalls
were found under his corpse. Too, Bill had
on a hat and Frank didn't, and the hat
insulated Bill's head so that it was burned less
than Frank's was.
. All the people who stayed on the train
survived. They left the train on the first leg of
a double switchback at the head of the valley.
They were able to run to safety through a
hollow that had burned out two days
previously, Walter says.
Bertha sensed on Sunday afternoon that
Frank was dead. She waited beside camp
most of the night while searchers depaned and
returned. Her two oldest daughters came
across the mountain from Tellico Plains to be
with ~er. All four daughters, Sylvia,
Beatnce, Bessie, and Lula, were wi1h her
when word came that Frank's body had been
found early the next morning.
The watches of both victims, Frank and
Bill, had been welded by the heat and stopped
at 2 o'clock, two hours after their Sunday
dinner.
:;,
R~pri,1ud wi11t pumissi()nfrom /M Knoxville Journal
ofMarcJi 22, /979 and Marclt 29, /979.
At,: Fisherman/
(t:.~=
Fire Plevcntion Ad from 1923
Wlnur, 199 1-92
:r
IIJIH
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crossroads. These men worked iron for a
trade, but it also was common for
homesteaders to have a small anvil and forge
on their farm. Just as homeowners today
usually have a power saw and know how to
drive a nail, so fanners in those times knew
how to do many of the small repairs that wcrc
always necessary.
So, although the blacksmith was
important and respected in the community by
right of his skill, he had no monopoly on the
trade. It was a common, egalitarian line of
work. In that period, labor was cheap and
materials were hard to come by. The smith
provided a service, and so took whatever the
community could provide in trade for his
work. Iron was a valuable commodity. new or
us~. ~d the ~~y was also a salvage shop.
Sm1~mg and nulling were the high points of
!he village technology; but the smithy
probably looked more like a scrap yard than a
prosperous local business.
FIRE AND FORGE
by Jan Davidson and David Brewin
Just as the fire on the hearth was the
cemer of the home, the bl:icksmith's fire was
the center of community production in the
mountain villages of the European settlers.
Before the Southern Appalachians and the
other rural areas of the country were tied into
the mass market and che nattonal
manufacturing system, a simple local
technology was shaped at the blacksmith's
forge. Upon it was based a self-sufficient
rural economy.
The guiding principle was, "Figure out
how to m~e it and hammer it out," according
to R. 0. Wilson, of Speedwell Community in
Jackson County, NC. Shelter was the first
thin~ a frontier family_ thought of on arriving
at a likely locanon. With a double-bitted axe, a
broadaxe, a foot adze, and a square, they
could put a log house together.
The next necessity was food. The
blacksmith made the tools for food
production. Unless a fanner wanted to work
with a wooden plow, he went to the
blacksmith. The smith also made equipment
for handling the draft animals, not only the
horse shoes, ox shoes, and mule shoes, but
also the bns and rings of the harness.
The t00ls to cook the food with were
also made in the smithy, as well as the
wagons that hauled the produce to market.
~ot every blacksmi~ could make a wagon of
iron and wood, but m those remote mountain
villages, where people had to be self-reliant, a
lot of them could do the job. Any good
blacksmith's shop could fix a wagon and pUl
"tires" (as the steel rims were called) on the
wheels. The whole transportation system
depended on the blacksmith.
The blacksmith made all the edged tools
lo>tntcr, 199 I -92
Iron Work by David Bttwin
· knives, axes, saws - that a farmer took into
the woods when going to hunt meat for food
or to cut wood for building or heating lhe
home. The gun he carried was often made in
the same village he lived in. Guns were critical
to the early mountain families for food and for
defense, and gun-making was a branch of
blacksmithing.
The blacksrruth could make a loom. The
blacksmith could make a grist mill.
"You had to have hoes, you had to have
plows and horses, cradle blades, mowing
blades, axes, mauocks and wedges,
go-devils, all of these things," says long-time
mountain resident Mary Jane Queen.
..•And single-tree hardware, hinge
pintles, staples. naiJs, cooper's adze.-;, ginseng
hoes, bear traps, bullet molds, cowbells,
augers, barking spuds, pothooks, sickles,
post-hole diggers, froes. spatulas, ladles - all
of these were products of the blacksmith's an.
For food, clothing. shelter, and
tronsponation. almost every aspect of the
community except its spiritual life, people
were dependent on the blacksmith.
The smithy was a focal point for the
village. It was a center for the village
economy, but it also was a men's social
center. ln those days a person did not drop
something off and say, "!'II be by to pick this
up after J do some shopping." When a man
brought a job in, he and the blacksmith
worked on it together.
"They would go there, the men folks
would, if they had tools to have fixed, and
they would help grandpaw run the forge, and
they'd sit and talk· then they'd get up and
work a while, and then they'd talk awhile."
remembers Mary Jane Queen.
There was at least one blacksmith in
each town and often there was a smithy at the
Blacksmithing was always associated
with magic. For a srni!h to lake what looked
like ~lain rocks from the ground, draw out
hard iron, and transform that iron into tools
and weapons that gave their social group an
immense technological advantage must have
seemed magical indeed.
In Christian Europe when the
technology of ironworlcing had become
common, the blacksmith was still held in
some awe, but it was not the elevated stature
the smith had held in the early days of
civilization. Particularly in PoJand and Russia
blacksn:tiths ~ere thought 10 be in league with'
the devil. h 1s easy to see why. The smith's
sweaty, blackened face and torso dinied by
working all day at the sooty forg;; the forge
fire. hot and bright; the incessant ringing of
metal on metal; the showering sparks in the
smith's gloomy shop. which had to be kept
darkened so the smith could ·:iccurately sec the
color of the metal he was working: all the
images associated with Hell were drawn from
the blacksmith's trade.
The mountain story of "Wicked John
and the Devil" carried the connection over into
the New World in the tale of a blacksmith who
was "meaner'n the devil himself.~
Well-known mountain storyteller Ray Hicks
tells a "Jack tale" that relates how Jack
magically trapped seven devils in his sack.
Jack took his sackload to the blacksmith, who
pounded them 10 cinders on his anvil.
In a different tradition, iron was
supposed to defeat the magic of the fairies or
the Little People. In the British Isles some
travelers would wear an iron pin to protect
tl\emscl,ves from ~sfortune along their way.
The smithy, where iron was the stock in trade
was obviously a safe place, free of magic.
'
Other folklore followed the blacksmiths'
trade across the ocean. One custom held that
the water in which the smith quenched the hot
iron was a cure for poison ivy. There were
many others. Even today some blacksmiths
tap the anviJ three times at the end of the
workday to ''chain the devil."
In Europe, the basic tools of the
blacksmith • the nnvil, hammer, forge. and
bello~s - had all taken their classic shape by
the Middle Ages. Their design has been little
changed to this day.
.
The other primary tool of the blacksmith
1s fire. People do not usually think of fire as a
(a,ntinued OIi DCJCI ~ )
Xatilall Journa£ paqc 11
�which earned it into the forge 10 aerate the
f1re.
In the forge, lhe ore was formed into a
"bloom," a roughly spherical blob of
semi-molten iron, air bubbles. and impurities.
The bloom was beaten under the uip hammer
to remove air and foreign materials. When it
was done, it had been beaten into a nauene.d
"ham." The Hanging Dog Bloomcry Forge
turned ou1 1wo or three hams a day, each
weighing about 20 pounds.
The hams were shaped into b~ with
curved ends like sled runner,; so thnt a bundle
of them could be dragged behind a t¢.'lm or
oxe~ to local blacksmiths' shops within a five
or six county area.
This level of production me1 1he needs of
the area until the railroad came and tied 1he
region in10 the national industrial system. It
quickly became more economical to dig iron
Photo councsy of Ille Mountain Heniagc Center
(continued Crom page II)
1001 because it is no1 a solid objec1 that is
picked up and manipula1ed wi1h 1he hands, bu1
fire is crucial 10 every stage of the
blacksmilh's work. Woodworkers shape 1heir
ma1erial by removing some of it. bUL, while it
is hot, iron is a plastic me.dium thal can be
reshaped with li11le or no material being losL
The forge is the specialized fireplace that
holds the blacksmith's superheated fire. In
early times, blacksmiths used charcoal as fuel,
but shonly after the Civil War coke came to be
the most common fuel used in the mountains.
Coke is soft coal burned slowly at low
temperatures to remove the impurities., as
charcoal is made from wood. The bJacksmjth
made his own coke, healing it slowly and with
almos1 no air around the sides of 1he forge.
The blacksmith's fire was kept very hot
by the continuous ac1ion of a bellows. (foday
a blacksmi1h is more likely to use
anelecuically-powen:d blower.) For each
process perfonned by the blacksmith, the
metal must be a1 precisely the right
temperature. For some processes the metal
must be heated to over 2000 degrees
FahrenheiL
As the temperature of the metal changes,
so docs i1s color. The color changes arc the
blacksmith's thermometer, and the smi1h must
learn to distinguish the various gradations of
color in the heated metal. The iron changes
from pale yellow to straw yellow, purple,
blue, gray, dull red, sun rise red, cherry red,
light red, almos1 orange, and then white as its
internal rempe.rruure rises. More time in the
heat of 1he flames turns white heat to
incandescent white and then to a liquid
yellow, which indicates that the surface has
become semi-molten.
•
When the metal is hca1ed 10 the right
degree, the smith can flntten it or taper it, in a
process known as "drawing out." Or the smith
can "upset" the metal by drawing it back on
itself. If a tool needs holes, the smith can
punch them out. Two pieces of hot iron can be
joined together by ''forge welding,"
hammering them together on the anvil.
Blacksmiths' hammers come in a variety
of sizes and shapes. Some are swung, while
others are sci on the piece and StrUClc with a
sledge wielded by an assistant, "the striker."
In a small shop 1herc is usually only one
anvil, but it is capable of doing many different
jobs. The flat face of the anvil is used 10
hammer the metal into the various shapes. The
Xatunfl JOU-ma! page 12
horn is used in bending circles or arcs of
various sizes and can also be used to speed up
1he drawing out process, since the roundness
of the hom acts as a lens to focus the energy
of the blow.
Af1er shaping, the tool or part being
worked is heat treate.d to give either the
hardened metal of a axe head or the springy,
shock-absorbing metal of a saw. As in
forging, the color of the polished metal tells
the smith what kind of hardness, brit1leness,
or springiness the finished tool will have.
Axe heads or chisels can be treated to
vary the hardness wi1hin the tool. A cold
chisel tempered by a smith can be hard and
tough at the cuuing edge and relatively soft at
the baner end so 1ha1 the force of the blows is
cushioned and the chisel is less likely to
break.
Today the hardening and tempering of
tools is done in computer-controlled factory
ovens. Treating tools in large batches may be
economically more efficient, bul an old
blacksmith would consider the tools that we
use today to be of inferior quality.
Contrary to a commonly-held
stereotype, mountain life was not completely
agricultural and not all a matter of handwork.
Blacksmithing was pan of a sclf-rontained,
localized industrial process. Even the iron
used in the blacksmith's shop was produced
within the region at "bloomery forges," like
the two located in Hanging Dog, North
Carolina. Wood for charcoal and limonite,
iron ore, were found near 1he site, and 1he
operation was powered by wa1er power.
The ore was washed under a scream of
water and crushed to powder beneath the
weight of a 750 pound water-driven hammer
suiking at the rate of 100 times per minute.
The powdered ore was mixed with chan:oal
and healed in the bloomery forge. The forge
fire was kepi hot by the "trompe," a simple,
ye1 very sophisticated mechanism that fed a
continuous stream of air to the forge. Running
creek water filled a tank at the top of the
trompe. The water fell through rwo tubes,
which were pierced with small holes. The
falling water drew air through the holes into
the tubes. At the bottom, the water and air
entered what was known as the "wind box."
The rising level of the water forced the air
upwards and out through the wind 1ubc,
out of big pit mines, smelt it in huge blast
furnaces, and ship ii great distances.
By 1920 the local blacksmiths were
being usurped by large hardware companies
who were sending out catalogs by mail tha1
offered almos1 everything in the tool line.
Small-town country scores would keep a
catalog and make orders for their customers.
People became accustomed to purchasing
standard tools from the catalog, but there were
special tools that were never included, and
there still were people who would go to the
local blacksmith, because they did not have
the cash to order through the mail. But they
became fewer and fewer, and gradually the
local blacksmiths disappeared. When the
automobile was introduced, it was a natural
step for blacksmiths 10 move into mechanics,
body work, or welding.
Tourism provided one outlet. In Yancey
and Mitchell Coumies, for instance, 1he Boone
family succc.c;sfully made a transition to
ornamental and decorative ironwork. The
company still makes andirons, chandeliers,
flre sets, and other ornamental pieces for
customers on four continents. Their
succes~iul business means that in Spruce
Pine, North Carolina there is still a blacksmith
shop where a tool can be made or
repaired.Other small smithies still operate in
the mountains.
In recent years, 1he John C. Campbell
Folk School has been a center for smithing
instruc1ion. Students have come from every
part of the country to study there under Oscar
Canircll or the internationally known master
smith, Francis Whit1aker.
Ah.hough it may have been displaced
from itS position as the keeper of the village
fire, _the tradition of blacksmithing still
conunues.
p/a,J'
Jan Davidson is curaror of the Mou111ain
Heritage Center on the campus of Westem
Carolina University in Cullowhee, NC.
Dtn•id Brewin also works QJ the Cenrer.
bur blacksmithing is his first Jove.
The exhibit "lron.f in the Fire· is currently 011
display OJ tht MoU11trun lfrritoge Centu. Tht
prtse1110twn brings to life tht hinory of
black.smithing, shows m llll(l(lrlance 10 tlU! Europt0/1
stllltrs in the IIIOUntuins, and illustrates contemporary
app/ica11ons of the art. Tht uhibit includes a
20-minuu mu/ti-image slidt show and is open
Monday- Friday from 8 am 10 5 pm. For mare
informtJtion, call (704) 227-7129.
1.,1,n~r. t99t-92
�THE FIRST FIRE
out again at the same hole, but his 'body had been scorched black,
and he has ever since had the habit of daning and doubling on his
track as if trying to escape from close quarters. He came back,
and the great blacksnake, Gule'gi, "the Climber," offered to go
for fire. He swam over to the island and climbed up the tree on
the outside, as the blacksnake always does, but when he put his
head down into the hole the smoke choked him so that he fell into
the burning stump, and before he could climb out again he was as
black as the Uksu'lu.
Now they held another council, for still there was no fire,
and the world was cold, but birds, snakes. and four-footed
animals, all had some excuse for not going. because they were all
afraid 10 venture near the burning sycamore, until at last
Kanane'ski Amai'yelii, the water spider, said she would go. This
is not t.he water spider that looks like a mosquito, but the other
one, with black downy hair and red stripes on her body. She can
run on top of the water or dive to the bottom, so there would be
no trouble to get over 10 the island. but the question was, How
could she bring back the fire?
''I'll manage that.." said the water spider, so she spun a
thread from her body and wove il into a rusti bowl, which she
fastened on her back. Then she crossed over to the island and
through the grass to where the fire was still burning. She put one
little coal of fire into her bowl, and came back with it, and ever
since we have had fire, and the water spider still keeps her msri
bo~.
~v
In the beginning there was no fire, and the world was
cold, until the Thunders, who lived up in Ga/un'/ari, sent their
lightning and put fire into the bottom of a hollow sycamore tree
which grew on an island. The animals knew it was there, because
they could see smoke coming out at the top, but they could not
get to it on account of the water, so they held a council 10 decide
what to do. This was a long time ago.
Every animal that could fly or swim was anxious to go
after the fire. The raven offered, and because he was so large and
strong they thought he could surely do the work, so he was sent
first. Ile flew high and far across the water and alighted on the
sycamore tree, but while he was wondering what to do next, the
beat had scorched all his feathers black, and he was frightened
and came back without the fire. \Vahultu, the liule screech-owl,
volunteered to go, and reached the place safely, but while he was
looking down into the hollow tree a blast of hot air came up and
nearly burned out his eyes. He managed 10 fly home as best he
could, but it was a long time before he could see well, and his
eyes are red to this day.
Then U'guk.11, the hooting owl, and Ts/dli, the homed
owl, went, but by the time they got to the hollow tree the fire was
burning so fiercely that the smoke nearly blinded them, and the
ashes carried up by the wind made white rings about their eyes.
They had to come home again without the fire, but with all their
rubbing they were never able to get rid of the white rings.
No more of the birds would venture, and so the liule
Uks11'Jii snake, the black racer, said he would go through the
water and bring back some fire. He swam across 10 the island
and crawled through the grass 10 the tree, and went in by a small
hole in at tne bottom. The heat and smoke were too much for
him, 100, and after dodging about blindly over the hot ashes until
he was almost on fire himself, he managed by good luck to get
::!II'
Version collected by James Mooney inl>tywo{llutC/iuol<LeandSa.:r~
FtxmMlaso/llut CMrouu, published in 1900.
A tusLi bowl wos o cloy vt.r~I. scribed w11h o urtain design \l'ht her
was the vusel itselfor was the name of the po11tr11 of markings is n •I
known, but the IIISU bowl was o .wcred ium.
IUSU
'
1.i~nt~r. 1991-92
A Cherokee Legend
Drawings by James Rhea
�HEARTH & FIRE IN THE MOUNTAINS
by Barbara Wickersham
The Highlands of Roan is a place of
spectaculru- beauty. Seven1.een miles of the
Appalachian Trail cross the massif and are
reputed 10 be some of the mos1 beautiful
stretches of the 2,000-mile 1rek. Settlers started
moving into this tumble of mountains in the
very late I 700's and discovered vast forests
filled with big timber and abundant game; plenty
of fresh, clean water, teeming wi1h trout: and
possibilities for subsistence farming, "sona hard
come by." They brought wilh them to this
wilderness a strong need for hearth and lire.
. The hearth, called "hath" by the
ol~-~crs, was the cc~ter of f!IUCh family
acnvny and took prominence m the building of a
home. Much care and time was spent in its
creation since ii was not only 1he center of
family life, bu1 essential for survival.
. While I was in Roan Mountain recently, a
fnend and I smpped by to see my friend Jim. a
mountain man of great presence who is a story
teller quintessential, a natural historian, and a
philosopher of sons. He has survived many a
harsh fire-demanding winter in the Roan
Mountain Community and seemed to be a
perfect source.
His blue eyes squinted thoughtfully as he
peered out from under a shock of grey hair, a
work-worn hand resting gently on Joe, his big
Gennnn shepherd lying protectively at his side.
He leaned back comfortably in his grea1 chair
and agreed 10 share with us some thoughts
about the use and importance of heanb and fire
during his growing up years.
"First," he explained, "You built the
chimley to a house, and you jest got big field
stones and clay mud, and you'd lay up a rock
and then you'd lay up a bunch of clay mud, then
ano'1!er round of rocks and more mud 'till you
get high as you wanted, and then you built your
hearth."
His voice trailed off as he seemed lost in
another time, another place for the moment, then
sighed, remembering, and continued.
"You hunted as big a flat rock as you
could find to make a heanh out of. Gen'ly had
to build up small rocks under it to make it level
with the floor. What it was for was to catch the
fire 'till it wouldn't get out and bum the house.
They'd be three to four fec1 long and a1 least
about that deep back. Then you got a big
backstick that was to go in the back of the
fircplace ... throwed the heat out Sometimes hit
would be 16 to 18 inches through, sometimes
bigger, and jest half it, and il'd take two to pu1 it
on.
"Sometimes you'd have 10 roll it in, but
it'd last all day behind there, and you'd pu1
smaller wood in front. Then you had a fire, and
you usually never let ii go out 'til along after
April when they'd have an old cookstove
a'goin', and hit went through the summer 'bout
all day."
Matches to start the fire were not easily
obtained. [f available at all, a box of matches
cost about a nickel and "it took sometimes an
hour to work ou1 that nickel back in the late '20s
and early '30s. l can remember well when
people would borrow fire, bring a little old
bucket, come to borrow a chunk of fire. I've
Xatuah J?14n~t J1Q9lt 14
PholO coune,y of lbe Mounwn Heriiaac Caller
even know'd 'em to take the shot out of a
shotgun shell and put a piece of co1ton where
the sho1 was - the powder would still be in the
shell - and they'd lire 1ha1 into some real dry
kindlin' or punk and it would set that co11on
a-fire. Then you jest blow'd on it and you'd
have a good fire in jest a minute."
Punk is very dry rotten, crumbly wood
found inside some hardwood trees.
"You could get it beuer out of a hard
maple and usually ever'body kepi a little around
where it would be dry. Hit wouldn't blaze bu1
made big coals, and once it was a'fire, it s;ayed
a'fire."
Sparks from soiking cwo pieces of flint
together were also used to fire punk.
All the fireplaces had an iron rod built into
the chimney, usually made of wagon wheel
ir<?n. Double pothooks (S shaped) were hung on
this rod and meals were cooked in hanging pots.
.
''When Mom cooked beans or anything
hke that, she pm 'em on early in 1he mornin'
and let them cook 'till noon or she'd cook boiled
cabbage, lots of soup beans, or when she
cooked pork or beef, she cooked ii in a
three-gallon iron pot. That's what it took to do
us for 1wo meals.
"You had to have a fire, and that saved a
lot of wood and more time. Stove wood had to
be gonen in the mountains where it was dead
and dry. Sometimes, owin' to how long you'd
been livin' in a place, you'd have to go a puny
good ways to get it. You'd drag it in 10 the
woodyard with a horse, either on a sled or drag
the whole tree, and 1hen chop it
"Usually mother wanted dead locust hardest stuff in the world. You'd be three
minutes before you'd get one stick off, and 1ha1
would get a stove or a fire really hot, burnt
slow, and had a big coal with it, left coals in
there. You'd get one good fire, and it'd cook a
meal."
The cook stove had a bread oven, but in
the winter they often used a ponable, lidded.
cast iron oven that could be put among the coals
on the hcanh rock. They raked back the coals,
se1 the oven down, and 1hen covered it with
coals. The bread inside the oven cooked to a
fine tum.
"Mom could tell by the smell when it wns
done. Now tha1 was good cornbread!
Sometimes she made pone wheat bread, and I
have eat some rye bread made that-a-way."
Family life centered around the heanh.
The room that housed it was called 1he ftrero0m
(our present living room), and the mantle was
called_the fireboard. It was generally the largest
room in the house and held at least two big
beds.
Sickness was a real problem. since there
was little medical help available. and it was not
uncommon for a woman to be "sittin' under the
(sick) baby" by the hearth all day. Toothache
was trealed by putting hot ashes in a rag on the
jaw to ease the pain. Smoke was blown in the
car to soothe an earache.
"Hit worked. Hit was jest something 10
git it warm, I guess. rve had it blow'd in mine
many of a time when l was little. They'd jes1
puff it in their mouth, put their mouth right up
close to your ear, and blow right slow. When
they'd quit, you could see that liule curl of
smoke comin' out"
Colds were a menace; treatn)ent was
simple. Water was boiled in a cast iron 1calceule
and poured in10 a pan. Vicks salve was added
and the person with the cold leaned over this
with a quilt covering both the person and the
pan. It worked magic! Babies and small children
often had what they called croup. Ir was treated
in much the same way.
"Kids'd completely choke up and that was
the only way they had to break it They'd jest
quit breathin."
A person with rheumatism clid wha1 they
called "bakin' it" by putting a quilt on the hearth
and scooting as close to the fire as the intense
heat would allow, thus lcilling the pain.
A baby animal, unfonunate enough to be
born on a cold winter night or just rejected by its
mother, was brought in by the hearth and hand
fed.
Wlnter, t 99 t -9Z
�"We'd bring liule pigs in a lot of times,
and lambs, and I have brought calves in by the
heanh. I remember having baby pigs in a
confined place close where they could keep
wann when they would come unexpec1edly in
the cold time. If they could ever get to suck a
pig or lamb, you couldn't freeze it 10 dea1h. But
a weakly pig, sometimes you'd have to bring it
in and boule-feed it, or a weakly lamb that
couldn't get up. Once you fed it a time or two,
you bad a pet, and hit was a pest - a sheep or a
pet pig is the biggest pest in the world. An old
pig would trot after you all day long and squeal,
and it not a bit hungry. You've heard the sayin'
'Aggravatin' as a pet pig' - that's whur that
come from."
Before the advent of kerosene lamps, the
room was lit at night by bundles of small pieces
of knots from black pitch pines.
"They'd go into the mountains whur 1he
old black pine had fell over and the wood rots
out and leaves them pines a-layin' there. They'd
take a 10w sack and gather a big sack full of
knots, and they'd be about 1hree inches
through."
They wouW talce pieces a bit smaller than
finger diameter, split them to length, and tie
them in bundles "aboul what you could hold in
your hand." Rawhide ties were placed at
intervals down che 12 to 18 inch long bundles.
When needed for light, a bundle was carefully
secured in a hole among the chimney rocks and
lit. As it burned down, a tie was removed and
the next one down held the bundle together.
Some people had what they called pitch holders
which were made at a black:.mith shop. It, 100,
was stuck back among the rocks in the chimney.
Kerosene ushered in a new era wilh lamps
and lanterns. In the beginning, many of the
lamps had no globe and were made 10 be used
with wool rags pushed down into the lamp, then
covered with kerosene. A bit of the wool rag
was pulled through the opening and lit, sucking
up the kerosene as it burned. Lanterns soon
replaced pitch torches for walking to church at
nigh1, going 10 parties, or seeking a missing or
sick animal on the mountain.
Fire wa.~ used 10 make life easier in lots of
ways. Down by the creek 1hey would have a
30-gallon iron keule hung from a rack a fool or
foot and one -half above a fire. This was filled
with water from the creek and clothes were
boiled using homemade lye soap. If clothes
were especially dirty, after boiling they would
be taken to the creek and beaten on the rocks
with a bauling stick. Dry wood was used for the
fire, beech, sugar tree (maple), oak, "old apple
tree made awful good fire," and the coveted
dead locust.
Ironing was made easier by starching
clothes with a cooked solution made of flour
and water. There were no ironing boards back
1hen, and ironing was done using a whi1c clo1h
on the dining lable as an ironing surface. Fial
irons were h1!.1tcd on the cooksiove, two at a
time in order to switch when one got too cool.
Most v.omen quilted, and ironing small pieced
scams flat with a heavy Oar iron thai wa, often
too hot or 100 cold was no easy task. Trying 10
follow a soap or chalk-marked quilting line in
the light of a pitch pine bundle or a kerosene
lantern was a challenge as well.
And lhen...mcn's work. On the mountain
farm, neither men's nor women's work was
ever done.
1.i11,rcr, 199 1-92
On the evening before hog killing, the men
dug a big hole and layered wood and big rocks
in it. Very dry kindling was placed on top.
About four o'clock the next morning, they
would "lire that up, and them rocks would get
hot, and we'd fill up a 60-gallon wooden barrel
with water, and we'd lay that on an angle, kinda
tilted, and we'd throw them big red hot rocks in
there, and when you got it whur it would burn
you, it was ready.
"They would have the hog up on a
scaffold and it would take three men to put it
down in there and then they'd keep feeling 'till
they could tell the hair was comin' off. Then
they would tum it and get that side. Usually you
scraped it afler you scalded it. They would tum
it around and do the other end. You kept your
fire agoin', and the water would be gitlin' some
cold but not much, and you hung them on the
scaffold then, and take the entrails out and hang
them to drip, and then they'd git the next 'un.
Kept your lire agoin' and kept the rocks hot all
the time. Take the rocks out when the water got
too cold and reheat them. Would have more
rocks all ready 10 put in while the first ones was
gettin' hot again."
A special smoke house was used to smoke
pork. A lire was built in either a hole dug in a
dirt floor or smouldered in an iron pot. The meat
was hung above this.
"Jest let it smoke... had a place in the roof
for the smoke to go out...smoked it auer it was
cured with salt. Smoked it with hickory or
mountain ash wood 'cause they wouldn't black
none."
Two survival-related uses for fire simply
have to be mentioned here. Moonshine was an
important source of cash for these mountain
people, and fire was essential both for heating
water and cooking mash. Another lucrative
business was the cutting and sawing of wood.
Sawmill boilers fired with wood made the steam
that generated power for the big pulley wheel
Belts ran from !here to the saw and made it
possible to cut giant logs into lumber.
M,010 lalcn 01 lhc home of C. E. Willwns 111
Rom Mount.tut. TN by Sort.a Wickcrr.hun
There were for 100 many other uses for
fire to recount them all, but one more important
use was for agriculture. ~New ground" had to
be cleared for a garden about every chrce ~ Everything was cut from as close 10 the ground
as possible on rhree 10 four acres of land. The
brush was put in a big pile, and the log~ were
left for a big "log rollin'.
"This was a git-together, jest one man
a'helpin' another, have 10 or 12 men. They'd
roll the logs and the women would cook.
You've heard that expression "Jest like cookin'
for a log rollin' ...that's what it was. Now they
really cat!"
The logs werc rolled into piles and set
ablaze, burning sometimes four or five days.
Once "Old Man" Wes Miller got impatient
and decided 10 bum his logs by himself. He
rolled the logs together and fired them. As they
burned away in the middle, he pushed them
closer together to encourage them to bum
completely. While so doing, one big log
suddenly rolled over and caught his left leg,
jamming it tightly between two burning logs.
No matter how hard he tried, he could not
disengage his leg.
His axe lay about a foot beyond his reach.
He began clawing at the dirt until ftnally the axe
slid toward him. Then he chopped off his leg,
tore his overall pants leg into srrings, made a
tourniquet, found a crooked stick which he used
for a crutch and managed to get back home.
"He hewed out a wooden leg for himself,
the straight kind, peg-leg they called it. He was
real young when this happened and he lived to
be a healthy old man. He was a rough customer,
he was. He could walk on the mountain even
and talce care of his animals....They was tough,
back then!''
Jim suddenly fell quiet, a gen1le giant of a
man, his hand once again trailing Joe. Truly,
they "was tough back then," and !hey still are.
/
�signify the arrival of the new year, the people
would strip, bum their clothes, and then put
on fresh garments to begin the new cycle. The
mam purpose of that ceremony was 10 make
the connection between all the people.
The Ancient Red
These are tire words ofa traditional
Cherokee medicine person:
Let me st.an at the beginning. This is
what my grandfather told me. The 0:eator
made the Eanh and all things, and then the
Oeator set up the Jaws of nature to govern
everything - so that the wolves wouldn't eat
all the deer in one day, and so on. And the
Creator set Grandmother Moon and
Grandfather Sun in their places.
The Sun was supposed to talce care of
the humans. The Sun, being a bit arrogant.,
thought that some lesser being could talce care
of such a petty species. So he sent the Fire to
the Eanh to represent himself on the planet.
The humans were to communicate to the Sun
through the fire.
The element ofFlfC is known as the
A_ncient Red. Ancient Red always refers to
Fsrc, although there arc several spiritual
beings who are called by that name. The First
Man on the planet, Kanati, became the
spiritual essence of lightning and thunder so
be is called Ancient Red because of that '
conn~tion. In the formulistic language there
are different words for Fire that sigrufy Fi.re as
Kanati, as lightning, as the wood fire, or as
the Sun.
The color red signified Fire and was also
the symbol of Heaven. Our concept of Heaven
is called the Sun La.nd, Beyond the Sun and it
is in the East. Red is the color of the ~ t and
it is also the symbol of success. When th~
warriors went to war, they painted red and
black on their faces; red for victory and black
for death.
1n all the medicine fonnulas, the Ancient
Red is the most powerful being a medicine
person can call. The translation of the word
for medicine people is "the sacred fire bums
inside of them."
Hel_lt _was a prime element in doctoring.
The med1cme people would rub their hands
together rapidly before going to work to
provoke that sacred fire that bums inside and
move it into their hands so that they could
transfer it to the patienL Some would heat
mud daubers' nests and put them on their
patients' bodies to cure them. Fire was
brought into the sweat lodge in the heat of the
stones for healing. Fire is for purification. A
sacred pipe is purified over a fire.
There arc several taboos about Fuc.
People arc not to piss on a fire. Even if they
arc up in the woods where there is no water
close by, and they have st0mped out their
campfire except for a few last coals, they
should not piss on it to put it ouL One does
not throw anything in the fire that is unclean.
Cedar, rhododendron, and mountain laurel
woods arc not lO be used as firewood; they are
Xatuan )o"maL
pQ(Je 16
thrown into a fire 10 change its personality. If
rhododendron or mountain laurel are put on a
fire when they are green, they scream when
you throw them imo I.he fire. The old variety
of sacred lObacco is also put into fires to
change them.
This used to be important to the native
people, but to a great extent we have lost that,
and it's sad. I have been to stomp dances in
Oklahomn, and I have seen people showing
remnants of that former attitude around the
fire. It is rare to see that any more. Today
there are people who piss in the fire or throw
irash in it witho~t giving it ~ second thought.
The most 1mponant thmg to remember is
tha! FlfC ~s a living _
being - a living being with
an ~ncredible appeme. You can be frightened
of 11, or you can be respectful of it and at one
with i~. It will_not harm you if you do not do
anything foolish. But people have to recognize
Fire as a living being.
My grandfather told me that at the
Kaniah village there was a sacred fire that was
the central fire for the whole Cherokee nation.
lt was kept alive with the sacred woods. The
sacred woods were sourwood, hickory,
cedar, locust, yellow pine, white oak and
sweet birch.
'
Cedar and sourwood trees, which are
considered very sacred to the people, are both
connected to the color red. Sourwood is the
first red-leafed tree to change. The wood of
the cedar has red in it The cedar does not
grow in these mountains, but it is really
av~able in Tennessee or southern Georgia,
so in the old days people would just run over
there to get it.
Once a year, at the time of the Green
Com Ceremony, all the fires in the whole
Cherokee territory were all put out. The sacred
fire at the mother village was then relit by a
person who was designated as the firekeeper,
and runners would take the fire 10 all the
villages in the Cherokee nation.
The old people used lO say that the flfC
was the bond that kept the tribe together. It did
not matter that the people were members of
different clans and spoke different dialects: it
did not mauer that we might have different
enemies and different friends; the fire was the
same. Wherever our village wll!>, we all
cooked at the same fire and heated our lodges
with the same fire. It was the fire that held us
together.
. The Green Com Ceremony marked the
begmnmg of the new year. It was the tribe's
most powerful ceremony. It was the bonding
ceremony. When the fires were put out, the
people forgave all the crimes of the past year
and made resolutions for the next My
grandfather said that, after the sacred fire was
li~ and the runners were ready t0 leave for their
villages, the people would do a special dance
around the sacred fire. That dance had its own
particular songs about the fire-lighting. To
The Green Com Ceremony was
celebrated when the first roasting ears of com
became ripe enough to eat, sometime after the
eighth or ninth of July. No one could eat the
new com until then. In the last days before the
ceremony, it was hard LO keep the kids out of
the field. The adults used 10 satisfy the young
ones by letting them eat the com worms, and
the com smut off the ears. Com smut is
delicious! They would take it before it got
black, cut it up a.nd fry it. I understand that
among the Mayan Indians only the emperors
and the wealthy were allowed t0 eat com
smut. The com worms are good too when
they are fried.
'
'
After the Green Com Ceremony, when
the runne~ brought the fire to the villages,
they took It to the council house at the center
of the town. The grandfather of my
~n~ather told him about the ceremony at the
hghung of the fire. One person did a spider
dance and carried some smoldering embers in
a clay pot to each of the four directions in the
village because Spider had carried the FtrSt
Fire in a clay pot which she made (see page
13). Then they returned to the town house,
and the elder who was designated the
firekeeper brought the fire to a blaze with the
sacred woods.
That fire was kept alive in the council
house all year. Just as the One Sacred Ftre
was the focal point for the nation and the fire
in the lodge was the focal point for the family,
so the fire in the council house was the focal
point for the village. If a family's lodge flfC
went out, they went lO the town house, and
the firekeeper would light their fire, honoring
all the taboos around it, because Fire was a
sacred being.
The fire in the council house stayed alive
all Y:8'"· :nie _firekeeper was responsible for
keepmg u gomg and then called it up with the
seve~ sacred woods when they had council
meeungs.
James Timberlake, when he visited
Attakullakulla's village. went to a meeting in
the t?wn_
house. Although it was daylight
outs1de, tt was dark inside the building, but he
could see that the firekeeper had laid out short
piece~ of dri~ river cane, one overlapping the
next, m a spiral that stanc:d from the fire pit
and moved out in a great circle. The elder who
was the firckeeper started 10 chant a fonnula.
and at the end of each verse he clapped his
hands four times and rubbed them together. At
that, I.he fire ignited, and the cane started
burning. It seemed as though it was
spontaneous. Timberlake was amazed.
As one piece of the cane spiral burned
up, the one overlapping it would catch fire,
and the flame went around until the whole
sprral was consumed. The people sat in a
CIJ'Cle around the burning slivers of cane and
used them for liiht during the meeting. Toe
fire was also a nmer, because when it went
out the council was over.
. There was another com ceremony, but
thlS one was done at planting time. 11 involved
�Waiting;
Under the Wing of a Dark Hill
We are waiting to break every vow
We have made.
Hunting the butt-ends,
Smoking them under the trees,
Dra·wing closer to the lantern
We read
The razors
In bloodKin eyes.
We goin idle
Search of him,
Of the silver one
Who is only a flash
That crosses our path
From time to time
(But familiar
like the amber
And the spittle
Or the shadow that falls
on our dreams
Eyes wide.)
lighrning-srruck wood, which, if it was taken
from a cree that survived the blast, had the
Ancient Red in iL Before planting the com, a
large group of women would dance around
the cornfield, leaving a small group of women
at each of 1he cardinal points. Each of these
smaller groups would include an elder
grandmother who had a big splinter of
lightning-struck wood. When there was a
group in each of the four comers, they sang a
special song and rushed 10 the center of the
field. Al the center of the field, they would
plunge their lightning-struck wood into the
earth, like lightning striking the ground.
This was a powerful symbolic act. The
lightning-struck wood represented Kanari, the
First Man and also the lightning, and the
women represented Selu, the First Woman
and also the Com Mother.
That was to make the com grow. 1 think
it probably did. Com just grows beuer if the
women plant it and do things like thaL
Fire was of great spiritual imponance,
but it was also the people's most powerful
tool. Besides using it for basic cooking and
heating, I told how ii was used for healing. It
was also much involved in weapons-making.
The people used fire in making blowguns and
in flintknapping. To make arrowheads, they
heated up the pieces of flint and then poured
drops of cold water on them. And in the
earliest days, before they knew flintknnpping,
they would bum the ends of sticks and rub
them to harden them.
Outside the village, the people used
controlled fires to bum away the leaves and
woody debris around their town 10 protect it
from wildfires. When clearing new fields they
used fire 10 bring down the trees. They would
girdle a tree, and after it was girdled and
dried, three or four people working as a team
would stan small fires at its base. They would
just sit around and chat while the fires burned,
from time 10 rime geuing up to chip away the
charred wood with their axes, until the tree
fell. Jn this way they would also bring down
large poplar treeS 10 make their canoes. Once
down, the log was also hollowed out with
fire.
After the riverbonom fields were
cleared, the people would continue 10 bum
them off every year co get rid of the cane. My
grandfather's grandfather told him that he
remembered the sounds of the cane crncking
and exploding when they burned the fields. 1t
sounded like an army - Boom! Boom!
BOOM!!
They would also bum the mountains 10
gel the chesrnu1s. They would set fires at the
bonom of the mountain, and bum the leaves
off all the way up 10 the top. h made it easier
to get the chestnuts, easier to move around,
and it enabled them 10 gather honey.
Burning made hunting easier because it
100k away the brushy places in which the
animals would hide. Burning the hillsides
encouraged grass and sun-loving blueberries
and huckleberries to grow up underneath,
making better forage for the game animals.
From my grandfather, I got the
impression lha1 they burned the mountains
every fall. I think 1ha1 to a bird flying over this
area in the autumn 300 years ago, ii would
look like the whole Cherokee territory was
smoking.
Fire was an imponant pan of the old#
way of life.
fr'
We foam in the bowels
We shit and quake at the light
Of killing him.
(If we could dare
Or ferret him out,
Tell him apart
Prom us
While we slept ... )
If we could find
What we'd need,
We'd cul his green throat,
Dance on his green blood,
And bury him beneath the sodden
leaves
(Bury him in the mud and lime
Like us)
We'd bury himOnly an inch or so
Below the surface.
Mile and miles
From the black coal,
And just as far
From the
Warm,
Translucent
SKY.
David Earl Williams
Orn ing by Rob Messick
lolu1tcr, 1991-92
By God,
We cast pale omens
Into camp fire
And breath them in.
JCnti'mh )ounW J)QIJC 17
�MIDWINT
POEMS BY JI
MIDWINTER FIRES
All branches bare
Apple persimmon acorn
chestnut hazel
The peach gone
December the dying month
The cold sunken
giving up of ghost
By the fires your
moon-heat wrestling
spent harvest winds
A knock
Admit them
Admit them
Three keen-faced bulls
hindquarters manly
shaggy crouching bearing
mistletoe and holly
berry
THE HOLLY
Beads
of blue
Grieve not!
The golden bough and holly sprig
greet you!
blood
the air transfigures
crimson
A crown
of thorny
green
YULE
The sun does not die
The earth tapers
then savors
Let's make a fire
to cure poison
its shine
In the wood's gloom
a blazing
evergreen
We'll smolder a log
shoulder sorrows away
in brass buckets
of ash
Luck will be ours
The singing flint within us
Embers glowing
glowing
�ER
EFFERY BEAM
EATING THE GOD
Having been Ox
and Shamrock
Having been Queen
and Peasant
Having been Tern
and Blow-fish
This strange land
takes me
Restores my strength
The land's fleshy
length
Such was our custom
With jug and grain
I by thanks am given
SATURNALIA
I left the place l was accustomed to
COW-BORN DIONYSUS
Here you are again
Friend of the winnowing heart
Back from your far journey
I will help you work the
lath and hoop
to set the stars on
an unbitter loop
so your sacred frame
will hang low and succulent
like the eyes
of new calves
Where the rooster
ignites and hails
the sun
You find me
Agoat
with a black
beard
Drawings By James Rhea
Borders By la.son Tueller
�..... LOGGER -VIOLENCE!
••
' • ' N"1Uril W«ld Newr ~ice
On the morning of November 25 1991
Bruce Hare was in the Long Creek Ho~
Restaurant, the local cafe in the little town of
Long Creek. Hare had grown up in Long
Cre~k and presently owns the Chanooga
Wh1tewater Shop that offers rafting trips down
the nearby Chattooga River. And because he
cares about his home and the river, Hare has
also been filing appeals on timber sales offered
by the US Forest Service (USFS) near Long
Creek in the Sumter National Forest
Hare is a former president of the South
Carolina Forest Watch environmental group.
Forest Watch has been very moderate in
pushing forest management reforms, but the
group had recently assisted the Georgia Forest
Watch in filing several appeals in pans of the
Chatrooga watershed that lay in the state of
Georgia. This angem:l logging contractor
J~s Smith, who also lived in Long Creek but
did a lot of work across the state line in the
Chattahoochee National Forest
Smith came into the cafe with an
employee, David Phillips, who has made no
secret of his dislike of Hare and his work.
Smith was believed to have participated in
vandalizing Hare's business several months
before. The two loggers came over 10 Hare's
table, threw hot coffee in his face, tackled him
and started to beat him mercilessly. They brok~
a wooden chair over Hare's back and one of
the men held him while the other
hit him
repeatedly in the face.
. "Keep this up, and we'll kill you," they
said, refemng 10 Hare's environmental work.
They also threatened by name Dr. Billy
Campl?c:11 of Wesaninster, SC, a local general
pracnnoner and Forest Watch member and
:nan
Roben Alexandei- of !labun County,
GA, a
member of the Georgia Forest Watch. They
then walked out of the restaurant leaving
several shocked witnesses and a battered Bruce
Hare, who suffered multiple body bruises a
face that was described as "a mass of brui~s "
a di~located finger, a chipped tooth, and a '
spramed neck.
The two assailants were later picked up
by the sheriff's pan-ol and taken to the county
detention center in Walhalla They appeared
before Magistrate Becky Gerard on charges of
aggravated assault and battery and were
released on their own recognizance in lieu of
$500 bail apiece.
~arc's i:esponse to his bearing is simply
10 conunue his work on behalf of the forest
_"l hate 10 see this," he says. "lt's a
neganve turn of events. It's like the irresistable
force meeting the immovable object. They1I
have to kill me to stop me, and I'm afraid that
some of the loggers feel the same way.
"We're not going to get any help from the
couns or the government. It's a real world.
~hether it's Nicaragua or Ireland or right here,
its a real world we live in."
The reaction of the commercial media to
the beating of Bruce Hare has been subdued
even though the a~sailants made sure thm H:i:re
knew lha1 this was an act of intimidation.
The men who damaged Bruce Hare arc
now loose on their own recognizance. The
court's verdict on the seriousness of their
actions will be a clear signal 10
environmentalislS and loggers alike as to how
Xatuar, )ou1 not
PClCJC 20
·1-T-ENNESSEE·FIRES
'
Narural World N._,, Sc,rvice
Afl.C( lwo monlhs of unusually hght rainfall, the
<bys 111 the end of lhe monlh of October, 1991 posed a
great fire hazard. Wilh lhe rising of a dry wind.
conditions became extreme. All it took was a match,
and on the western slope of the mount.ains in the
Cherokee National Forest. arsonists provided the
matches on October 23. For the next lWO weeks
approximately 40 wildfucs burned in lhc Cherokee
scorching approximately 3.SOO acres of woodlands.
The Roclcy Top area was severely burned by
several fires, the biggest or which alone burned 1,700
acres. In Greene County, a fire in Polly Hollow burned
over such precipitous terrain thnt firefightcrs had to Jet
it bum for a full day before iL reached an accessible
location where they could begin to fight iL That fire
burned over no acres before it was contained. There
was a 300 acre fire on Green Mowuain and 225 acres
burned on LiuJe Pond Mountain, also in Gn,ene
th~ po~ers-that-be view "greenie-bashing" in
this region.
Not all loggers are like Smith and
Phillips, but as the national economy continues
to come unglued, people become afraid.
Non-violent environmentalists could become
likely scapegoats for the social ills that are
making some men angry and fearful Desperate
men are dangerous.
How are violence and intimidation to be
de~? Are the couns up to the job? The
reacaon to the aggravated assault on Bruce
Hare bears careful watching.
DISAPPEARING WETLANDS
Narunl World News Scivloc
Wlul do you do if o wetland area ge1.5 in lhe way
of )'QUT bulldoze(! If you arc President George Bush~
~. US Anny Corps of Engineers, you simply say it
1sn t there and keep on pushin'.
The 1989 edition of the Wetlands Dt1l~ation
Manual. used by lhe ColJ)s and I.he Envuonmental
Protec~ ~g~y to~~ wcllands qualifying for
protccuon LS be.Ing reviScd. However, the revisions are
more political lhnn scientific.
The proposals arc coming from the highest
echelons of lhc Bush administration, and they speak
more or lhe success of lobbyists for oil, gas.
development, and agricultur31 interests than of any new
breaklhroogh~ in scientific research.
In practice, the change has already gone lhrough.
ln the summer of 1991 the US Army Corps of
EngillC.CIS was ordered to go back to using a four year
old manual lhnt has less stnngcnt definitions for
wellands lhan lhc current manual.
"The '89 manual was lhough1 to be leaning a
lillle too much toward lhe wetlands side." Roben
Johnson of the Ashe vii le Corps or Engineers office told
lhe Ashtvillt Ciliun -T~s.
The chllngc in lhc rules will result in I.he lo.~ of
10 to 3~ of the wetlands in the country, according to
the NauOlllll A ~ Society. ~ly, "it is already
mnkmg ,;ome d1ffcrtnce," said Johnson. The Corps is
a~vm_ mon: construcuon, filling, and dredging
g
proJCCts m rucas that previously V.'OUld ha,-e been
COllSJdcred wetlands.
Commcncs on the change in wcdands policy can
be direcltd to:
Grtgory Pt'dt.
En,iron~nta/ Pro1ec1ion Agtncy
County.
The fue on Rocky Top seemed LO be the worst,
wilh flames reaching six feet in heighL Some of the
fires crowned, or burned into the tops of the trees, in
stands of Virginia pine.
There were no homes damaged or dcstr0yed,
although there were seveml close calls. During the
Rocky Top fire. firefightcrs at one paint abandoned one
home to the fire, but because of a sudden drop in wind
speed. they were able to retwn and save lhe dwelling.
Where possible, bulldoi.crs coostructed fire lines
cleared areas in front of which backfucs were set 10
'
consume fuel in I.he palh of the oncoming blllUl.
However, 80 J)Cl'CClll of lhe lines were cleared by 20
person crews working 16 • and sometimes 24 • hour
shifts to clear brush in rough rerrain. They were
n:infon:ed by air tanker$ thnl flew overhead, dropping
water-based chemical fll'C relal'dant on the b ~
Helicopters slinging large warer bucketS also cooled
backfires lhal looked like they might jump their J;nc
and patrolled the edges o( the fires, guiding !hem away
rrom buildings and ~ lhat looked like potential hot
Spots.
Al10get11er, counting fu'Cligluers on lhe line and
suppon personnel, more than 1,000 people fought the
blazes.
401 MSt SIi'
\Vashmgron, DC 2046()
Ciuioon by Andrew l.A,hman
,.,inrcr, 1991 - 92
�-
.-, -.s
WASTES TO BURN
USPS IS ARROGANT
NUii World~
(TIDS IS f'liEWS?)
Nounl World New
An article in lhe Sunday, November 10
Kno:cvillt Ntws-Stntind reported lhat the US
Department or Energy (DOE) 1w requested the Si:u.c or
Tenncssc:c to accept ..tupments or mll!ed hat.ardous and
radJoocu, e waste (o, bu ming at 00 R1dgc·s 'TSCA
incinerator' (so called because 11 1,1as established under
the Toxic Substance:$ Control Act).
The TSCA 1nc1ncrator came up to full burn in
April, 1991. J~is presently burning liquid wiutes stored
in the mile-square K-25 building 81 the Oak Ridge
Reserv:iuon. It is esumatcd lh:lt the facility w,11 be able
10 burn two million pounds or waste per year 81 great
eitpcnsc ond great d:ingcr to the cnvironmcnL Within
two yClll'S the mcincrnt.Or wiU be burning the solid
wastes scored in K-25.
The DOE ha~ permission 10 import wastes from
their facilities at Fernald and Portsmouth, Ohio, and
Padooih, Ken111Cky But the agcncy is oho asking to
bring 111 7S truckloads or-te from the fac1h1y at
Weldon Springs, Missouri as well, pleading that it
should have been included in the original wa~te hauling
COllll'OCL
The Oak Ridge Enviroomcnlal and Peace
Alliance (OREPA) is calling on Tcnncsscc governor
Ned McWhcrter 10 lllkc a st,ong stance against
acccptanee or ony addiuonal wa...ics over the contraeted
amounL The DOE ha~ no comprehensive v,1aste
management pl.an, and governors in Idaho, Colorado,
New Mexico, and Nevada have cited this lack in firmly
forbidding was11: shipments into their Slates.
OR EPA staff member Ralph Hu1cl11son says,
"DOE's waste is Wee elccll'icity seek.mg 8 ground - 11
will 1alcc the palh of lc.ast resistance, and where it finds
a ground, people will get burned."
People all over the K.atuah Province would be
affeclCd ,! Tcnncssce allowed extra loading al the TSCA
lncincl'8tor. OREPA is calling on people throughout the
region to write to:
Go~r""' Ntd McWhtncr
Stott Capitol
Nashville, TN 37219
asking him to prohibit extta twardous and radioactive
waste burnings in TcnlleSlitJC.
It would also be an opponunity to ~11ggcs1
closing the TSCA mcincrator entlrely, to stop it Crom
o;pewing toxic polluUIIJIS into the lllmOsphere.
US 01,trict Judge G. Ross Andcrion, Jr. issued a
temporary n:$tr.Uning order to 5IOp won in the
long-dispui.:d Long Cn:cl umber 'wile m the Picuni.
Ranger Disuict or Soulh Carolina's Su nter National
Forest. In deciding on I SUit brought by South C.arolin3
Forest Wau:h. the judge berated the US Forest Scrvioc
for its "unparalleled arrogance" in its handling of the
su~tion. The agency cleru'ly hod been trying to avoid
tails with the environmental group and had logging
companies poised to begin cuumg. even though the
cnse was sull m ooun.
The sale gained w i ~ ottcntion when, m the
spring of 1991, 1 protc~tcr who identified hu,uclf only
&s "Forest B. Green" s!OJIPCd work on the logging
project for five days by siu.ing in • tnle. At that lime
the USFS was di.rcctcd to come up with a new
environmental a.ssessmct1t 3nd discus:s 11 with the Forest
Watch group. The USFS did come up with• new
environment.al assessment· one which was complcl.Cly
unaccepmble 10 Forest Watch - nnd then piclccd up the
umber S31e cx.aclly where it had been lc!t off, directing
the companies who had previously offered the low bm
to begin cutting, meanwhile Slalling on meetings wilh
the Forest Watch group.
Thi., did IIOl lcnd credibility 10 the agency's
environmcn ta! assessment in the eyes of either the
Forest Watch group or the judge. The Gruntvi/le
News qoOICd Judge Anderson as saying, "I get the
impression your arrogance is unp81211eled. You jUSl
don't care 10 "' down and talk. 10 anyone except
yourselves.•
"I'm noi imprc.<t'icd by a governmental
agency_lh:11 lends IO forget who's paying its sata,y;
the judge said later m the procccd1ngs.
!~uatij: ~ USF11lg,ced., ~ihAia.... the s:ilc
contraets 111d hold moctinil,' with FotcSI Walth
manbcrs. They also agreed to notify Forest W81Ch 30
days before taking any action on the oralc, to prevent any
olhct blitwitg Jogging raids and allow the group ample
time 10 go to coan should they deem II ncccs.ury.
CHEOAH SALE NAILED
Nwnl "'\\tor U News Service
More than 300 spikes wen: found embedded m
ltt.cS slated 10 be cut as part of the Gra.~y Gap and
W=a umber -.;iJcs 111 the Chooah Bald area the
Nantahala National ~ On Scplember 23, 1991
or
US
Forest Service employees checked the urea arier
receiving a leucr postmarked in Olarlotte announcing
the !piking.
Oieoah B.ald, formerly• 21,000 acre roadlcss
area, ""'11.1111ack.cd quickly after being dtlistcd as a
RARE n (Roadlcss Arca Rc.cnrch and Evaluation) ~ite
and reduced to 7.000 roadies~ acres. It still is the !ariest
unprolCClcd road~ are3 m the N:uuah:lla Nalional
forest and on important link between the Great Smoky
Mountains National Pan; and the surrounding fon:st
areas. The Wildtrncss Society and the Siena Club lhis
summer came to an agrccmcnt with the Forest Service
th.It allowed timber cutting but no roodbuilding m the
W=r and Gl"3liSy Gap s:ilcs.
Chcoah District Ranger Glenn McConnell w:is
qootcd in the A ,lttvil/t C11iun-Tunes &s saying. "I
don't consider this (spiking) a protesl. This is
terrorism." The cry was wen up by the newspaper
1L,;clf in its editorial column. The charge was mu
because spikes can be dangerous to saw mill opcra1ors if
they arc working without safety procecuon when a 5Pike
is h11. Neithcl McConnell nor the newspaper unplic.iled
umber mmagcrs or logging company owners ,,.ho order
workers to continue cutting timber "31cs rcgasdless of
the known risk or spikes.
ANOTHER GE SUPERMESS
N uni World N •.,,
The EPA ha.~ recommended three locations in
Henderson County, 1'C for a single federal Supetfund
cleanup site - ~ith General Eloctric Corporation bemg
identified as f'C.\'J)Oll'ible for the contaminauon. GE now
has at least 48 Supcrrund sates to 11.S "credit" - more
than any OU1Cr corporauon.
GE opposes huing the lhroe locauons as a
~mgle site because, although the EPA ha~ found similar
contamination by organic compounds, PCB, 1111d
pcn:loroethylcnc (a su~I.Cd aircmogcn) 11 the various
locations, GE m1111win, lh:ll the propcrues arc not
connccl.Od and are underbid by SCIXll'3te bodies of ground
water. The cost of the cleanup, which would be borne
primanly by GE, has yet 10 be dtltrmincd since the
extent of the contaminauon ,~ sun unclear. The EPA 1s
"concerned about the potential for tong-term exposure;
and recently asked GE 10 sign a consent agreement so
cleanup or the site ll\JIY begin 1mmcdialcly, but so Car
GE has n:fuscd to do so.
Arca tCSldcnts have expressed concern lh:ll
property values m the adJOining areas will plummet ii
the site is placed on lhc National Prioritit.$ list.
Wtntcr, l99l -92
!1RTlOt'1.R. L 'FO'.KFst.S
Xawah Journot pa.c:,e 21
�Natural World News
SPECIAL REPORT
WHO WILL HAVE THE POWER?
Winners and Losers in the War to Control the Utilities Industry
At fm;r glance it looks like a dull and
confusing ''battle of initials": the war over
energy and the who, what. and why of its
production that is being waged in Washington.
If one says them aloud, the tenns FERC,
PURPA, SEC, and IPP, (or how about
EWG?) sound like body functions gone amok.
Rather, they are the initials of agencies,
processes, or classifications of electric power
generating organi1.ations. We need to include
these important abbreviations in the lexicon of
our lives.
Congressional baules or bureaucratic
brouhahas in Washington sometimes seem 10
be far removed from Ka1uah, and yet they are
of vital concern to us, because lhey often have
dircot effects on our lives. This "battle of 1he
initials" is no exception. rt is, quite literally. a
mauer of power and light, Duke Power and
Carolina Power and Ligh1 (CP&L) specifically.
and how those two companies (among those
that SCIVe our urea) have wound up on
opposing sides in what appears 10 be a
regulation dispute. Their split is indicative of a
split in the power indusu:y.
The battle is over whether or nor 10
change the Public Utility Holding Company
Act (PU HCA) of 1935. CP&L feels threatened
by the proposed changes; Duke feels that the
new act will benefit them.
Two years ago, Senator J. Benneu
Johnston (D-LA), who chain; the Senate
Energy and NaturnJ Resources Commincc,
ed
draf1 the Competitive Wholesale Electric
Generation Act of 1989, which was designed,
he said, "1 remove the obstacles to competitive
0
wholesale generation in the Public Utility
Holding Company Act of 1935."
This year, his "National Energy Security
Act," and specifically its Title XV, "would
open the energy generation market to a new
form of independent power producer ([PP),
called an 'exempt whole!>ale generator' (EWG).
that would exclusively marker power io utilities
and that would be free from regulatory
constraints imposed by the 1935 act" according
10 Leonard S. Greenberger in the April 15,
1991, issue of the P11hfic Utilities Fnnnight/y.
At the moment, Bcnneu's bill has
suffered death by filibuster, done in by its ties
10 legislation which would have allowed
drilling for oil and gas in the Arctic's Coastal
Plains. But there is a similar bill in 1he I louse,
and the Senate's Banking, Housing and Urban
Affairs Commiucc, which normally has
jurisdiction over PUHCA, is thinking about
redesigning the bill. President Bush's National
Energy Strategy focuses on PUI !CA as well.
It is clear that in 1992. PUHCA will undergo
some changes. This bodes ill for citizens and
rntcpayers.
To under.;tand what is at stake in this
ongoing debate, a brief history lesson is in
order, The Wheeler-Rayburn Act of 1935.
later 10 be called the Public Utilities Holding
Company Act, was passed as pan of 1he New
Deal legislation designed to break up trusts that
exercised monopolies over many aspects of
.
Xntimh Joun!a ~ p n~c 22
'
'
0
American life. Chief among these was the
utilities industry.
PUHCA was successful in making the
utility companies more manageable by
dismantling the layers of ownen;hip beneath
which they hid their assets. The result, as
James Cook describes in his Forbes anicle
"Camel in the Tent," is thar although US
u11Jirics continue to operate as monopolies in
their distribution areas, they are no longer so
large or powerful as those that existed prior to
the Great Depression, and their prices are
controlled by the PUHCA regulations.
During the energy crisis of the I970's,
there was anxiety about the availability of
dependable energy supplies :ind our
dependence on foreign sources of energy. As a
result of these concerns, Congress passed th.:
Public Utility Regulatory Policies Ac1
(PURPA) in 1978.
The act encouraged anyone capable of
producing energy 10 do so - using windmills,
water power, solar power, or biomass. The
inducement 10 create these al1ema1e energy
sources was this: public utilities were obliged
10 purchase whatever energy was produced ac a
price equivalent to the amount it cost them to
produce it. If chese small energy producers or
"qualifying facilities" (QFs) could produce
power more cheaply than the utility's cost then
the difference between the two prices was the
size of their profit margin.
lt was a good deal for small operators,
particularly at a time when pettoleurn resources
were uncertain and nuclear plants were
receiving bad press and worse repon cards. fl
was unwise to build new generating facilities
when small QF's might appear on the scene 10
supply the increasing demands for power.
Besides, the competition was viewed as healthy
- so healthy that big business and even the
utilities decided to try for a piece of the action.
Enter the Independent Power Producer
(IPP), a larger scale version of the QF. Some
IPP's are owned by non-utility industries,
others are run by utilities themselves. These
IPP's generate power and sell it 10 utihues m
the same way that the smaller QF's do, but
with this difference: they are subject to
regulation by the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) under provisions of
PUIICA.
There are several reasons why this
arrangement 1s accep1able 10 the utilities. First,
il is attractive in the same way that the QF wns:
i.e .. it allows the energy supply 10 expand 10
meet the public need without obliging the
utilities 10 invest their own capillll. IPP's are
also allowed to operate on higher debt ratios
(80%, as opposed co 65% for utilities).
Second, the 3JT:IJ\gcment is effective.
IPP's now make up an estimated 12% of the
nauon'li energy supply.
Third, and most imponanlly, there is
money 10 be made. Cook describes the profit
motivation this way: "Because there is no
regulatory limit on their returns. the
independent power producers have plenty of
incentive 10 cut costs anywhere they can. For
an independent producer. a penny saved is a
penny earned. For a regulated utility, a penny
saved over the allowed rate of return risks
being returned to the consumers in lower
rates."
The present attempt at limiting PUHCA,
Senator Johnston's National Security Act of
199 I, proposes to create a new type of !PP
called an Exempt Wholesale Generator (EWG)
that would fall out.~ide PUHCA's scrutiny.
As Leonard Greenberger put it in an
anicle in Public Utilities Fortnightly in March,
1991: "Anyone could own an EWG. including
today's registered and non-registered holding
companies. Facilities now under construction
could only become EWG's with slllte
approval, while affilitatcs of registered holding
companies already in existence would need a
green ligh1 from the SEC."
n ,e new ruling would point the power
companies back toward the days before
PUI fCA regulation when the energy industry
was a maze of holding companies and
subsidiaries - a confusing tangle in which ii
was often easy to conceal hidden profits and
diffuse accountability.
Power purchased from EWG's would be
sold to consumers at a price regulated by the
state utilities commissions, or by the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission if the power
crossed state lines. But any profits realized
from the economical generation of power by
these EWG's would go back 10 the EWG or 10
the utility company that owned 1he EWG.
Savings would not have to be handed back to
the consumer.
While it was totally predictable that the
public consumers would be the last to enjoy
any benefit from this shift, there are also some
utilities that are skeprical about the impending
change - thus the squabble between CP&L and
Duke Power.
Spea.kjng for utilities like CP&L, Don D.
Jordan of Houston Lighting and Power states:
"Tampering with the highly evolved and
complicated s1ruc1urc of our nation's electric
industry is nothing shon of imperiling the
security nnd reliability of a vital part of the
nation's economy. The real test of reliability is
whether the power will be there when ii is
needed."
So they say. But the real issue for CP&L
is the balance of power within the industry.
Some of the uLilities. like Duke Power, have
been ambitious and aggressive, acting more
like Fortune 500 corporations than service
organizations. Other:;, like CP&L, do no1 share
Duke's appe1i1e for unmitigated competition.
They have relied more on the legal structure
that protected their 1erri10ry and their status as
regulated monopolies. They are afraid of being
carved up and eaten alive. They fear that bit by
bit their territory and functions will be taken
over by EWG's that are subsidiaries of
companies like Duke.
Another area of concern for this group of
utilities is the access 1ha1 EWG's will enjoy to
1he utilities' transmission lines. They fear that
the EWG's. should they be able 10 gain access
10 the public utility transmission lines and use
l,lmtc r
191Jl-92
�-··"'JI
energy that developed after the war. The
public, mindful of the burning oil fields in
Kuwait, will be willing 10 embrace Johnston's
new bill, the National Energy Security Act.
because it promises to create new supplies of
energy - a comforting notion 10 consumers v.ho
witnessed mass quantities of pett0leum energy
going irretrievably up in smoke. And it wa:;
definitely unsexy 10 join Jimmy Caner in
turning down the thermostat 11nd wearing a
wool sweater in the house.
The Gulf War may ultimately prove 10 be
our undoing - abroad and at home.
Veronica Nichnlas was formerly a cmuiry
commissioner in Jackson Counry, NC. For ten
years she lias dnne bartk with the Nantal,ola
Power and Ugh1 Company,fim 10 keep in 1he
moun1ai,is 1he henefils ofpower generated
from 11wU11111in lakes, and 1hen oi·er I~ siting
of a high-w,_lrage power line 1hro~1gh
~
Transyl\·0J11a and Jackson Counnes
r.'
NWN (con1111uedfro,n par, 21)
RATILERSENDANGERED
N:ll\lnl World New, Sc,..ice
In Scpccmbcr, 1991 I.he Biodiversity Legat
Foundauon or Bouldct, CO and IC$Cal'Cher Andrew
Wci.~burd fonnally pctilioocd the US F"ISh and Wildlife
Sernce 10 list the timber raulesn:ike (Crota!ILJ horr,diu}
3li .i tndangcrod ,;pccics unde1 the Endangered Species
Act .
them as they liked, would choose to do
business with only the most profitable
customers and leave the utilities with a base of
high-cost residential customers and small
business customers.
On the other side of the issue is Duke
Power, the leader of the coalition of utilities
advocating changes in the PUHCA and a
company anxious to gain a share of the EWG
business. In the withdrawal of PUHCA
oversight that the Johnston bill seeks, Duke can
expect a return to the good old days of
monopoly before the Great Depression when
the trusts were fTce to work their will. They
are looking for the day when once again "big
fish eat little fish."
Whatever the tum of events, we, the
rate-payers, will be the losers. Marie N.
Cooper, director of research for the Consumer
redcration of ArncriC3 put it this way: "Captive
consumers bear all the risks of deregulatory
schemes (like Senator Johnston's) that say 'let
the market work and see what happens'
because they (consumers) arc the weakest
actors in the market. If the market does not
work, it is the residential consumer who pays."
So, no matter what changes come to
PUHCA, the consumer stands to lose, because
utilities, no matter which side they choose in
the PUHCA debate, fail to understand that the
real key to their profitability lies not in
mcreascd production but in conservation.
For instance, in 1989 the 1ocassee
Wlnter, 1991-92
Watershed Coalition was organized to prevent
Duke from building a pumped storage .station in
the Coley Creek basin of South Carolina.
According to Bill Thomas. co-chair of the
group, "When we looked into the proposed
project, we rcali1.cd that energy efficiency was
an even bigger issue than Coley Creek itself."
The coalition hired the Energy Systems
Research Group of Boston to analyze
conservauon and mnnagc:ment programs that
could help reduce energy demands on Duke.
This investigation showed ulrimatcly that the
replacement of all the lightbulbs in the service
area with energy-efficient models could save as
much energy as the Coley Creek project would
produce - at about one-third the cost
If this is so. then the question is, "Why
arc the utilities persisting in their plans 10 create
more energy projects instead of pursuing
conservation tactics?"
The answer to this question is nor very
difficult when one remembers that it is the US
Department of Energy (the same people who
brought us Oak Ridge, TN and Rocky Flats,
Colorado), that is making the judgments about
our future energy needs. With this in mind, it
is easier 10 understand why utility companies
behave the way they do and why they fail to
realize that conservation can spell profitability.
We can understand even more clearly if
we put the expected PUHCA reforms in the
context of the Persian Gulf War. Energy
legislation has become sexy, in the wake of the
heightened national consciousness about
Orawina by Rob Mcssidi:
The timber raider once ranged from Minnesota to
Texas. from the Atlanlic C01$1 wes1 to the urpc1
reaches oC the MJssoun Riva. It occurred in brgc
number.; throughou1 the woodlands th:n once covcrod
the whole or eastern Turlle Island. Raum play an
imponant p.111 in the forest ecology, feeding prinwily
on ~mall rodcms. and young rauJcsnakes thcmsel,ea
being prey to hawks and owb.
The timber ratllcr was Utsa'nori in the liinguage
or the Cherokee Indian!!, who con~idctcd the aea!ul'c a
"grandfaihcr," or spintually powct(ul being. M.iny of
the naovc tnbcs coosiJcr the umber l'IIUla the guardian
or the Earth's sacred place$. The species was once so
common that the nauvc people s:ud that it ~ put oo
Earth to rem ind the humans 10 wau:h wbcsc they 51ep.
The lllllbcr rawer IS cxrn:mcly scns1bve to
human di sturbmcc and Cll'IDOt Ii vc rn I.be pro~un1ty of
human beings. The budding of roads and ORV traib
into previously isolaled snaJce h.lb1tat areas, incn:asing
resort and !ICCOlld home devclopmenr. commc:n:ial snake
hunung. I.he clearing ol bouomland forests for
agric:ulrure. and d11cet persecution ol timber nullen by
human beings in informal or govcrnmenl-sancboncd
raulcsn:lkc hunts and roWldups 1w caused the
near-dclnise or the species.
Tocby thcrc are on1 y a handful ol kx:atiom "'here
I.he bmbcr raulcsnake exists in numbers that arc
sufficient to aUow the species to SUtVivc. Most of these
critical sites have inadequate pro4«uon. Many other
popul3lions arc II a point where lddi6onal persecution
wall ~ult in ciu.irplllOO.~. In the SOlllhcm
Applllachllll\S, wnber raulets-,: n:stnctcd to the mos1
rugged and rcmoet locauons.
The F"I.Sb and Wildlife Service IS cxpccled 10
n:tum a finding on the Biodivasity Lep1 Found:u1011
pcbtion 'l0fflcumc in December.
For addition.al 1nformation, contact Jasper
Carlton or the BiodivcrsiLy Lcpl Foonda1ion: Box
18327; Bouldct, CO 80308 (303) 491).@9I.
(conllmll!d on paac 32)
�r
LITMUS LICHENS
The pages of Karuah Journal have
reponed eittensively on a well-known
indicator species known as the Black Bear.
The health and well-being of Ibis large
mammal has been shown to reflec1 that of the
mountain bioregion we inhabit. I recently
came across an article in the November 1991
issue of Discover magazine lhat brought to
light another form of life that directly reflects,
or indicates, the condition of a crucial clement
of any bioregion; namely the air. This form of
life is called Lichens, of which there arc over
20,000 species worldwide.
The article by Edwin Kies1er Jr. poimed
001 tha1 lichens have no roots. They collect all
their water and food from the air. Through
their life processes they also absorb wha1ever
contaminants are in the air. Unselective caters
that they arc, they can soak up carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioitide, heavy metals, radiation, and
dust Lichens can hold on to lhese chemical
and radioactive contaminan1s even if i1 kills
them. Yct every form of lichen is not
susceptible to 1he same pollu1an1s.
There is a spectrum of sensitivity lha1
can be drawn for each lichen species, and
among lichen species in an ccosys1em, wilh
regard to accumulations of different
contaminants. For instance, some varieties can
tolerate relatively high concentrations of
sulfur, while it may only sicken some and kill
others. By using this kind of grading system
of the known tolerances of different species of
lichen to various contaminants, scientists can
make a record of a region's air quality over
time. Pollution sources can be uaced by
plotting prevailing wind patterns for ao area
and noting whether the species of lichen that
arc sensitive to a given pollutant arc cl3maged
or not.
This sensirivity of lichen hos been used
in European countries to study the paths of
aunospheric contaminants. Lichenological
studies are just beginning in the United States
and Canada, yet there arc some telling
eumples emerging from work I.hat has been
done so far. In the Cuyahoga Valley in Ohio
greater than 80% of lichen species have
disappeared since they were tracked by
naturalists I00 years ago. In the valley called
the Delaware Water Gap between
Pennsylvania and nonhcrn New Jersey, 60%
of Lichen species that have been recorded there
in the last century have perished due 10 the
effluvia of nonhcrn industrial cities.
Lichens arc actually a composite of two
different organisms known as fungus and
algae. The united organisms fonn a mesh
called a thallus in which a fungus threads itself
around algal cells and enclose them. The algal
panicipam provides sugars through
photosynthesis which the fungus uses in
making its own nutrients. The fungal
participant in turn gathers moisture and
minerals from the air that arc used by the algal
cells. One way 10 describe this symbiotic
relationship would be to say that the alga and
fungus arc eating from each other, only they
do not cat each other fast enough or in such a
way I.hat the whole organism tenninatcs.
Lichens are found in nearly every
Xoti«lrl Joun~ j~~c 24'
continental ecosystem on the planet. from
underneath the cover of ice and snow in
An1aretiea, to tundra, temperate forest zones,
and dcsens. They cling to stone statues,
rocks, and trees in the apparent shapes of
shrubs, disks, hair, and even as dashes of
brightly colored ink. Some of them can live
more 1han 4,000 years - think about lha1 next
rime you start up one of those sulfur-spewing
devices!
Lichens can provide a way of
monitoring the potcnriaJ for ecological damage
due 10 air-borne pollutants I.hat is far cheaper
ch.an using electrical gauges. Electrical gauges
can be spread out in a given area and linked by
computer 10 indicate when cenain pollutants
pass a safe level. However, the costs in staff'
and equipment are prohibitive 10 their
widespread use. A scientist studying lichen
can collect samples from specific sites and do
tests to find ow what contaminants arc present
and in what concentrations. These
lichenologists can also transport specific
lichens, on logs for instance, from less
contaminated sites to more contaminated sites
to monitor air quality.
One method of testing lhc chemical
composition of lichen is 10 heat it in a furnace
until it convens into gaseous oxide forms.
From there this gas can be piped into a
detector to read its chemical signatures.
Another method involves plasma atomic
emission specttometry in which the lichens are
liquified with an acid and injected into a
plasma (or hot ionized gas). This process gets
the chemical elements to emit distinctive
waves of energy that can be identified on a
specttomcter. This method can record over a
dozen different chemical elements in lichens.
When lichen dies it means that it:.
chlorophyll has been destroyed, and ii usunlly
turns white. Yet it is now possible for rates of
photosynthesis in the algal cells of lichen 10 be
measured for damage long before the lichen
turns visibly white. This has been discovered
in work done by Thomas Nash from Arizona
State University. He has discovered that in
Drawing by Rob Messick
Los Angeles one major reason why a species
of lichen known as Rama/itl(J menziesii has
died out is that the lichen absorbs nitrates from
car exhaust which impairs its ability 10
perform photosynthesis.
Human beings have used lichens for
dyes, as in the tweeds of Scotland, and the
Chinese have used a fonn of "old man's
beard"' lichen as an antibiotic. One of the most
well-known uses of lichen can be found in a
species called "cudbear". This lichen produces
the chemical erythrolimum which is used to
make lianus paper turn blue or red in the
presence of alkalies or acids. Their "liunus"
use now appears to be eitpanding to include
bio-geogmphical air quality testing.
Some kinds of lichen arc even edible;
but they have a bitter taste (which may not
mauer 10 you if you were starving in the forest
but for most folks it isn't anything of a
delicacy). Some deer routinely cat cenain
species oflichen. This proved particularly
dangerous in Finland, Norway, and Sweden,
as cesium 137 from the Chernobyl nuclear
accident drifted into the food chain there entering via lichens and passing on through
the deer and on to people. The return of
heallhy lichen 10 an area, however, will be a
~
harbinger of clean airs to come.
Rob Messick
FLAMES
The: spuit, its passion.
desiring imcns,ty,
WM!ing to feel the heat,
longing to iouch, to caress
the creative spark
The same heat tha1 wanns the
garden soil, opens the rlIC pine to
birth. and runs down the largest hem lock
scarring its majesty. this now, is the: force
you wish to call your own
With cnch step
the d::inger intre3SCS,
with each movement towards
lllere 1., no lhought of turning back,
or deny mg the allunng pull.
Own the flames •
Ille only wny through
Plunging inio the inferno
The pyre now asscns dominion
Thal long ago lhough1 of harnessing
Her power now seems ridieulous,
The: flames rise. the flesh scrcams 0111. each
cell bums as on ember
Tum back, hurry
before all is destroyed.
No! D:lre 10 face Hu,
IOUCh Her, become Her,
A gasp, a sigh. a surrender,
you are Home
LyMFink
Wlnter, 1991-92
�READING THE INNER TREE
by Charloue Homsher
There are many ways to get visual clues
from the inner 1ree, 10 recognize which trees are
more powerful or have a special function in the
area. Age and beauty are detennining factors,
but not the only ones.
Last summer I hiked the Shanry Spring
Trail on Gmndfa1her Mountain with a group
that included two women who "read" trees in
very different ways. The Shanty Spring Trail is
a very old Indian trail. The treeS there seem
particularly lively and aware. as though they
have been observing humans for eons. When
we crune 10 a large red oak with long branches
hanging over the trail and roots growing into
the path, one of 1he tree readers exclaimed
excitedly that we had arrived at a gateway tree.
She described gateway trees as guardians of an
area and enirance gates to the mysteries of a
specific trail. The second woman hesitated,
remarking that it was indeed a powerful tree but
that she saw sad faces in the bark. We
examined 1he red oak and found symptoms of
disease under the bark. The tree was indeed in
severe distress, and it was probably dying.
Farther up the trail, the woman who had
recognized the gateway tree pointed out another
oak which she identified as being the elf
throne. The seat of the throne was a large, flat
rock which was auached to the tree and
supponed by the limbs. This tree reader's
primary way of seeing rrces is to recognize
their function in the devic kingdom. We found
the queen's throne nearby and also the large
auached rock garden which was supposedly the
fairy queen's nursery. This mammoth rock was
covered with dainty, miniature flowers and a
variety of well-tended mosses and fems.
Between two layers of the rock was a delicate
crystalline outcropping. The gardener in
question would be a nature spirit or one of the
Huie people. Interestingly, there was a side path
from the trail all around this rock, made by the
many hikers who have been intuitively drawn
to that special garden.
My methods of reading trees visually
have changed over the years. One of the most
profound changes in sight and attitude was
after a brief encounter I had with an old man
who had studied various esoteric traditions. He
had offered to teach me a new way 10 see. I did
not have the foggiest idea what he was talking
about at the time. I was a college student taking
art classes and I defined the visuaJ world with
aesthetic j~dgments. His idea was that any kind
of value judgment was a limited way of seeing,
and that the only way to see beyond the outer
form was to look at an object with no
preconceived notions about what it should or
should not be. We spent the afternoon in the
school cafeteria practicing the technique with
coffee cups.
By applying this technique to narure I
learned to see in a deeper way. but I was not
entirely successful. Like most people. if I
describe a tree poetically, it is in anthropomorphic terms, which. of itself i_s :1 value
judgment - actually species chauv1m~m.
Probably the tree reader who recogmzed ~es
as fairy thrones is closer 10 the truth of seerng
the inner tree, since she is able to see the tree as
having a function completely outside the
similarities 10 human existence. The best I have
done as a purely visual kind of intuition is to
l'1mtcr, 19!11 -92
Drawing by Rob Mcniel
recognize that trees do have individual
personalities which may have something 10 do
with the growth pattern. I can sometimes sense
a tree's power, calmness. or distress. But it is
still the visual judgments which give me the
quickest and sharpest clues. This way of seeing
or judging a tree is based on outward fonn.
almost like classifying body types.
The Tanaic yogis in India still worship at
holy shrines inside pipal trees which have
cavernous openings reminiscent of the womb.
These huge trees are supposed 10 contain more
of the Shakti energy or female creative energy.
The yogis also consid~r trees_ sacr~d whic~
have female-like crevices or in which the hmbs,
burls or bark have grown 10 look like the
female torso. These are called the female yoni
trees. Determining the sex of a tree this way is
purely visual and has nothing to do with the
botanical function. There are trees which are
divided in10 male and female. Among these are
1he ginkgo, Kentucky coffeetree, and holly.
I see a lot of yoni trees. l think that they
are the teacher trees of our time. The male
equivalent of the yoni tree in the mountains
would be the giant hemlock trees. The
hemlocks are the sentinels of the woods. They
are like the antennae of the Eanh. They take the
cosmic energy and shoot it into the Eanh. thus
energizing the whole area around which they
grow.
There are guardian trees, gateways,
teachers, grandparent trees, and trees in which
spiritS or fairy people live. Trees also have .
relationships to each other. The natlll1!1 world 1s
an organic whole, and the larger the p1ct11n: we
can encompass, the greater our understanding.
l don't think anthropomorphic clues cnn tell us
everything, yet using them is a valid way (O
observe the inner tree. If trees nre the scnucnt,
aware beings that I suspect they are. then they
are quite cognizant of the crutches that we
need. They communicate with us, via a crude
sign language. They give us clues by the shape
of the trunk, faces in the bark. by 1he
mushrooms or rocks that have become a pan of
the tree, the animals that live inside 1he trunk
or on the branches, or any other obvious signs
which we can learn by observation. ~
WHERE THE RA VE!\S ROOST:
Cherokee Traditional Songs of Walker Calhoun
Will West Long was a well-known
craftsperson and spiritual leader of the
Cherokee tribe in the first half of this century.
He knew the old tribal traditions were dying
and worked to keep them. He passed much
infomuuion on to c1hnologis1 Jnmes Mooney
and also taught his family and other tribal
members who garhered at his home in Big
Cove on the Cherokee Indian Reservation.
One of those he taught was his nephew
Walker Calhoun. Walker remembers tr.tiling
along after the dancers at the community
Ceremonial Ground 50 years ago. Walker,
too, saw that the dances and songs were in
danger of disappearing, and several years ago
he, as his uncle had done before, resolved 10
see that they were carried on.
Walk.er (as he told us in the las, issue of
the Katualr Journal) has revived the Green
Com Ceremony and the monthly stomp
dances at the Raven Rock Nighthawk
Ceremonial Ground. He is teaching the
traditional social dances to a group of young
people. among them several of his 23
grandchildren. who perform as the Raven
Rock Dancers.
At the first great convocation of the
Eastern and Western Bands of the Cherokee
nation at Red Clay, TN in 1988, Walker was
presented with the first Sequoyah A ward for
his service 10 his people. ln 1990 Walker was
a recipient of the North Carolina Folk Heritage
Award.
As part of his restoration effort, Walker
has recorded a tape of traditional songs (with
two Chrisrian spirituals as well) for the
.
Mountain Heritage Center of Western Carolina
University. The tape contains several of the
best-known Cherokee dance songs, as well as
short commentaries on the songs and the
stories and practices that surrounded them.
These are undeniably authentic - unbroken
traditions that extend many generations back
into the human history of this region. An
explanatory bookie~ with an introduction an~ a
complete transcripuon of the songs and stones
acoompanies the tape.
Jn Where the Ravens Roosr, Walker
Calhoun has given us an irreplaceable gift: a
glimpse at the native inhabitantS' a:ibal past
and an inspiration for 1he community of the
future.
Where the Ravens Roostfear11resflure
music composed and played by Eddie
Bushylread. Tire rape was rec~rded_ and edited
/Jy Michael Kli11e. Sou11d engmuring /Jy
Kevin FirzParrick
For a copy, send S/0.00 plus $/ .00
shipping and J,andlillg to the Mo_untain_
.
Herilage Center; Wesrem Caro/ma Unn·er.nry;
Cullowhee, NC 28723.
X.Otunh Jou.nm{.
p<l{)e 25
�; ........ w .,.,.. ., ,
~
,.11
I
x ··
AROUND THE FIRE
Wood Selection and Firemaking
by Lee Barnes
Green SpiritS gift humankind with the
captured warmth of sunshine, providing fuels
for warmth, cooking, and the luxury or
campfire stories. Campfires act as a center for
our human activity, a focus forlanguage
development. socialization, and srory-tclling
(oral histories).
Having spcn1 years backpacking and
building campfires, I offer the following
suggestions for reducing your impact on the
forest First, carry a one-burner camp-stove
for cooking - a stove will quickly provide hot
foods without depicting the local area of slowly
accumulated firewoods.
If you must make fire, keep it small and
efficient. Tfind most novice campers insist on a
campfire, even in summer, suggesting that
campfires wann our deeper selves. Large
campfires arc wasteful of Green Spirits,
releasing years of harvested sunshine in
seconds. Burning plant cells robs lhc local
canh of recycled nutrients and organic bulk
which would otherwise result in improved
topsoil tcxrurc and nuoient holding ability. In
respect to Green SpiritS, try to keep fires 10 a
minimum for your needs - build small
campfires which provide light and steady heat;
use them for as short a time as possible.
While backpacking during a hurricane,
and prior tO carrying a camp-stove, I learned
how to find dry woods for campfires.
Sufficient dry wood for small personal
campfires can be found after even a week of
hard rains. Wood collection begins with lhe
gathering of dry tinder, and sufficieni dead and
dry tree limbs. Gather "squaw-wood"
(historically named for woods easily collected
and broken by squaws) from young trees,
especially lower dead branches of hemlock,
laurel, birch-bark:. and "lighter wood" (the
"fat-wood" of resinous pine and many
evergreens). Laurel (Kalmia /01ifolia) produces
poisonous fumes and should not be used as a
primary fuel source for cooking.
The best tinder-woods are the resinous
conifers (pine, fir, spruce, hemlock) or the
easily-peeled birch barks. Collec1 only woods
which snap cleanly in two. Throw back any
woods which bend or twist.
I find that I can scout the camping area
and find sufficient dry wood for cooking and
campfires without carrying a saw or axe.
Select dry branches which can be easily broken
over your knee or by elevating one end on a log
or stone, then stomping oo the them to yield
firewood of uniform length. I generally look
for dead branches which arc supported off the
ground. Search the low branches overhead for
wind-fall branches and for small dead trees.
Ct's easiest to look for wood on the high
ground around the camp since i1 is easier to
drag an armful of branches down to camp
rather than up! Look for a variety of small to
IMget" sized dead bnmchcs, seeking a larger
supply of branches in the 1/2-to- 4" diameter
size.
In camp, sort your woods by breaking
the smallest twigs into uniform lengths. A
large handful of the smallest twigs (1/8-1/4 "
in diameter and 5-6" long) should be sufficient.
Xotiiah Journot p!UJ& 26
Break I.he remaining branches into longer, say,
12-20 inch lengths. I find it easiest to
progress with the smaller branches, breaking
up the same diameter branches into similar
lengths. Th.is process should result in several
piles of uniform sized twigs which will make
adding fuel to the fire easy and efficient.
Avoid collecting much "spit-fire" woods
which randomly "pop" and eject chunks of
burning coals. These woods are great as small
tinder, since they rapidly bum and ignite larger
diameter branches. "Spit-fire" woods to be
avoided include juniper (red cedar), hemlock,
fir, spruce, sassafras. soft pines, sugar maple,
beech, and hickory. Overall, the best fuel
woods for campfires arc hickory, chestnut oak,
black locust, dogwood, and ash. White ash is
considered one of the bes1 woods for campers,
since even the green wood catches fire easily.
Tulip poplar is abundant in Ka1uah Province,
but bums quickly without developing any
long-heating coals. Horace Kephan, a
well-published authority on camping and
woodcraft, suggests a rule of thumb: "Avoid
drift-wood accumulated along stream banks,
since most of the timber which grows along
streams are softwoods."
Small teepee-shaped piles of tinder arc
easily ignited. Once a small blaze is going, add
10 the it from the pre-sorted piles of dry
branches nearby. These near-vertical piles bum
quickly and provide maximum light. Build
your fires between 1wo rows of stones which
arc open on the windward and downwind sides
to allow better airflow. Staek additional wood
on the downwind side for better burning. Once
a good base of coo.ls have developed, lay larger
branches more horii.ontally over the coals,
allowing good air-spaces between branches.
Push the remaining unburnt ends of branches
into the fire so that all woods arc burnt and
only ashes remain. Before you leave your
campsite, remove lhe stones and spread (or
bury) the cold ashes so that there is no sign of
your passing. Leave nolhing but footprints !
Firewoods for modem stoves vary
greatly in their heat-values, both for absolute
stored energy and lasting heat. Air-dried
hardwoods average 5,800 British thermal unitS
(BTU's) per pound, whereby it is estimated
Drawings by Rob Mc.sick
that 10,000 BTIJ's are required to heat water
for an average sized load of laundry. The NC
Division of Forest Resources provides
estimates comparing energy equivalentS for a
standard cord of wood (a cord of wood is
defined as a stack of wood 4x4x8 feet or about
80 cubic feet of solid wood). Based oo
laboratory derived values for heating values of
wood, a cord of wood is roughly equivalent to
a ton of bituminous coal or 5900 kilowatts of
electricity or 143 gallons of#2 heating oil.
Preferred woods include hickory. oak, and
locust. Avoid softwoods such as pine. A
modem wood stove avernges 50% efficiency
whereas burning wood in an open fireplace is
only 10% efficient.
Home-grown fuel and fiber sources are
critical for the independence of au1onomous
bioregions. Homesteaders have estimated that
10 acres of Eastem Atlantic mixed deciduous
forest should be sufficient 10 provide for the
sustainable heating needs of an average
household. Sustainable fanns must promote the
production of renewable, locally produced fuel
resources, such as fast growing legumes and
other nitrogen-fixing trees planted as
windbreaks and hedges. The first step to
minimize your impact on the forest is to build
small, energy-efficient homes. It is imponant to
the survival of humans and our plant allies that
we no1 waste their wooden gifts.
12th Song of Venta the Naturalist
beneath the polished blue stone of sky
and suffering its ancient oppression
with ancestral stoicism
i slowly finger my rugged beard
and question the grass and ils idle greening
no major answers were given;
and no miracle of nanue
rolled forth on the lawn
10 bury my soul beneath mystical rebuttals
about unreachable conclusions.
beneath the polished blue stone of sky
and recognizing its ubiquitou.~ face
as a fellow freak of fate
macerated for lack of knowledge on a planet
where blue and intelligent things die.
bray
mcdona/d
t.,iotcr. 1991-92
�grabbing my old box guiiar and headmg mlO lhc forest
so nature and I could trade our songs with each ocher.
Nawre's songs arc far mo~ beautiful and comforting,
bul lhe Grea1 Gn1ndfalhcr spirit knows my healt. and
my small songs are acceptable. Often I leave the guitar
al home, so i1's one on one.
I lhough1 you mighl wan1 to consider this (which
is a form of worship lO me) os a possible iopic of
di51cussion. Keep up the faithful work, and Mr.
Messick. !hank you for the inspired and inspiring
DRUMMING
LETTE RS TO KATUAH
anwork.
Ught, Love, &. Life,
Jeff Zachary
Deru- Ko1uah Family,
This pan of Turtle Island cnlled home is the
ecoione of Kaulah and the Cumberland Green
Bioregions. The divide is here on lhe IOp of the
Cumberland Plaleau. We arc fanning a community
whose drainage goes inlO Kauiah Province. My wife
Joan and I have stayed in lOUCh with both regions for a
long lime. Ka1uah is home lO us. The people, plllces,
and energies arc alive and connected. I have passed on
many copies of your joumal over the yea.rs as I have
promoted the nelwork.ing of kindled spirilS. Keep up the
grtal work. Receiving lhe journal is always an exciting
evenL You do more than you n:aliu, and J wanted you
10 know thru your voice is heard far and wide. We feel
lhal we call Kau1nh home even though we rcsl on the
far weslem edge. I wanted you 10 know that we are with
you. Bravol
Namasie,
SanfOtd McGee
Tkfollowing is e.xu rpttdfrqm o longer ltllu.
Dear Fncnds •
Five years ago, K01uah Journol published an
anicle on the CenlCt for Awakening, described as a plllcc
where people can "consciously live and consciously
die." llS purpose was 10 provide termin!llly ill people
with the suppon they needed lO make the tranSition inlO
The Medilltion project has the mission or
"peaceful conflict resolution." HSE rccognius Ihm
mediation has a greater chance o( achieving hnnnony
than docs litigation.
There arc no J)(lid employees a1 HSA. There are
no fees for clicnl scrvtCCS. The Boord members each
votun10er more than 50 hours a month, and not a single
Board member has missed any or the Board meetings
since HSA came inlo being.
Volun!UtS are welcome regardless of their
experience level. HSA makes il easy for people with
children lO volun1ocr. Janice Ayers, a long-time
volumccr, says, "By volun1eering with your children,
you can teach them how 10 care about others." If a
volunteer shows an interest m a particular area, he or
she is lralned 10 be effective in lhal a,ca. Room and
boaro are provided, and the volunLCCrs come away with a
sense of being part of something grealer lhan
themselves, of having given sorn cthing back lO life.
The spark which embodies this service
organization has resulted in HSA's recognition by
Prcsidcnl Bush as one of the Thousand PoinlS or LighL
To see this sprutc continue lO grow, Board members
would be glad lo help others SUIJt their own facilities lO
serve humankind.
dcalh.
The spa,k behind the Ccnw for Awakening has
continued 10 grow inlO a sicady. burning rue. through
five years of tranSfonnation, lO wha1 is now called
Human Service Alliance (HSA). HSA is now localed
between Greensboro and Winsum-Salem, easily
accessible from lnterslate 40 and available lO an
expanded populruion of clients and voluniurs. II serves
clients in four diffcren1 programs: Respiie Care
Program. Center for the TC11T1inally Ill, Health and
Wellness Program, and the Mediation ProjccL
ln the Respi1e Carc Program, weekend crue in a
supportive environment is offered lO physically or
developmenlally disabled children, gavmg their parents a
break from lhe Slte.SSCS of dealing wilh special needs day
in and day OUL
A brand-new 8,000 square fool btulding houses
the Ccn1er for the Tenninally Ill (CTI). errs purpose
is lO give gucslS the personal a1ienllon and Jove lhat
they deselvc, IClting them know as they approach the
uansition from life IO death that they are wonhwhile
people. One volumccr observed once thru all Ullflie
Sl01>$ lO allow a funeral procession 10 pass, in essence
)Xlying tribule lO the deceased indJV1dual. CTI is here to
"stop lhc t.mflic" for a dying pen;on while he/she is still
alive.
The Health and WcUness program is alc;o housed
in lhe CTI facilily. Its goal is 10 help clients assume
responsibility for their own health. A !Cam of
votunlCCl's with a vocation or avocation an health-related
areas assists each cliem in gciting lO 1he underlying
cause of health problems, rather than jus1 ucaling the
sympioms.
lv~nt.er, 1991-92
t - t I 1. •
• ").'
Jo Ellen Ca,son
Human Service Alliance
3983 Old Greensboro Rd.
Winston-Salem, NC 27101
Dear Koruah,
I loved lhe Fall '91 issue from fron1 lO back.
"Songs in the Wildcmcss" by Charloue Homsher (p.
24) brought an idea 10 mind, one I'm familiar with.
Native music. be il nute, drums, voice,
whruevcr - and its impon on na1ure (Bild vise versa)
would be an excellent focu.\ for a future Ka1uah Journal.
All my life, pe1.1Ce of mind has been as close as
Orawin& by Mane Moms
I
"
"
Dear K01uah Friends,
I think it's lime to renew my subscription. l
really enjoy all your issues, good articles and flllC
artworks. Someday I'm going to order a few of them
from Rob Messick.
WeU I'd fjlce to let you know lha1 Ills! September
I was a1 lhe "Shasta Bioregional Gathc.ring." I had a
greru time • deep feeling. I meet many beautiful people
there; from Judy and Peier Berg. Freeman House, Jim
Dodge CIC ••• and especially Ga,y Snyder, a vuy special
person. I wished to come and visi1 you loo, bul works
at home piesscd me lO jcl back early.
O.K., my daily ecoccntric practice is improving.
The llalilln Wildemcss Association has rccenlly
instituted two Wilderness Areas in nonh and south
llaly. The llallan Bioregional Movement is going fine.
Last month we had lhe "Founh Bioregional Camp." I
was there speaking for the wilderness.
Hope this lcuer finds you well and an good spirit
For lhe Eanh,
Moretti Giuseppe
ManlOva llaly
nott: lfey. Mort/Ii, don't wait t<>C Ions It> order
ort -work. Arri.SIS don't live forevu you luww! RM
Dear Friends,
WE NEED HaP ! 11
Despiie ever-increasing protest, a dam in
Czorsnyn in the Plcniny Mount.ains in Poland has been
under COIISltUClion since 1968. Since 1989 young
ecologists and annrchists have crganaed blockndes of
the dam. A geological cawuophc lhrealCnS 10 desuoy
Pleniny National Park's hisiorical relics: castles from
1hc middle ages, manor houses, churches, lnldilional
buildings, exceptionally inieresung villages, and
valuable natural clements.
There is no rational reason ror buildulg the dam.
lnlellcclUals oppose lhe dam; among these professionals
are nwncrous well-known scicnllSlS. This year's
blockade suutcd on July 1. The police action was
exceptionally brulal. II was an exueme show of foroe
and power. The following damages occurred from this
suong-a,ming (as of July 4 injuries): a girl with
concussion. a boy with a damaged kidney. The couns
have thus fa,imposcd f"ines of 40,000 • 800,000?1 on
the young ecologists.
A hunger strike was sWled in fron1 of the
Environment Minasiry on July 6. We REQUEST
HELP through lhe picketing and bloclclde of Polish
Embassies!
Members or the bloc:k.ade in Czo~1>11
6July 1991
P.S Please make these f.lcts known; ,;pread thi.~
infonnation further.
Pragowrua KulUU')' Tcay
Siowawyokeme
35--016 Kraslcow, uL Polcaiego Sf].1
Td 53- 772
I
Xatucin 1oumQ{. ooa& Z7
I " I ,, IJll1 I
rn·;_.,,, •
-
�Dc.KatUllh,
To tbc cdit0r.
r have just moo articles on lhe repeated violiuions
charged agrunst lhe Champ,on Pulp and Pnper Co. and
its continued indifference toward lhe honible c:ondil.ion
or lhe Pigeon River.
We don't expect the Slate of Nonh Carolina lO
enforce laws intended 10 prevent Oulmpion's flagrant
indiffcrcncc to lhc wishes of the people, but it would
seem lh3111llhet than plea-bargain the pclUllties for
turning lhe once beautiful river inlO an industrial sewer.
lhe Environmental Pro<cction Agency would apply the
full foru or lhe lnw Gt iis disposal fot lhc.,c vioouions.
Al the S111T1e lime I.hat Champion has been lClling
slorics about the great fishing in Clyde and au.empting
to beliulc lhc warnings of lhe known danger of dioxin
Lo anyone foolish enough 10 eat any fish caught in lhc
river downstream from Champion's decrepit old mill.
more and more people are becoming awurc of lhc
damage Champion bas done, and continues 10 do, IO
what could be one of God's greatest gifts co lhe people
and wildlife of this region.
I am expccung 10 hear any day that lhe famous
fish fry Champion puts on foe lhe newly decied
politicians in Raleigh will now fcalll!C fish from the
Pigeon River, probably lhe most dangerously polluied
sewer in this otherwise bcaullful area.
Because of the state of Norlh Carol.ina's
indifference to lhe Pigeon River scandill, we should all
be thankful 10 our neighbors in Tennessee for lhe
in!clliguru and courageous Stand !hey have taken to
clean up the river, from lhcoutfall 111lhc mill all lhc
way into Tennessee.
Thnnks and sinccrc appieciatiOn for lhc growing
support we arc getting from environmental groups and
lhc people in general.
Dick Mullinix
Pigeon River Action Group
Dear Ko/Uah,
We arc a group of students at the Arthur Morgan
School, and we'd like IO shllrc our feelings about lhc
milillll')' maru:uvcrs Iha! will be going on ID Yancey
County on November 4lh - 9lh of 199I. As u:enagc,s
of !his coun1.1y we believe !hat our opiniOns should not
only be IJlken into account, but should be rcspec:ICd as
well.
It's so peaceful bese. We really don'1 likc 10 have
our home turned 1mo a praclice wn, rone. I1 feels like
you arc really going to bomb us. Do you rcali7.e wh:11
you arc practicing for? Why docs lhere have 10 be a ncx1
time?
You arc crossing the line of our beliefs, because
we don't suppon the use of violence 10 solve problems.
Even if the miliwy got permission from some people,
!hey did not gel permission from us. We don't believe
lhcse mow11ains or any other land should have anything
10 do wilh war.
How is !his helping the people of Yancey
County work for peace?
Thank you foe list.cning,
David Barrett
Monrovia Van Hoose
Byron Eastman
MoUy Levin
Cedar Johnson
Rose Testa
Alice Delcoun
(The three social studi~ classes ot the Arthur Morgon
School ore studying contemporary issues. Similar
le11us were receivedfrom the rwo other closszs al tilt
school.)
DcarKotuah,
I am saying lhllnlc you to Cbarloue Homsher for
·songs in lhe Wilderness.· Again she has jogged my
inherent nature memory, awakening a beauty of my
own 1h31 s.hps inlO slumbers more often than n0t.
Among.st the many hardened facts and 1rulhs of
our reality on Earth today, it is mosi welcome and
healing to be strengthened and rcvitali7.Cd by Lhis kmd of
ruticle.
I'm looking forward 10 l110fC.
Sinccrcly,
a sister in voice
in Asheville
Dear Katuah,
Hello rrom up north! A few weeks ago a friend of
mme returned from lhc Pcnnaculture Conference in
Tennessee and brought back wilh him a copy of Kaulah
Journal, which I was excited 10 sec and read again. us1
lime I read Kauiah was in Washington D.C. a year ago
and since lhcn I haven't seen 1his WONDERFUL
journal anywhere in this Non.hca.uern region or the
sl.:ltes. I don't even lhmk a journal like ~umh exislS
here ID New H:unpshitt/Vermon1 area.
I write this !cu.er 10 you with lhMks. and wish 10
give you money for a year's membership. Thanks again!
For lhc Ennh,
Michael S1onc
Painting by Susan Adlm
Well l WIOlC "2" first drafis of a teuu 10 you all
hoping Iha! 1 could come up wilh a way 10 keep my
leuer from sounding dumb, but no such luck. So I
figured the best way 10 Lell you my feelings about
Katuah is 10 write 10 you all lhe same way you write 10
us in lhe journal. like we're old friends.
I was lucky enough to find Karuah in a used
book s1ore while my family and I were antiquing in old
downlOwn Asheville- I've never come across anything
as neru and infonnalive!
Florida jUSI doesn't seem 10 be interested in
Native American culture. l'm not sure if they're
iniercsted m IOO much more lhan m:ikmg money,
sending up lhe shuUle, and ripping our environment
apart so lhey can build more moc.els for the tourists. I
know it's supposed 10 be the mainstay of our economy
but why can't lhey leave some trees and wildlife for lhe
ones of us who enjoy them.
I guess thal's why I love lhe mouniains so much.
ll's scary to lhink !hat lhcy might be cleared off in a rcw
years too. I lhink that's why I lmve always admired the
lndiMs, lhcy used wlmt lhcy needed, and lhru was iL
Over lhe past yenr or so I've become vc,y
inlClCSted in lcarmng more about the Native Americans,
their culture. and heritage. Issue #32, Fall, 1991 was
full of great slllm Your interview about "Bringing
Back lhc rll'C" was wonderful!! Reading about how lhe
Cherokee's got so swept up in their stomp dance lba1
they went au night and bad to stan singing Old
McDonald because !hey ran out of songs was so
exciting for me! (Corning from a "stiff" southern
Baptist background, the thought of being able 10 praise
God with everything you can mUStCr malces me wan1 10
get up and do the same!)
From lhc little l know and have learned, the
Native Americans stnke me as a ru;h and beautiful
people who learned to live by faith and the simple lnlth
that God provided lhem wilh everything lhey needed
because they respected lbe earth and trusted in Him! If
we could ever stop and look at how !hey build and try lO
incorporate their ways into our evc,ydlly lives - man,
wouldn't it be great? I guess the best way IO start is
wilh ourselves. One person =hing 2 and in tum
those leaching 2 more. Maybe m time we could heal
the eanh, as well as ourselves.
I've also wondered, are there any books
comnining instrucllon on Native American languages?
Thanks for talcing lhe time 10 read I lcucr from a
young dreamer.
Peact Always!
Rebecca Hogan
Dear K01uah Joutlllll.
Last year I bough1 iwo of your issues from a
small bookstore in Ellijay, Georgia. I still have !hem
with me and they continue 10 help me understand thing$
as I guess I'm mean1 to understand lhcm.
Even though we live oversc35, I'd like to
1rubscnbe. Enclosed is money to cover a year's
subscription and the extra pos1age.
Also. th3nks foe lhe energy you all are releasing.
In spiril,
Scou & Miriam R1eh:lldson
Baguio City, Philippines
l.llnUr., l00kt92
�Sky Mangler, from silver halite
Image of thy snow twisting
The template of thy helix
Formed thee when a snot-throutcd
White trash lay down your passage to
subordinate thee with bullets
No permanent dwelling did thou build
Possessing no deed - au was the soil of thine own kind
The white Earth-mover claims his machine
has a mind of lls own
On account of falling drunk on oil overland
Thou art so praiseworthy for Earth skill
Thy impressionless path was purposeful by its
appropriate scale
The fire-harnessing soldiers executed policy
And have soldierly descendants who
have yet to conceive and deliver a
successful way of coping with the cold and dark
Thy way did peris h until the rost Industrial Tribe
picked it up
The disease of O,ristian Europe, mutated
By stresses in the underpinning rock
And brains of soldiers - the rotted, broken virulence
The settlements laid to waste
But for him thou wouldst have slept on the soil
of thine own kind
But for the war for white convenience of manufacture
For lines on maps
Dottering trifOcs
At the very length of history when
We could have gone thy way .. .
Lain claim to thy sustainable homelessness
Mike Wilber
Drawing by Marte Mems
Shhh- . .Listen ...
~
FUTONS ETC. ~
'The area·s oldest
and l.1rgcst natural
foods grocery •
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to the sleeper sofa
with over 4,000 years of
customer satisfaction built in.
Bulk Herbs, Spices, & Grains
Vitamins & Supplements
Wheat, Salt & Yeast-Free Foods
Dairy S11bstit11tes
Hair & Skin Care Products
Beer & Wine Making Supplies
200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607
414S.ROAN
DOWNTOWN
JOHNSONCtTY
(7~) 264-5220
929-8622
rl 'J"hu
W
WHOLE FOODS
Saru!J Mush
Htrb N urse. J
'
WREATHS • POTPOURRI
VITAMINS
ORGANIC PRODUCE
• HERBS • TOPIARY
160 Broadway
AshevilleJ North Carolina
Complete Herb Catalog - $4
Describes more than 800 plants from
Aloe lo Yarraw
Open 7 Days a Week
Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm
Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm
Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm
Wi.nter, 1991-92
A.I.A., Resource Information Analysis
Neil Thomas and Andy Feinstein
305 Westover, Asheville, NC
(704) 252-6816
Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road
Leicester, North Carolina 28748
Phone for appointmerrt to visit
(704) 683-2014
�.,. ~r
(canunuod liom page 6)
the Southern Appalachians. A1 present, oak
species seem to be in uouble - they are
declining due to a root rot fungus and are no1
regenerating well in sites where they were
once strongly represented. Since oak lumber
is a valuable timber product, this situation has
been well-investigated.
Oak ll'CCS have always had a place on
drier. south-facing sites in the mountains, but
it is only since the demise of the American
chesmu1 that the oak IJ'Ce has become critical
as a food crop for so many species of wildlife.
Since the chestnut blight wiped om the
chestnut as a seed-bearing tree, oaks have
greatly expanded their niche, moving into sites.
formerly inhabited by chestnuts and filling at
least pan of that great tree's role as a
food-producer. Due to "unnatural"
intervention by human beings in the past, loss
of the oak species at this rime would be
devastating co the life of the forest.
What is to be done? If we were co
abruptly remove our influence without
ensuring the continuation of the oaks, we
might precipitate the loss of irreplaceable
components of the ecological community and
thus make the restoration of natural processes
impossible. This is a situation ~ degraded
that it appears human management may be
needed 10 neutralize past human mistakes.
This is a common <tilert'lma. Ecologist
Reed Noss says: "Conservation ecologists
unanimously rccogniu: the necessity of
scientific management in restoring and
perpetuating natural areas. Active habitat
restoration should apply the best srate-ofthe-an management techniques 10 mimic the
natural environmental regime, keeping human
intervention down 10 the minimum..."
The first step 10 reinstate a natural order
in the Katuah Province is 10 proceed with
effons to reintroduce the American chestnut
tree with all possible speed. Until those effons
literally bear fruit, steps will have to be taken
10 maintain the oak tree. Since light ground
fires seem to be instrumental in maintaining
oak stands, it may be the oak trees that give us
the ~swer, at least for the present; I.& t.he
quesuon of how much fuc is desirable. Doing
controlled bums to maintain habitat for the oak
family would also serve 10 restore the
macro-process of fire to the woods. The oak
irees could guide us to the proper balance for
fire use.
To restore natural relationships to a
community, the minimum amount of
!n~erference is the best, and only for as long as
11 ts necessary. In undertaking any restoration
policies, it mUSt be remembered that we are
"Irrespective of man's
viewpoint, change is necessary
to maintain a healthy
ecosystem."
crying 10 help the Earth heal Hen.elf. We
would be intervening to allow the recovery of
"natural" processes. Paradoxical as that may
seem, that may be our present situation.
The examples of the Table Mountain
pine and the oak family show us the level of
paradox we may encounter and the degree of
ecological understanding necessary 10 make
knowledgeable decisions. We know so little.
There is so much 10 be done.
While we can never return to a "natural"
condition as it was in a mythic past, it is still
valid as a guiding conc:epL The great old u-ees
of the ancient old-growth forest are still the
grandest testaments to the potential of this
region.
And, while ii would be fruitless to
mindlessly mimic the practices of the ancient
native inhabitants, they still can serve as a
guide for our present actions. The only
baseline we have for "original conditions" was
the landscape managed by the Cherokee
nation. lt was a beautiful landscape by all
ac~unts, and it was a stable equtlibrium, as
evidenced by the fact that the Cherokees were
able to maintain a consistent presence here for
~ore than 2.000 years. The experience of the
First People teaches us that humans in small
numbers, living respectfully and reverentially,
can integrate ourselves into a viable landscape.
Perhaps by pursuing these elusive
examples we may be able 10 anive at a new
and original equilibrium, one that will serve
the needs of the future. Perhaps by seeking 10
fulfill the unattainable mcxlel of a ··natural"
landscape free of human intervention, we may
be be able to reach an equilibrium that is
"natural" because ii proceeds from the forest's
own dynamic and follows the forest's own
needs. In aniving at that state of balance, we
would have to change ourselves so we could
live within those natural processes rather than
in conflict with them.
One way in which we could stan would
be 10 put our skills and our passion to the task
of serving the forest, deeming it an entity
greater than ourselves, that surrounds and
holds us, and recognizing that the quality of
the forest's life conuols directly the quality of
our own.
Our goal is the circle of life rejoined. We
can only sketch ou1 the elements of a
functioning natural communiry in broad
strokes, adjust our technologies and lifestyles
accordingly, and then fine-tune our
relationship 10 our environment as we gain a
deeper perception of human causes and natural
effects.
lf we are to continue to live in these
hills, we will have to strive 10 keep the life
community as close as possible to the
evolutionary optimum for this region. Our
work on behalf of the nawral life processes
and the native species as best we can know
them protects the integril)' - or ecological
wholeness - of the region. Our goal is a
community of life capable of sustaining itself
in the face of inevitable change.
~
David Wheele r
(continued from i-sc4)
Rhcx!cxlendron sproutS up quickly and in its
first year in full sun will set flower buds. The
followi.ng year the buds bloom and Lhen open,
producing an amazing amount of seed."
On rhe high ridgetcp, under new sun and
new rain, grass has grown over the charred
ground, hidfog it away from sight. It was
almosr as ifthefve never had been, except/or
the lushness of the new sprillg growth and rhe
blacuned suletons ofberry bushes and
rhod.Jdendrons reaching grotesquely imo the
air. Tiny, leafy shoots spring up from the roots.
In rlvee years, during the longest days, the
meadow will appear to blaze again in a
profusion ofpurple rlwdodendronf/owers.
later in that same s,unmer, the blueberry bushes
will bear fn1il, turning the fresl,/yfertilized soil
in10 a prodigious liarvest
Fire has brought change - and new life.
;,
--~Jo,.
-l'tr1 sorr'l Mr. J"ohnson. We found ~our
'llc.coJ'nt to be ·m arrears . "'"'
· ~1P'I
l.,intu, 1991 92
�REVIEW:
TRIDENT TO LIFE
SUPPORT CHUCK ROE!
"All nuclear stares are composed ofmaJ1y
11a1io11s, bw each is controlled by a single
nation that has the bomb. Britain's bomb is
English, not Irish; the Soviet bomb is Russian.
not Ukrainian; the French bomb is Parisian, not
Corsican; the Chinese bomb is Han, not
Tibetan; and the US bomb is White American,
not lakoran."
Each year during the Christian holiday of
The Feast of the Holy Innocents, people gather
in S1. Mary's, Georgia in opposition 10 the
Trident submarine base and in suppon of
peaceful alternatives to the militarized
economy.
This year the theme of the action is "From
Genocide to Peace: Celebrating the Conversion
of Our Economies." The marchers will
remember the native peoples who were
decimated during the 500 years of European
conquest and protest the presence of a modem
tool of genocide: the Trident submarine and its
nuclear weapons payload.
The event is scheduled from December
27-29 and will include a vigil, fellowship, a
Listening Project, and the march to the gates of
1he Trident base which will take place on
Saturday, December 28. St. Mary's is on the
South Georgia coast, so the scenery is
beautiful, and accommodations and camping
facilities are plentiful.
For more information, write:
Feast of the Holy /1111oce111s
Pla1mi11g Committee
clo Jody Howard
215 McDonough St.
Decatur, GA 30030
or call:
(404)377-7109
TURTLE ISLAND
BIOREGIONAL CONGRESS
V
May 17-24, 1992
A convocation of bioregional people from
across the continent and beyond
at Camp Stewan
in the hill country of the Great Prairie biome.
To register for this event, contact:
Gene Marshall
Realistic Living
Box 140826
Dallns, TX 75214
Upper Blackland Prairie Bioregion
hhntcr , 199 1 92
If. ' '
't
read by Thomas Rain Crowe
accompanied by Eugene Friesen, c:cllo, and Paul
Sullivan, piano
"Love is the perfect work"
Words on a page sometimes blossom into
meaning within the reader's mind. But poetry
read by the author is a three-dimensional
experience in space, time, and spirit. The
listener hears the words as they were intended
to be heard and touches the mind that binhed
them.
When the reading is accompanied by
musical instrumentation, it becomes another
experience. The woros are then the frame
supporting a work that is a collaboration of
influences altogether different than words
alone.
For those of us who were not al the
Jubilee Center on Valentine's Day evening,
1990, Thomas Rain Crowe has recorded
readings from that event and from another
evening at Furman University in Greenville,
SC on July 20 of that year. Accompaniment is
by Eugene Friesen, bassist for Lhe Paul Winter
Conson and a resident of Asheville, and Paul
Sullivan, pianist, who heads a musical
enterprise called River Music Records in the
Gulf of Maine region.
Since the recording was made live, the
quality of the tape is variable, but the meaning
and intem are clear throughout. Crowe,
formerly a Katuah Journal editorial siaff
member, lives in rural Jackson County, in the
Tuckasegee River watershed. He is a gardener
and a printer as well as a poet, but he is always
watching the interplay of opposites · sound and
silence, motion and stillness, the light and the
dark - in the seasons of time and of the human
hean. He writes of the changes he has seen honestly and deeply, yet always with hope.
The musical sounds interweave with the
verbal and offer their own meanings,
communicating with the listener on different
levels. The sensitive instrumentation adds
greatly 10 the depth of the presentation.
Together they present a pleasing work.
Nothing, of course, can match the subtle
exchange of energy that occurs at a live
performance, but the casseue Sound of light is
in itself a wonhwhile artistic statement, full of
sound and insight.
And knowing what love is, I
aw~. In this place in my body.
Full of dream 17WSic,
Full oflighJ!"
• reviewed by KO
near
Kerrville, Texas
• J
THE SOUND OF LIGHT
..
Selcctlons from lhe poem 'i1ie Pcrl'cc:1 Work" by Thomu
Rain Crowe
The Sound of Light was produced by John
lane and Tlwrnas Rain Crowe. The tape is
available for $7.95 plus $1 .00for shipping
and handling from Holocene Books; Box
10/; Wofford College. Spartanburg, SC
29303.
'- I
For years Chuck Roe worked 10
inventory and protect wild lands and native
species in the State of Nonh Carolina as the
director of the srate Natural Heritage Program.
On a shoestring budget, with linle suppon from
the state bureaucracy, Roe consolidated
resources and labor from a variety of sources
and not only kept the Natural Heritage Program
functioning, but made it into an effective force
for natur.11 preservation.
In the spring of 1991, Roe was fired
from his job by the Secretary of the NC
Department of Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources, William Cobey. The reason
given was that Roe had overstepped his
authority in writing a leuer to support Karin
Heiman, who had recently been fired as a
botanist for the US Foresr Service. The real
reason for both the firings is that lleiman and
Roe were being too effective in their jobs and
were becoming obstacles to the goals of the
powers that be.
Chuck Roe is appealing his firing. His
legal challenge is an important battle for free
speech, employees' rights, and environmental
protection.
"The costs so far for my legal fees have
been $5,000," Roe says, "which has not been
easy for my family to afford. Standing up for
principles is not only dangerous but expensive,
bm I did what was right, and I have no
regrets."
He is asking help from anyone who is
willing and able to contribute 10 his defense.
To help, send a check made our to the
"Chuck Roe Legal Defense Fund" to the
Western Nonh Carolina Alliance: Box 18087;
Asheville, NC 28814. Contributions are
tax-deductible.
FRENCH BROAD
FOOD CO-OP
• • • Consu= Ov.,wd Sinre 1975 • • •
We Sell Food that Nourishes
I Iumans and Sustains the Earth
OPEN TO THE PUBLIC
Monday-Friday 8:.30 AM to 8:00 PM
Saturday 9;00 AM lo 7,00 PM
Sunday 1:00 PM to 6:00 PM
(704) 255-7650
90 Biltmore Avenue Asheville, NC
2 Blocks South of Downtown
�NWN (co,uinllldfrom page 23)
HELP WANTED
amc:ndmcnl lh:il would allow logging in areas LO be
designated as recreation and stenic are.is.
CALDWELL COUNTY:
SAVED FROM THE SHAVE
Naturul World News Scivicc
A new chapt.cr of the WCSJcm Non.h Carolina
Alliance (WNCA) has fanned in ~'JIOn.se I O ~
limber sales in lhc Grandfalhcr Ranger DistricL The
Foothills Environmental Alli:ince (FEA) is lhc fll'Sl
organit.ed crron 10 appeal timber sales in CaWwcll
Counly. Hunt.crs, f1Shcf5, and ccologiSIS alike ruc
dis1wbed about loog range impaclS due IO excess
umbering.
Citing excessive cumulative cffcclS from
c lcarc:u1ting on both private lands and lhc Pisgah
National Forest, an nppc:il has been filed w1lh lhc
J"orest Service on proposed sales in the Wilson Creek
wau:rshcd. The habillll preservation group Sou1hPAW
also ~ubmiucd four appeals of sales on lhe Grandfather
District to prcvcnl foresl frogmcnuiuon. degradation of
sltC.'lm quruity, and ncg11tive imp:iclS on biodivcrs11y
from lhc logging. In November, 1991 siays were
granted on lhe proposed soles. and lhc WNCA is
prepared tO continue oppeals if R:inger Mike Anderson
decides to continue lhc logging.
In a meeting belwecn members of lhc WNCA
and lhc Forest Service, thc laucr admill.Cd !hat Caldwell
Coun1y has had more lluln its share of clC31CuUing. It is
lime to pf'Olcct Lhcsc valuable lands.
The Poo1hill$ Environmen1al Allianu mrtts al
the county library ,n unoir on ,~ ftr$t Thursday of
every monlh.
US REP. CHARLES TAYLOR:
FOE OF THE FOREST
One of the siJcs slated for release III Taylor's
so-called "wilde.mess" bill was thc Blue Valley area near
Hjghlands, NC. Taylor's acllon prompted a storm of
proccst from residents who loved lhc area and wnnicd 10
keep it as il is. In response he called an "cducaiional"
mecung in Highlands lhat con~ist.cd or a full program of
USFS personnel iclling why thcy want.cd IO delist Blue
Valley. The citu.cns who packed lhc hall were invit.cd 10
air their concerns by sending lctlet~ 10 Taylor after the
meeting. Residents howled. and Taylor bler wilhdrew
his bill from consideration.
His move agai1151 wildbnds in Georgia was
prompted by a bill proposed by Rep. Ed Jenkins
(D-OA) which would dcs1gn:ite lhe Blood Mountllln and
Mark Trail IIICa.~as wildctnc.-;.~ and add 1,100 acres to the
Bn&SSIOwn Wildemcss An:3. h would also create n 36
square mile recreation area oo Springer Mountain, lhe
head of lhe Appalachian Trail, and an 11 square mile
scenic area on Coosa Bald. Taylor's amendment would
have allowed logging in lhe laucr are.is. even lhough
Jc:okins took pains 10 mention lhat his bill would hnvc
liulc effect on timber quOlllS in the Chau:ihooc:hcc.
Jenkins' bill was =enlly passed lhrough
Congress SO/IS lhc Taylor amendmcnL
ll is 110{ surprising lhat Charles Taylor is so
ddigent in the service of lhe timber indusiry. Twcnl)'
pcn:cnt of his 1990 campaign contributions ($40,000)
c:amc from individuals nnd groups connected wilh the
wood producis indusuy. He himsel f is a dc\-clopc:r and
tree farmer in TnlllSYlvania and H:iywood Counties.
flfonnl Wadel News Service
for
BIODIVERSITY LEGAL
FOUNDATION
The Biodiversity Legal Foundation is a
non-profit organization dedicated to the
preservation of all native wild plants and
animals, communities of species, and naturally
functioning ecosystems.The group is involved
in li1igadon in the biocenaic defense of the
elements of natural diversity lhat other, more
mainstream groups are typically unwilling to
undenake.
The Foundation closely monitors the
programs of the US forest Service for
sensitive, threatened. and endangered species
and their ecosystems. It concentrates on
habitats across the country that are integrnl
parts of large, natural, diverse ecosystems. The
group's legal actions always stress a multiple
species/ ecosystem approach.
The Biodiversity Legal Foundation is
looking for help in the eastern foresis. They
need activists with a strong biological interest
to develop a comprehensive review of the
status and disaibution of the eastern wood.rat
(Neotomafloridiana) and the eastern
diamondback mnlesnake (Cota/us adamenters).
Both these species are believed to be in serious
trouble and require legal advocacy.
Those interested should contact:
Jasper Carlu,n
Biodiversity legal Fowidation
Box 18327
Boulder, CO 80308
The congressional reprcscnwivc from Nor1h
Carolina's 11 lh District has been busying himself wilh
aucmpts to destroy wild h:ibi1111 during lhe past tcnn of
Congress.
Rep. Charles Taylor this summer uuroduced lhc
Craggy Mounr.:tln Wilderness Act, a "w11demcss" bill
that released I l,700acrcs of wild lands lO commercial
cxploiiation while prot.ccling only 2,400 aacs that arc
alre:ldy heavily used as a scenic auraction.
He was one or lhc 24 sponsors in the House of
lhc "Family and Forest Protection AJ:1; a limber
indusuy bill designed 10 hinder ci1i1.cns who would stop
destructive n:iuonal forest timber sales.
Taylor also tried 10 weaken a forest
protection biU mitiau:d ror lhc
Chauahoochcc National Forest by Georgia
Rep. Ed Jenkins. Taylor proposed an
flti.
Programs to encolSOge
&elf aid Eorth OW01enes.1.
celebrotton. klrdhlp ond hope.
• You1h Camii- • School Programs
• Fa,my Cami,.· Teadler Training
• Commuroty Provam•
•~Sia~ Tra.,ing
• 0uldoor Program~
PO 8ox 130b
Go11r>tlL<g. reme- 3n3a
61~
1'otimfl JoumoC
J)n'}C 32
~\I',\
TaJJcin1 ua...a is a DlOlllhly
,JOUrUal of deep ecology, inspired
personal acuvmn rooted in earthen
sp,rirualny. Pasl i$SUC$ have
featured ar11cles by Gary Snyder,
Starllawk, John Seed, Joanna
M,cy, Bill Devall, l..onc Wolf
Circles. Bubara Mor, etc:.
Tn/Jnng
~ for the
natural wt'4'1d and for the rekindllOE
of our own wild 5Ptnt.
uo,-a
Suh:\cnpllOIIS an: S24.00 one
year/ $48.00 outside U.S.
Ta/J:JnglLm-a
1430 Willamette 1361
Eugeoc. OR 97401
5031342-2974
Dra'IVll!g by Rob Musick
REGIONAL RADIO
Featuring Crossroads music, ?\iPR news and music
programs, regional news and information
concerning health, education, government,
recreation, and the environment.
WNCW - FM
r 0. Box 804
Spand.ilc, NC 28160
(704) 287-8000
l.,L11tcr, 1991-,92 ,
�•·,I.I, I
FEBRUARY
€V€0t'S
DECEMBER
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
Bill Melanson, reggae rock. at
McDibbs. $4.00. I 19 Cherry S1.; 28711, (704)
669-2456.
20
21
BLACK MOUNTA[N, NC
Pini and Gaye Johnson at McDibbs.
$4.00. See 12/20.
SWANNANOA, NC
Full Moon and Winier Solstice Lodge
a1 the Earth Center. Begins a1 noon. ConlllCl lhe Earth
Center: 302 Old Fellowship Road; 28TT8. (704)
298-3935.
27-29
ST. MARYS, GA
9th annual Peace Witness at
Kings Bay Submarine Base. Program
includes Listening Project training, direct
action, candlelight vigil, and shnred meal.
Pre-regisrration encouraged; donation
accepted. Contact Kings Bay Witness; c/o Joy
Howard; 215 McDonough St.; Decatur, GA
30030.
(404) 377-7019.
ASHEVLLLE, NC
"Breaking Barrier.;, Building Bridges.•
Workshop 10 focw; on brcalcing down barriers of
racism, sexism and classism, and on cswblishing
cross-cul1ural connection:; for more effccti,e grassroolS
organizing. Al W.C. Reid Center. Prc-rcgiSlcr. SS.
ConlaCl uwra Deaton, Western Norlh Carolina
Alliance; 11 Clock Tower Square; Frankhn, NC
28734.(704)S2A-3899.
l
HOT SPRINGS, NC
"A New Years Rcln:aL" Meditation lO
welcome the new year, led by John Orr nod Man:in
Rose. Pre-register. S28S mcludes vegan meals and
lodgmg. Contact Southern Dhanna Rctreal Center; RL
I; 28743. (704) 622-7112.
27-4
VALLEYHEAD,AL
Winter Solstice Celebration. ConlllCl
Hawkwind Earth Renewal Cooperative: PO Box 11;
Valley Head, AL 35989. (205) 635-6304.
22
Winter Solstice
2
SWANNANOA, NC
Foll Moon Lodge al lhc Enrth Center.
See 12/21.
MARCH
JANUARY
ASHEVILLE, NC
Tim Abell, ·songs and s1ories for lhe
young of all ages. Bring lhe kids. SS. 8:30 pm a1
Stone Soup Cafe, comer of Broadway and Walnu1.
(704) 255-7687.
4
SWANNANOA, NC
Full Moon Lodge al lhc Eanh Center.
18
Feile Oridghe or Candlemas
(01 id"in1er)
21
?l-23
.
....
~8
GREAT SMOKIES PARK
"Environmental Education and lhe
Arts" annual workshop. Sessions on slOJylelling,
dramatics, mum, puppetry and other cmfl.s ~gned lO
inspire new ideas for ieaching aboUI lhe narural world.
Fcalured gucsl is Denny Olsen.
Prc-rcgisitr. S80 includes meals and lodging. Conuict
Great Smoley Mounl8ins lnstitute at Tremont: RLl,
Box 700: Townsend. TN 37882. (615) 448-6709.
See 12/21.
ASHEVILLE, NC
Christmas uce chippers in locntions
Lhroughou1 Buncombe County. For locations, call
Quality Forward 254-1776.
26
ASHEVILLE, NC
Tree planting in Afion Parle
co-sponsored by Quali1y Forward and lhc Ashevillc,Buncombe Youlh council. For info: Quality F«wnrd:
Box 22; 28802. (704) 254-1776.
7
ASHEVILLE, NC
Jim Magill, plays mountain music in
Lhe Celtic tradition on a varic1y of instruments,
original music, and stories. SS. 8:30 pm al S1onc
Soup Cafe. See 1/4.
18
21
SWANNANOA, NC
Full Moon and Spring Equinox Lodge
al Lhe Earth Cenl.Cf. Sec 12/21.
Get a set of 10 assorted
folding cards 1Nith
artwork you see in
Katuah Journal.
28
ASHEVILLE, NC
Girl Scoots' 80th birthday tree planting
along Broadway. Public p:lrtieipa1ion inviled. Pisgah
~~~-~-'!!!~t~G~ir,;Sco Council and Quality Forward. Sec 3/1.
; I ~ ;,:ut
(Envelopes included.)
by Rob l/.:esskk
Send $11.25 postage paid
to:
Rob Messick
P.O. BOX 2601
BOONE, NC 28607
Drawing b} Rodney Webb
whole earth
grocery
Hawk Littlejohn
Sourwood Farm
Rt 1, Box 172-l
Prospect Hill, NC 27314
(919) 562-3073
NATURAL
ALTERNATNES
FOR HEALTHFUL
LIVING
446 c.p,ukway rr~h center • suite 11
g.11hnburg. tcnnCSS<"C 3n38
615-436-6967
W1Htct', l9!11-92 ' '
An Alternative
i
NATIVE FLUTES
Two styles mode of cedar or walnut
woods in the traditional manner
Union Acres
- - lscrtage for Sale - Smoky Mountain Living
with a focus on spiritual and
«ologicol values
For more information:
Cont ad C. Grant al
Roule 1. Box 61]
Whillier, NC 28789
(704) 497-4964
NATURAL MARKET
WI IOLE FOODS • BULK
rooos. VJTA!liflNES . HERBS
• FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE
OUT FOODS • SNACKS • NO
SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL
265-2700
823 Slowing Roell. Rd
Boone, NC 28607
�SAVE OUR RIVERS • CllSSClte album by Baro= and
Jolm DunC311 and Ille Foxftrc Boys. Onginal tunes by
Barb.ira DunclUI; old umll go.,pel lnllllS by the Fodirc
Bo),. S10.00 includes poswge .llld handling. All
profit\ go to Save Our Rivm, Inc. PO Box 122:
Franklin, 1'C 28734: or call (71») 369-7877, For the
Cullasaj:i.
• Webworking has changed! There is now a
fee of $2.50 {pre-paid) per entry of50 words
or less. Submit entries/or Issue #33 by Feb.
15, 1992 to: Rob Messick; Box 2601; Boone,
NC 28607. (704) 754-6097
PEN PA.LS WANTED. I am 30, single, a traditional
religious leader and Greenpeace acuvist. I live far from
town on a rivcrf'rom hom<:SIC3d. Bear's.Over-Rainbow:
HCR 77. Box 382; Cosmopoli.~. WA 98537
I W\'E 'f llE E.ARTII. a ca.~uc: nxord,ng of
MUSIC BY BOB AVERY-GRUBEL awilablc on three
casscucs. Treasures in IM Stream and Circlt!T
Rerunung are folk/rOCl.·,i:lzz, and a rccenl release of
original chants and songs, l1g/11111 1/~ Wind. is a
ca~Ua Lyric sheets includ..ld Send SJO for each r.apc
or S26 for all Lhrce IO Bob Avery-Grubel; RI. I, Box
735: Floyd, VA 2409 I.
IIIGHLANDER CENTER· is a community-based
educational org;inl7.alion whose purpo<;e is IO provide
SJ130C for people IO learn from each other, and 10
developc solutions 10 environmenUJI problems based
on thcir values. cxpcnences. and aspirauons. They also
put ou1 a qurutcrly ncwslcw:rcallcd 1/igh/andu
Reports. For more Info conlaet Highlander Ccn1et;
19S9 Highlandct Way; New Mnrtkel, TN 37820 (61 S)
933.3443
BODY RI/YI/IMS from Plancwy Molhets • a beautiful
and pnlCticnl clllcndar for women io ch3rl Lheir
·moonthly" C)'l:les. Send S3.00 plus S 1.00 pOSUlge to:
Plnnc&ary Mothers Colloctive (c/o Nancie Yonker):
5231 Riverwood Avenue: Snrasoin. A.. 34231.
"BLOW YOUR MIND" • wilh 1hc celestial ~Ing
music of "Medicine Wind" by George Tortorelli. Also
exotic !ino-1uncd bamboo nuics in many keys aod
modes. For more informauon send 10: George
Tonorclli; 86 NW 55111 Stttet; Gnincsvillc. A.. 32601.
(904) 373-1837
WANTED: FUNDRAISER for the Grassroots LislC.nlng
311d Organizing Program or Ille Rural Soulhcm Voice
for Peace. We provide uaining end organiring
assislllllCC 10 grossroots groups 111 the South worlting
on justice, peace, and environmental issues. Localed 111
micnr.ional community m Blue Ridge Mountams.
Modest salary. 30 to 35 hrs/wit., good benefilS. Send
lcucr and rcsumt 10 RSVP/GLO: 1898 H31lll3h Branch
Rd.; Burnsville, NC 28714. (704) 675- 5933.
LAND FOR SALE • M:ignif1ce111 view wnh small ho1.1.~
111 beau1iful Spong Creek, NC. Ten males soulh of
Ho1 Springs, NC (off Route 209), and one hour west
or Asheville. $25,000 for bnd nnd house. Pcrfcc1 for
the self sullkiem life. Crul Lindn Deyo at (704)
675-9575.
SLASH YOUR HEATING COSTS· simple and
i001pcnsive method 10 locate and stop costly air leaks.
Send S3.00ond a SASE 10 M.J Olson: 816 Norlh
4Lh Avenue: Knoxville, TN 37917. Refund if
unsatisfied
JOIN US -111 lhe Olob:il CeJcbrauon oflhe um versa! day
of World Peace and Pl.lnctary Heahng Doo:mbcr 12th
1991. The universal silent rn>cr begins at 12:00
noon. For more infonnation conr.act PO Box 78813:
Tucson AZ, 85703 or call (()()2) 326-7522.
.
Xntu.afl Journot P<UJ'l- 34
.
'
cnvironmenial songs by lhc Oreal Smoky Mountains
lnsti1u1c at Trcmon1 in celebruuon of the 20th
annivcr.;ary of Earth Day. Includes ·scAT Rap," "The
0:lrbagc Blue.~." and more. $9.95 plus S2.50 shipping
for each ca=uc. Mail order plus check to Grcru
Smoky MounlOins Natural Hi);lory Association: 115
P-Jtl 1-!cadquancrs Rd.; G3tlmburg, TN 37738.
Alternatives ...
The Dirt:c1<>ry of fn1~n11onul Con1111w,111e.< 1s lhe prod·
uc1 or 1wo years or 1111en..1vc n:sc.m;h, .1nd tS lhe most
compn:hcnsive and 111:turate Jircclor) a,·ailablc. IL documents lhc: vi~1on and the dally hie or more lhan 3SO
commu11111c.~ 111 Norlh America, and more than 50 on
oilier conlinents. Each community's hsung includes
name, address, phone. and a dcsc11pwn of the group.
ExlClls1vc cro-s n·fercocmg nnd ,nJ..,1ng mak~ lhc 111formation easy tn act"C$~ for a wide vancay of user-1. Includes maps, over 2SO atld1uOOAI Resource listings, and
40 related aniclcs.
328 pages
K-lnxl I
Pcrfcc:1bounJ
Ocwocr 1990
1S81' Number.
0 96()27141-4
Sl6.00
Add S::!.00 poMagc
& handling for first
hook, s.:m rorcach
.i.Jd111onJI; 41l%
d1'>Coum on ordc~
of 111 c,r more.
Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR
(503) 9'w-5102
LIV(NG OPPORTUNmES • Needed, Solar
Dcmonstrnlion CC111cr CoordinalOr by Spring, 1992.
Preferred retired and/or mdcpendcm mcome pcrson(s).
Hou,ing provided w11h op110n IO own within ien
years. Expertise in Ofi.llllic gaidcnmg and/or
appropriaie iechnology required. OJ,ponuni1y IO a.«-~t
low-mcome Ccnunl APJX1lach1ans. Wn1e; Appalachm
Science in Ille Public ln1ercs1: PO Box 298;
Livings1on, KY 4().145.
DOG • a chque of Pocuy, SJ)lril. God-is-Life not
God-runs-Li fc. Art. Journeys. IMer Powe11;, Munk
review~ and Zinc review~. Anlclcs, Dislribu110n of
Gypsy Music and more. Inspired 111 Asheville area of
NC and in Southern TX. Be positive and cnioy the
world arouod you. M:ul 10 Colouf!; or Monroe: PO
Box 18752: Corpus Christi, TX 78480. Cost S2.00.
VISIT MEXICO· in summer of 1992 wilh lhe
Exchange Program between WNC and S!ln Crist6bal
de las Casas, Chiapas. The purpose of lhe exchange is
10 build world peace lhrough personal conUICIS across
national boundaries. Spend 2~ weeks with a hos1
family, receive language ansuucuon and reciprocate by
offering hospiLllily in your home community
Minimum cosl IO permi1 wide panicipalion. For more
information write: Jenifer Morgan: 2050 Hannah
Bmnch Road; Burnsville, 1'C 28714 or call Becca
(70-I) 298-6794 or Jane (704) 625-5620.
NATIVE AMERICAN A..UTE MUSIC- Richard
Roberti, a well known west TN new age nutist (M:a
Zero Otims). is now av;ulablc an the Easl Tl'\/NC area.
For relaxing aod uplifling pcrfonnanccs or iopcs
con1JC1: Richan! Robcrtli: Box 821: Noms. TN 37828
(615) 494-8828 01' Rt I, Box 136 RD; Lamar, MS
38642 {601) 252-4283.
PEOPLE OF THE WEB· 224 page book (1990) shows
how lnwan mounds, anciem ritunls, magnetic
CJtJ)Crimentation on lhc: brain, neru-dcath c.~pcrience,
ll1!d UFO obduclions are rclaled. Wilh 94 piclurcs and
illustrnlioos. St9.95 sofl.back. S24.95 hardback- Eagle
Wang Books: Box 99n. Memphis, TN 38109.
NATNE AMERICAN CEREMONIAL HERBS· we
offer a large variety of sages. sweet grass, naiurlll
resins, and evcrylhing ncccs.,;ory for smudging. Native
smoking mixtures, 0uLO music, pow-wow 111pcs, and
ceremonial songs. Esscnr.ial oils. and incenses
specifu:ally made for prayer, offering, and meditation.
For caUllog call or write: Esscncia.l Dreams; Rt 3, Box
285: Eagle Fork. Hayesville, NC 28904 (704)
389-9898.
LOOKING FOR OTHERS • fOI' mutual suppon and
encou111gcmcn1 111 sc:udl of a bcucr life. Loolung for
~ l e formru.1011 of a rcsidenr.ial community. My
1ntcres1S and strengms are: feminism, pcrmllCUIIUrc,
commun11y supponcd agricul1urc, radionics, rot111111
he3ling, and much more. Write Peggy Price; 5807
Poplar Strcei: Doraville, OA 30340 or aill (404)
447-9829.
PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE· For !hose
who live 10 the Piedmont area, !here's a biorcgional
cffon v.-cll underway. Jom Us! We would 3pproc1ll1C
any donation of umc or money to help mce1 opern1ing
expenses. For a gift of S25.00 or more. we will !iol!nd
you a copy of John Lawson's JOumat, A New Voyage
10 Carolina. Also come find out about 1he Lawson
ProjccL PBI; 412 W Rosemary Su-cet: Chapel Hill,
NC 27516; Uwharria Province. (919) 942-2581.
MUSICIANS, MAGICIANS, ACROBATS, ACTORS,
jugglers, poets, roadies, cte. wanu:d to JOlll The
Bicycle B:ind, a iribal-foU. trnvcling musical
circus/medicine show. Must be 101ally self-propelled
(no gas-powered vehicles). Conlllct Billy Jonas; 31
Park A,·c.; Asheville, NC 28801
ROOM AV An.ABLE • in exchange for small odd jobs
and some cooking. To inquire please coniact Knrcn
W,ulcins at Rt 4, Box 389; Burnsville. NC 28714;
(704) 682-9263.
,.,lurer, 199 t-92
�BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE
ISSUE THREE· SPRING 1984
Sustainable Agricullure - Sunnowers • Human
lmpac, on lhe Forest - Childrens· Educa1ion Veronica Nicholas: Woman in Politics - Lill.le
People - Medicine Allies
ISSUE FOUR - SUMMER 1984
War.er Drum • Water Quali1y - Kudzu. Solar Eclip.,;c
· Clcan:ulling • Trou1 • Going IO Waler - Ram
Pumps· Microhydro • Poems: Bennie Lee Sinclair,
Jim Wayne Miller
ISSUE FIVE - FALL 1984
Harvest • Old Ways in Cherokee - Ginseng - Nuclear
Waste • Our Celtic ReriLagc - Biorcgionalism: Past.
Present. and Future - John Wilno1y - Healing
Darlcness - Politics of Participation
ISSUE STX· WINTER 1984-85
Winlcr Solstice Eanh Ceremony - Horsepasture
Rjvcr • Coming of the Light - Log Cabin ROOI.
Mounuiin Agriculture: The Right Crop • William
Taylor - The Future of 1he Forest
ISSUE SEVEN - SPRING 1985
Sustainable Economics - Hol Springs - Worller
Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit
Union - Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing .
Working in Ille Web of Life
ISSUE EIGHT - SUMMER 1985
Celebration: A Way of Life - Katuah 18,000 Years
Ago· Sacred Sites - Folk Arts in the Schools. Sun
Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalachia?
ISSUE NINE • FALL 1985
The Waldoe Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating
Forests • Horse Logging - SLBrting a Troe Crop •
Urban Trees • Acom Bread • Mylh Time
ISSUE TEN· WINTER 1985·86
Kate Rogers • Ci:cles of Sione - Internal
Mythmalcing • Hol.islic Healing on Trial - Poems:
Steve Knaulh · Mylhic Places - The Uk1ena·s Tale.
Crystal Magic - "Drcamspeaking•
ISSUE THlRTEEN • FALL 1986
Center For Awakening - Elizabeth Callari - A
Gentle Death • Hospice. Ernest Morgan • Dealing
Creatively wilh Death • Home Burial Box - The
Wake - The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wildwoods Wisdom - Good Medicine; The Sweat Lodge
;'.
33
Ke°UA~9URNAL
PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6007
Name
Regular Membership........$10/yr.
Sponsor.........................$20/yr.
Contributor.....................$50/yr.
Address
City
Wl.ntef', 1991-92
ISSUE FOURTEEN· WINTER 1986-87
Lloyd Carl Owle - Boogcrs and Mummers. AJI
Species Day - Cabin Fever Univcrsily - Homeless
in KatWlh • Homemade Hot Water. Stovemakcr's
Narrative· Good Medicine: ln1Crsp0Cies
Communication
ISSUE FIFIBEN • SPRING 1987
Coverlets· Woman Forcsr.cr. Susie McMahan:
Midwi~e • ~tcrnative Contraception - Biosexuality B1oregionalism and Women • Good Medicine:
Matriarchal Culture - Pearl
ISSUE SIXTEEN· SUMMER 1987
Helen Wai1e - Poem: Visions in a Garden • Vision
Ques, • First Aow - Initiation • Leaming in the
Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees"
ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88
Vernacular ArchitCCtW'C - Dreams in Wood and Stone
• Mountain Home • Eanh Energies • Eanh-Shcltercd
Living· Membrane Houses • Brush Shelter.
J?oems: October Dusk - Good Medicine: "Sheller"
ISSUE NlNETEEN · SPRING 1988
l?en:landra Garden - Spring Tonics - Blueberries.
Wilctnowcr Gardens· Granny Herbalist - Aower
Essences • "The Origin of lhe Animals:" Story Good Medicine: "Power" • Be A Tree
ISSUE nVENTY • SUMMER 1988
Preserve Appalochian Wilderness - Highlands of
Roan - Celo Community· Land Trust - Arthur
Morgan School - Zoning Issue. "The Ridge" •
Farmers and the Fann Bill - Good Medicine: "Land"
- Acid Rain • Duke·s Power Play • Cherokee
Microhydro Project
ISSUE TWENTY-TWO-WINTER 1988-89
Global Warming - F"1te This lime. ThOIIUIS Berry
on "Bioregions· · Earth Exercise. Kort Loy
McWhiner· An Abundance of Emptiness. LETS.
Chronicles of Aoyd • Darry Wood • The Bear Clan
ISSUE 1WBNTY-THREE- SPRING 1989
Pisgah Village • Planet An· Green Ci1y - Poplar
Appeal· "Clear Sky"· "A New Eanh". Black Swan
- Wild Lovely Days· Reviews: Sacred Land Sacred
Sex. Ice Age· Poem: "Sudden Tendrils"
State
Phone Number
Zip
Enclosed is $ , - - - - - to give
this effon an extra boost
ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR· SUMMER 1989
Deep Listening • Life in Atomic City - Direct
Action! • Tree of Peace - Community Building.
Peacemakers· Ethnic Survival • Pairing Project.
"Batl.lesong" • Growing Peace in Cuhurcs - Review:
The Chalice and the 8/Juk
ISSUE TWENTY-SIX· WINTER, 1989·90
The Ecoz.oic Ero • Kids Saving Rainforest • Kids
Treecycling Company - Connict Resolution •
Developing Creative Spirit - Birth Power. Magic of
Puppetry • Home Schooling - Naming Ceremony •
Mother Earth's Classroom • Gardening for Children
ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN - SPRING, 1990
Transformation - Healing Power - Peace to Their
Ashes • Healing in KatWlh - Poem: "When Len 10
Grow· • Poems: Sicphen Wing - The Belly - Food
from the Anciem Fores,
ISSUE TWENTY-NINE· FALI../WlNTER 1990
From the Mountains 10 lhe Sea • Profile of The
Lltl.le Tennessee River - Headwaters Ecology. "It
All Comes Down to Water Quality". Water Power.
Action ror Aquatic Rabimis . Dawn Walehers . Good
Medicine: The Long Human Belng - The Nonh
Shore Rood - Katuah Sells Ou, - Watetshed Map or
the Kalliah Province
ISSUE THIRTY· SPRING 1991
Economy/ECOiogy • Ways IO a Regenerative
Economy· "Money is the Lowest Form of Wealth"
• Clarlcsville Miracle - The Village - Food Movers.
Lirework • Good Medicine: "Village Economy• Shelton l.aW'CI • LETS
ISSUE THIRTY-ONE- SUMMER 1991
Dowsing - Responsibilities of Dowsing • Elearical
Life or the Earth • Kaulah and the Earth Grid • Call
of the Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: ·0o
Ag&JCSSion" - Time 10 Take the Time to Take the
Time· Whole Science - Tuning ln
ISSUE THIRTY-TWO. FALL 1991
Bringing back the F"1te · A Bit of Mountain Levity •
Climax Never Came - "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah •
Wal.king Distance· Good Medicine: "Serving lhe
Great Life" • The Granola Journal - Paintings:
"Mouniain Siories"- Songs of lhe Wilderness
Back Issues:
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Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __
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Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $ - - postage paid $,_ __
Complete Set:
(3-10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-32)
postage paid @ $50.00 = $. _ __
1
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
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The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 33, Winter 1991-1992
Description
An account of the resource
The thirty-third issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on Fire: its power and uses. Authors and artists in this issue include: David Wheeler, Vic Weals, Barbara J. Sands, Jan Davidson, David Brewin, Barbara Wickersham, Jeffery Beam, Veronica Nicholas, Rob Messick, Charlotte Homsher, Lee Barnes, Mike Wilbur, Jason Tueller, Rob Leverett, James Rhea, David Earl Williams, Andrew Lehman, Vince Packard, Lynn Fink, Susan Adam, Bray McDonald, and Mark Morris. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1991-1992
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
Fire's Power by David Wheeler.......3<br /><br />What Is Natural? by David Wheeler.......5<br /><br />Do Clearcuts Mimic Fire?.......6<br /><br />Smokey and the Red Wolves.......7<br /><br />Fire in Jeffreys Hell by Vic Weals.......8<br /><br />Poems by Barbara J. Sands.......9<br /><br />Fire and Forge by Jan Davdison and David Brewin.......11<br /><br />The First Fire: A Cherokee Legend.......12<br /><br />Hearth and Fire in the Mountains by Barbara Wickersham.......14<br /><br />Good Medicine.......15<br /><br />Midwinter Fires: Poems by Jeffery Beam.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />Who Will Have the Power? by Veronica Nicholas.......22<br /><br />Litmus Lichens by Rob Messick.......24<br /><br />Reading the Inner Tree by Charlotte Homsher.......25<br /><br />Review: Where the Ravens Roost.......25<br /><br />Around the Fire by Lee Barnes.......26<br /><br />Drumming.......27<br /><br />Poem: "Sky Mangler" by Mike Wilber.......29<br /><br />Review: The Sound of Light.......31<br /><br />Events.......33<br /><br />Webworking........34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
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<em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville</em> <em>Mountaineer</em> Press
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Forest fires--Environmental aspects
Blacksmithing--Appalachian Region, Southern--History
Hearths--Appalachian Region, Southern--History
Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs
Cherokee mythology
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
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<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
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Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
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<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
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PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Acid Deposition
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Definitions
Book Reviews
Cherokees
Earth Energies
Electric Power Companies
Fire
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest Issues
Geography
Good Medicine
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Katúah
Poems
Radioactive Waste
Reading Resources
South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness)
Stories
Turtle Island
Villages
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/501565e7337d54952a1f1a4f817e1d07.pdf
e2930310495291405c931b80c288e056
PDF Text
Text
$ 2.00
ISSUE 35 SUMMER 1992
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�Drawing by Rob Messick
~UAHJOURNAL
PO Box 638
Leicester, NC
Katuah Province 287 48
Postage Paid
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Permit #18
Leicester, NC
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ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
�eoNrENTs0
Consensus........................
1
by Caroline Estes
Decision-Making Process....... 4
by Joyce Johnson
Problems with Consensus...... 5
by Rob Messick
Tribal Council....................
6
by Bear With Runs
Elda................................
9
by Lucinda Flodin
The State of Franklin............
11
by David Wheeler
Where the Trees Outnumber
the People....................
14
by Stephen Wing
In Council with All Beings..... 16
by Lee Barnes
Steve Moon:
Shell Engravings............
17
Good Medicine...................
18
Natural World News............
20
A Look Back.....................
23
by caroline Estes
by Will Ashe Bason
Are Bioregions Too Big? ....... 24
by Rob Messick
Practices for Full Self- Rule... 25
by Clear Marks
Drumming........................
26
Jury Nullification................
28
by Karen Fletcher
Review:
Beyond the limits...............
29
by Rob Messick
Events.............................
32
Webworking.....................
34
Summer, 1992
Consensus is based on the belief that
each person has some pan of the truth and no
one has all of it (no matter how mui::h we
would like to believe so) and on a respect for
all persons involved in the decision that is
being considered. ln our present-day society
the governing idea is that we can trust no
one, and therefore we must protect ourselves
if we are to have any security in our
decisions. The most we will be willing to do
is compromise. This means we are willing to
settle for less than the very best - and !hat we
will always have a sense of dissatisfaction
with any of our decisions unless we can
somehow maneuver others involved in the
process. This leads to a skewing of honesty
and fonhrighmess in our relationships.
In the consensus process, we start from
a different basis. The assumption is that we
are all truscwollhy (or at least can become
so). The process allows each person
complete power over the group. The central
idea for the Quakers was the complete
elimination of majorities and minorities. If
there were differences of view at a Quaker
meeting, as there were likely to be in such a
body, the consideration of the question at
issue would proceed, with long periods of
solemn hush and meditation, until slowly the
lines of thought drew together toward a point
of unity. Then the clerk would frame a
minute of conclusion, expressing the "sense
of the meeting."
Built into the consensual process is the
belief that all persons have some part of the
truth, or what in spiritual terms might be
called "some part of God," in them. and that
we will reach a better decision by putting all
of the pieces of the truth together before
proceeding. There are indeed limes when it
appears that two pieces of the truth arc in ·
contradiction to each other, but with clear
thinking and auention. the whole may be
perceived which includes both pieces, or
many pieces. The either/or type of argument
does not advance this process. Instead, the
process is a search for the very best solution
to whatever is the problem. That does not
mean that there is never room for error - but
on the whole, in my experience, it is rare.
This process also makes a direct
application of the idea that all persons are
equal. If we do indeed trust one another and
do believe that we a!J have pans of the truth,
then ac any time one person may know more
or have access to more information • but at
another time, others may know more or have
more access or bett.cr understanding. Even
when we have all the facts before us, it may
be the spirit that is lacking and comes forth
from another who secs the whole better than
any of the persons who have some of the
pans. All of these contributions are
impo11ant.
Decisions which all have helped shape
and in which all can feel united make the
canying out of the necessary action go
Oraw111g by Rob Messick
(contirwed on page 3)
Xatimh Journat page 1
�~UAHJOURNAL
EDITORIAL STAPH TIHS
ISSUE:
Maria Abbruzzi
Lee Barnes
Heather Blair
Chris Davis
Judith Hallock
Charlotte Homsher
Willow Johnson, lheQuwcctor
Thanks to Jim
Rob Messick
Nancy Odell
Michael Red Fox
James Rhea
Rodney Webb
David Wheeler
Houser for inspiring the "Councils" theme for this issue.
COVER: by Rob Messick ©1992
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
PUBLISHED BY: Karuah Journal
Here,
in the Katuah Province
of these ancient Appalachian mountains
where once the Cherokee Nation lived in freedom
between the Tennessee River Valley and the Eastern Piedmont
between the Valley of the Roanoke and the Southern Plain
on this Tunle Island continent of Mother Ela, the Earth
PRTNTED BY: The Waynesville Moumaineer Press
EDITOR JAL OFFICE TI TTS ISSUE: Billy Home and Gardens,
Asheville, NC
WRITE US AT: Kattwh Journal
Box 638; Leicester, NC; Katuah Province 28748
Here,
In this place we dedicate ourselves to remembering our deep
connection to the spirit of the land.
We bring this connection into the being and the doing of
our daily lives
When the land spealcs, we listen and we act
We tune our lives 10 the changes, to the seasons
We respect the limits of the land
We preserve, defend, and restore lhe land
We give !hanks for all that is good
TELEPHONE: (704) 754-6097
Diversity is an important clement of bioreg,onnl ecology, both runuml
and social. In accord with this principle Karuah Journal irics to serve as a
forum for the discussion of regional isrucs. Signed articles express only the
opinion of the authors and arc not necessarily the opinions of the Katuah
Jounial ediun or staff.
The Internal Revenue Service has declared Katuah Journal a non-profit
organiuition under section 501 (c)(3) of the lntemnl Revenue Code. All
contributions to Katuah Journal arc deductible from personal income lllX.
Ham1ony with the land is no longer an ideal; it is an imperative.
The land is a living being. She is sacred.
As the land lives, so do we.
As the spirit of the land is diminished,
our spirits are diminished as well.
Articles appearing in KaJuahJournal may be reprinted in other
publications with pcnnission from lhc Katuah Journal struT. Contact the
journal in writing or call (704) 754-6097.
Kattwh Joturwl sends a voice...
with anicles, stories, poems, and artwork
we speak to the spirit of all the living, breathing
inhabitants of these mountains
in hopes that we, lhe human beings,
may find our place in this Great Life.
'LN VOCA.TLON
-
Empowering the Cowu:il Feather
Great Spirit,
Divine Mother,
we know this feather
came to us from you,
we know it's first purpose
in lhe Oeation is to fly empower it
so !hat each of us
who talces it in tum
may look down as the great eagle
circling over our Council,
empower us
so that each may speak
as the wind speaks
from our own comer of lhe Creation,
looking down over the long shoulder
of the horizon
The Editors
KATUAH JOURNAL wants to communicate your thoughts
andfeelings to other people in the bioregional province. Send
them to us as letters, poems, stories, articles, drawings. or
plwtographs, etc. Please send your comriburions 10 us a1: Katuah
Journal; P.O. Box 638; Leicester, NC; Kan,ah Province 28748.
OUR NEXT ISSUE will be about the role of wood in lhe
life of the mountains. Please send anicles evaluating the present
timber industry. logging stories. and visions of ecological and
sustainable ways to cut and use wood. Please also send pictures
and drawings of trees. wood, and woodworkers. Deadline is
August 8th 1992.
- Stephen Wing/
'\'"'
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•
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..
...
THE WINTER ISSUE will be an assortment including
stories for good winter reading and possibly renewable energy
systems. Deadline is October, 30th 1992.
8
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�(continued from page I)
forward wiLh more efficiency, power, and
smoothness. This applies L persons,
o
communities, a.nd naLions. Given the
enonnous issues and problems before us, we
need LO use the ways thaL will best enable us
to move forward Logether.
The above is an ucerpt/rom an essay in
Home: A Bioregional Reader, tdittd by Van Andruss,
Christopher and Judith Plant, and Eleanor Wright
(New Society Publishers, 1990). (First printed in
The New Catalys1, 1tJ. Spring. 1986)
Speaking with
CAROLINE ESTES:
A Phone InLerview - May, 1992
Kanwh: When you are faciliLating, how
do you see yourself acting in the group?
CE: As a servant LO the group; to help
them come 10 the best decision they can make
wiLh those present.
Katlltlh: And 10 do that you have to be
assiduously neutral.
CE: That's right.
Katuah: But it also goes beyond that,
because when you are working at the
Bioregional Congress, I feel you are putting
out a lot of energy to...cemer yourself
spiritually, could you say that?
CE: Yes, you could say that. The way I
put it is that when I am doing consensusmaking facilitation r try to keep myself as a
clear stream. I am noL impeding; I have
nothing in me that is directing. and yet l am
there, in the spiritual sense, LO be as much
help as l can possibly be.
Ninety percent of facilitation is
knowing your group on that level. Only te n
percent of iL is knowing the subject matter
and understanding the words and all of Lhat.
MosL of what you are working wiLh is totally
subjective and understanding the "vibes." l
don't have all the new age tenninology
down, but it's definitely true that as a
facilitator of large groups. you have to be in
tune with the group. If you're not, don'L
facilitate.
Karuah: It's not a mechanistic thing at
all.
CE: Absolutely. That's the reason I get
slightly hysterical when people say anyone
can facilitate.
Katttal1: What is the most difficult job
you ever had LO facilitate?
CE: I can think of times when it didn't
work, bu1 the one thot strained the group the
most and we actually got the group Lhrough
it, was at the second Bioregional Congress at
Lake Leelanauw, Michigan when the group
tried LO pass a spirituality statement.
A resolution on spirituality was brought
before the group. Everyone was favorably
impressed and, I think, was preparing to
Sum mer, 1992
i\...)
.
adopt it, when two people who had been on
the fringe of the Congress all week moved
forward 10 say that they blocked it. That was
very hard 10 hear because they had not been
integral Lo the Congress, and yet they had
been there, and since the Congresses are
open groups they had the right 10 do this.
They were not articulate, so we could
not figure out easily what Lhey wanted or
why they were blocking it. I asked the .
patience of the group for two or three minutes
so I could dialogue with them directly, and in
doing so after a few minutes it started 10
emerge that the problem we were looking at
was the separation of church and state, which
no one up until that point had thought about.
Once that was articulated in a way that
people could understand it. a numbc!r of
people rose. including some who had been
on the commiuee, and said that they would
withdraw the statement. Others wanted 10
sign it in order to show support for it, but it
could not move forward in the group. It was
blocked.
That was one of the most di fficuh ones
in that we had a block from inarticulate
people who "'eren't integrally pan of the
group and were holding up a group decision
that until then looked like it had a "go."
l think that was the most lenmin& a
group has done on why we have blocking. h
also tested the paoence of the group the most.
It showed a lot of things. It showed that
sometimes Lhe facilitator needs 10 step in to
try to find ouL what is really going on. It also
tested the group in whether they re:illy
believed in the consensual process enough
that they allowed the time for it to happen
even when it was at the end of an incredibly
pushed day.
.
r,_
It got very emotional, but...the system
worked! We hadn't thought about that point.,
and we needed to think about it before
rushing into a decision that might have been
100 hasty.
Kattlah Whar do you think is the
imponnnce of the continental bioregional
congress doing its work by consensus?
CE: It's incredibly important. In a sense
we have been co-opted by the larger society.
Bioregionalism is now an accepted word. For
instance, California is now looking at
bioregionalism governmentally. They are
starting to look at how they could break
down the state into sub-regions, instead of
towns, cities, and counties. And part of it is,
1 think, the power that goes behind any
decision of any group that works
consensually. You just have a lot more power
behind what you say. Even if it doesn'L get
into the mass media, it intrinsically has more
power. when everybody in the group is
behind a decision.
Ka11tal1: That leads to the clincher
question: which is the most imponant., the
process or the result?
CE: (Pause) I'd say Lhe process...if
your process is flawed, your decision is
going to be flawed_
When people don't want to use
consensus it is usually because they are
attached to their position. And they are right:
if they are attached ro a position and unable to
see or allow a better position L be brought
o
Drawing by Rob Messick
(continued on next page)
Xat.uah )o"i-l'IQ[. P<J9C' ·3
�(ron11nuoo from p;,i;c 3)
resen·ations. Proposal is altered after
reservation:, are considered, or it is
accepted as is.
forth, then they can't work within a
consensus process. The resuhing position is
not going to have the ~ame power. bu! that\
what's going to happen. I understand It.
And I think that a second rea.~on that
people don't use consensus. and I really .
believe this, is that they don't understand n.
Every time I teach a course, I'm teaching it 10
people who have used consensus for years,
and they are just learning what it means.
So I think that lhose are two points that
people are blank about: they're attached 10 a
position and/or they don't know the process.
,1greement with reservation recorded -
Caroline Estes is a fo1utding member of
the i111entio11ai community Alpha Farm in the
Cascadia Bioregion of the Pacific Northwest.
She lwfacilitated al/jive Turtle Island
Bioregional Congresses held co date. People
watching her ac work are awed by her
strength and clarity. It has often been said
that the ability ofthe continental Bioregio11al
Congresses 10 operate on the basis of
consensus has been due to Caroline's ability
as a facilitator, a claim which Caroline
vigorously denies. This will soon be put 10
the test, however.for Caroline has said that
next year, when she 111rns 65 years old, she
plans to discontinue facilitating the
Bioregio,1111 Congresses and begin to actively ,,#
organize in her bioregion.
j7'
Disagreement or reservations arc
considered. Proposal is altered or is
accepted, and reservations arc recorded.
Unable 10 write - If one individual is unable to
unite with a proposal and is unwilling to
stand aside, then the chairperson must
decide whether to delay action on the
proposal or to ask the individual if he or
she would be willing to be recorded as
opposed. At the next meeting, very often.
agreement is possible after more time 10
reflect on the proposal.
Recorded by DW
CONSENSUS DECISION MAKING
PROCESS
by Joyce Johnson
Purpose: The group must have a unity of
purpose and must clarify the purpose 10 all
in the group. Everyone involved must have
a clear understanding of the group's
purpose.
Members of the Group: The group must
know and trust each other. That is essential
for trust-building.
Members must be willing to listen 10
each other with open minds.
Willingness to learn from each other;
participate in cooperative problem solving
and conflict resolution if necessary.
Members must believe in the consensus
process or be open 1 the process if
0
unfamiliar with it
Proposal: An individual or the chairperson
can phrase this for presentation co the .
group. Adequate time should be taken m
order to ensure thorough understanding of
the proposal. The proposal might not be
clear at the begiMing. It is the
responsibility of the chairperson to state the
proposal so that everyone understands it.
Responses to the proposal:
Agreement - Agreement without reservation;
consensus reached and proposal accepted.
Agreement with reservations - Proposal is
generally supported, but there are some
Xotuofl Journot page 4
\'· j
,I
f
1
I • 1
111/l,t
Possible Decisions on Proposal:
Accepted - Consensus with full agreement
reached.
Committee discussion - More information is
needed before a decision can be reached.
Those with strong opinions should attend
this discus:;ion. Sometimes a commi11ee can
be empowered 10 act. Usually it will then
bring the proposal back 10 the whole group.
Delay decision - Group not ready to make 1h1s
decision now. Discussion tabled to later
time.
Dropped - Not enough interest at this time by
the group 10 discuss this issue.
Chairpcr~on (or "facilitator" or
"clerk"): Good guidance is very
1mponan1 10 the consensus process. A good
chairperson is very often the difference
between a meeting working well or not
working at all. There are a lot of tools that a
chairperson can learn to use, but only
experience can tell a chairperson which tool
will work best in a given situation.
issue warr.ints, cspec1ally if making a major
policy change.
•
Discipline - Ask someone to cut shon 1hc1r
comments if they arc repeating themselves
or talking too long. Can also ask someone
who has spoken on an issue to wait until
others have had a chance 10 make
comments.
Diplomacy - Chairperson must be responsible
for dealing with a chronic objector. Deal
with this person considerately. This might
be the time to say that we are aware of your
disagreement, but it seems that the sense of
the meeting is 10 accept this proposal. Be
gracious but firm.
Dialogue - Members should speak 10 the clerk
and not dialogue with each other.
Silence - Allow time 10 pause after decision
before rushing on 10 the next agenda item.
Call for silence if there is need 10 pause
when there is conflict over an issue. This
gives members a chance to think of a way
to-.ephrase a statement or to cool off if
angry.
Clearness - It is sometimes important to ask
the recording clerk to read back the decision
to make sure it is clear to everyone what
has been decided.
Clearness Process - The clerk might
ask for individuals 10 meet outside the
meeting 10 resolve conflict or misunderstanding.
Judging What Is Important - Be careful not 10
be so goal-oriented that the decision
becomes more imponant than the process.
Some decisions might need more time.
After some discussion, the chairper~on
might say, "I feel that the group is ready 10
make a decision of this proposal." If some
feel that they arc not ready, this will give
them an opportunity to say so.
The Most lmporram Role of the Chairperson
or Clerk is 10 judge the sense of the
meeting. lt is the clerk's role 10 aniculatc
the unity that he or she discovers in the
community and to facilitate the formation of
that unity.
Consensus Does not Mean Unanimil):
Consensus means reaching unity or
concorda11ce. Tt has been described as a
pianist blending complemenrary notes into a
chord. It does not mean that everyone encl~
up on the same note, but 1ha1 complementary notes are blended into a chord.
Consensus is not reaching the "lowest
common denominator." It is instead the,_#
"highest collective consciousness." fr
Rt!.fources:
Judith Webb and John Olsson, A Consensus
Dccision-Makrng Model
Miduzel J. Sheeran. Beyond t\.1ajority Ruic: Vo1clcss
Decisions in the Religious Society of Friends
Responsibilities of Chairperson:
Agenda - Put issues in order; do not leave
imponant decisions until the end. Try lo set
time limits on each agenda item. Group can
aid this process.
Frame the question or proposal with
neurrality.
Elicit comments from silent members present.
Have show of hands so that those members
won't be intimidated by more vocal
members.
Poll participa111S - Go around the circle for
comments from each member present if the
Joyce Johnson is a ml!mbcr of the Ctlo
CommUJJity and the Ctlo Fritnds Mteting. She i.r
currtnily working a.rdevt!lopmtnt coordinator for tk
Arthw Morgan School. Slrt has/ocilitated many
meetings/or the Meeting and tilt! Arthur Morgan
School and help.r the students there practice the
consen.fu:r proce:rs 01 thtir sclu,o/ meetings.
Joyce conducts workslu,ps on the con.•tnsu.f
process/or inJtrt.fted groups She may be reached
through 1hr Arthur Morgan School: 1901 /JanMh
Branch Rd.; Burnsvillt, NC 28714 (7{},I) 675-4262.
Oraw.ng by Rob M~s,ck
Sum.mer, 1992
•
. • •. ' ,'J,
�Problems with Consensus
I have finally found the major beef I
have with the Consensus Process of group
decision making. Namely il revolves around
the fact that consensus can too easily boil
down to Minority Rule, and this has a
specific way of frustrating the proceedings
wilhin a group or council. When one person
or a minority can block consensus, or in
effect decide an issue for Lhe group, then that
is Minority Rule. How does this differ from
Realms, which in truth are not councils at all
but Monarchies? The struggle in human life
between inLegrity and the corruption of power
has raged for centuries, and we have yet 10
find means of reconciling the two into a
process 1hat is both just and livable for all
concerned.
Consensus is often touted as a solution
10 the many problems of Majority Rule voting
systems, such as Congresses or Parliaments,
yet it seems co me tha1 this emphasis merely
replaces one useless fonn of council with
another. It is clear 10 me now that both
Majority Rule and Minority Rule forms of
council usually result in splintered groups. Is
there any way to maintain unity among
people or various groups in the human
family? Perhaps noL
It makes sense lo me that an oppressed
individual or group would be attracted to a
consensus form of council. Such people have
surely been under-represented in the politics
of the United States of America and
elsewhere. Thus they seek compensatioR in
small groups where they can insist that their
position be adequately represented. or in
some cases OVERLY represented.
_l d<? not think that rigid Majority Rule
or Minonry Rule systems of council will
work in the long run in human group
dynamics. I say lhis because we as a species
have nasty hisLorical habiLS of not being able
to share the power of decision making when
people's opinions crystallize. There seems to
be a much_ stronger potential for many people
10 ge1 behmd a mob, and get lost in it, than
there is for individuals to think for
Lhemselves or act on their own conscience.
Majorities have a tendency to disregard the
righls of minorities, often feeling justified in
de~9!uing those who contradict the majority
opm1on.
How then can people participate in a
form of Council that can accommodate the
multiple concerns that modem human beings
have? Scale becomes important to the
accuracy of the decisions being made.
Geographical size is also an imponant factor.
A council 1hat is too small may nol have
enough influence, yet a council that is too
large may be irrelevant l0 local concerns. The
village, which is composed of a limited
number of households, is one of the best
examples of an appropriate or workable scale
of human council. When Lhese village groups
are slable then larger councils can evolve that
involve a limited cluster of villages, such as a
county or shire.
Consensus may have worked better in
eras where villages were primary to a given
cultural way of life. The consensus process
may also have worked beuer when times
were not as complicated, or when there were
fewer decisions to be made. The
Summer, 1992
consequences of decision making in the
dislant pasl also were no1 as far reaching as
they have become in the industrial era;
wilness the existence of plutonium and
television.
It seems lo me that many small or
medium sized groups of today could benefit
from having a formal Mediator lo help guide
the process of decision making; panicularly
when difficulties emerge or when a group
becomes deadlocked. This form of mediated
debate would differ greatly from an ingrown
strain of politics that has stagnated due to a
few dominant inclividuals. Instead of
bec_o~~g compl~tel~ i_mmersed in battling
maJonues and nunonues, a good mediator or
facilitator would remind participanLS of their
common interesLS and emphasize the an of
compromise where it is appropriate.
Compromise is a learned skill that individuals
in a small or medium sized group can develop
to auempl to work out solutions 10 problems
in a wa~ 1ha1 does noL leave out any
responsible adult who wants to participate in
the decision making process. In the case of
family disputes a facilitator could assist in
clarifying the rights of children as well as the
rights of parems.
Issues of fairness in a setting where no
weapons are allowed would naturally become
an ongoing concern. A valid council would
not allow weapons a1 their proceedings. It is
clear lo me now, Lhrough a beuer
understanding of human behavior, thal there
are some approaches 10 forming council that
work beuer than others. Finding ways that
panicipants can let go of the spirit of
conquest and still be a pan of the group is
primary to working toward a successful
approach. There are cenainly no guarantees
that this process would work over time, yet
adequate spans of time seem to be necessary
to forming councils that link people at least as
much as they divide them. Most of the
politics of today are 100 rushed and
inconsistent to even begin to consider
susLainability or future generations.
Good facilitators would have the skill
of being able to suspend their judgements
enough, or be sufficiently impartial, to
mediale lhe vested interests within a given
group. A good facilitator would also be
skilled in ways of building truSt among
members of a group or council. Once such an
atmosphere of trust has been created the
various secret and obvious agendas touted by
people within the group can be identified,
slowly brought out into the open, and
confronted.
Even though solutions or decisions may
not emerge spontaneously, at leasl a good
faci.litator can provide a forum in which all
posilions are aired. Members can go away
from a meeting and contemplate the meaning
of these positions. which become imponant
lo dialogues in future meetings. Those
individuals who are most auatched to their
own agendas would probably balk the
loudest at having a facilitator or "outSidcr"
come into their group process. But, as is
often the case in human psychology, it is
those who refuse good medicine or good _
,#
council the strongcsl who need it most!
J!7'
· Rob Mes.sick
Dnwing by Rob Messick
X.Otunft Jouniat PIUJe 5
�TRIBAL COUNCIL
•
I n the center of each of the larger
Cherokee villages were the square and the
town house. In the larger villages the 1own
house was buiJ1 in10 a large earthen mound.
Seating areas were dug into the mound, so
1hat if you looked at ii from the top, without
the roof on it, it looked Like a spiral coming
up out of the ground. AI the bottom and !he
center of the spiral was the sacred fire and !he
seven poles that supported the building.
The visible walls were only four feel
high, and !he whole building was covered by
an immense thatched roof. Some of the town
houses at the major villages were enormous.
The town house at Old Echota, for example,
had 900 poles. Many of !hem were 18"
through. A lot of them were locus1. They
used the seven-pole construction all the way
around and made 1he building very strong.
But not every village had a town house.
The smaller villages used the square for !heir
mee1ing place. There would be seven arbors,
traditionally called ''beds," arranged around
the square, one for each of the clans. Four of
!he beds were localed at the cardinal poinis,
and !he others were loca1ed around 1hem.
During meetings, all 1he members of the clan
sat in their clan bed.
In each village there were people who
spen1 a lot of lime at the town house, in the
square, or n1 1he chunky (a popular gambling
game - ed.) grounds, which were locaied just
to the side of 1he town house. The old men,
in particular, spent a good deal of 1heir time
there just talking. Thus, 1here was an
ongoing meeting around the town house that
was happening more or less all 1he 1ime.
Sometimes the meeting got mor..: intense
when everybody came to the 1own house to
talk about some mauer of importance to the
village, bu1 01her times ii was just the old
men continually discussing the village affairs.
When the whole council met, the
meetings became more fonnal. Twelve of the
elders sat around the sacred fire at the center
of the town house. (In the smaller villages
there was one representative from each clan.}
The rest of the people of the viJJ~ge sat in the
seats by clans.
One member of the council represented
"The Unborn Yet To Be," and spoke for their
poin1 of view. II was important 10 the council
tha1 in decision-making The Unborn Yet To
Be were always taken into account. They
don'1 do that any more. I wish 1hey would.
They would talk about problems the
village faced, like a bad com crop that year
or another village which was requesting theuhelp to make war on the Creeks.
Consensus was the way decisions were
made. The old people in the center spoke
first They did not give commands. They
would make suggestions based on their
wisdom. And oflen the people would follow
that wisdom Part of their wisdom was taking
into accoun1 the Unborn Yet To Be.
Anyone could speak in the council, but
it was done respectfully. The old people
spoke firsi, 1hen the 01her people could
speak. They had to wait until 1he conversation at the center was done, then they would
Xati1nh Jo;ucnnfriP'-90i•i111X
stand and wait to be recognized by one of the
elders in the middle. They didn't scream or
wave 1heir arms, they jus1 stood 10 be
recognized. Women could speak in the
council. Even a child could speak. Everyone
had a right to speak their heart.
Once I was privileged to sit at the
ceremonial grounds wilh a group of old
Cherokee men in Oklahoma while they talked
about a problem in their village. l saw an
example of how lhe old tribal councils made
decisions by consensus.
There were 12 or 15 old men in the
group. The younges1 one, besides myself,
was about 73. These were the people who
used the Council House. They 100k into
consideration The Unborn Yet To Be.
The problem ai 1he time was not really
clear to me, bu1 I remember tha1 everybody
spoke. They sinned off with the younges1
man and went around the circle, each man
speaking his piece and saying wha1 he had 10
say.
It wasn'1 a "meeting" the way whi1e
people run a meeting. They didn'1 hammer
out a decision. In fact, 1hey did not come to
any specific conclusion a1 all. If any white
people had been presen1, 1hey would not have
known tha1 a meeting was taking place at all.
To a white person ii would have appeared
1hat some old men were silting in a circle
talking casually about a mauer of common
concern.
They just talked aboul it. Each of them
spoke abou1 the problem from his own point
of view. The world tru1h among these people
was the same, so they already shared a broad
agreement By 1he time they went around the
circle the silua1ion was so clear from every
angle tha1 the answer was obvious. and the
old men just got up and lef1. There was a
consensus. It was all over. It was decided.
I fell very fonuna1e 10 ge1 a glimpse of
something that rarely happens anymore,
With 1he advice of the elders, the
council chose the chiefs, called uku's, for
the village. There were two chiefs: a peace
uku and a war uku. A person was chosen as
an uku because he had a lot of personal
integri1y and made good decisions. He was a
person the people chose to follow and also a
role model for the young people. A chief held
his position until he made l01s of mistakes,
and the people would choose 10 follow
someone else. But if he made wise decisions,
he could be chief for life.
The war chief was probably the mos1
popular person in 1he village, bu1 he was also
the mos1 vulnerable. ff he used bad
judgmen1, his mistakes could cost many
lives, and his career would be ended.
The chief was a leader, bu, he did not
tell people what to do. h was no1 like "OK,
we'll all go 10 war 1oday," or "Everybody go
pick com." Like the elders, a chief could
only make suggestions. White people do not
know anything about democracy and freedom
until they know 1he way tha1 the native
culture worked.
by Bear With Runs
Another important person chosen by the
council was 1he Beloved Woman. She was
chosen for the same reason as an uku: 1ha1
her character, as a woman, was highly
regarded by the men and women of the
village. Like an 11Jr.u, she would have to show
in1eg:ity and personal power. At one time
every village had a Beloved Woman, un1il
after a 101 of white influence there came 10 be
only one Beloved Woman for the whole
tribe.
The Beloved Woman could no1 start a
war, but she could stop one. She decided
what happened 10 captives. She spoke up
when !he village was lllinking about moving
i1s location, and she had a say on 1rea1ies.
Other women came to her frequently for
spiritual advice and help with everyday
mauers.
The Cherokee are called a nation, bu1
the word "nation," in the Western sense of
the word, does not explain how the people
saw rhemselves. They saw themselves as
"The Human Beings" or "The People." In the
early days of white contac1, the "nation" was
only a very loose federation of individual
villages. Each village was a power 10 i1self
and could follow i1s own hean to a great
extent.
The tnbe had red villages (war villages)
and while villages (peace villages}, and there
were also special sanctuary villages. A
person 'Yho committed a crime of passion in
his own village could find safety if he could
gel to a sanctuary village before being caught.
He could s1ay in the sanctuary village without
being molested by anybody until the
following Green Corn Ceremony, when
judgments were decided, and compensations
were paid. People would have to make
retribution for mistakes they had made. They
might pay in com, or sometimes a person
would indenture himself for a time of service
to make retribution.
The sanc1uary villages and the "cooling
off period" were probably good ideas,
because they allowed people's personal
passions to wane somewhat, and judgments
were made out of reason instead of hot anger.
The Katuah village was a sanctuary.
and also 1he Nikwasi village in Franklin,
North Carolina. I believe tha1 the seven
oldest, "mother" vilJages of the Cherokee
were sanc1uary villages, although I am not
sure of the status of Echota. There were a lot
of warriors based 1here in la1er times.
While the villages were self-determining political unilS, it was the shared
ceremonies, lifestyles, customs, and world
view that kept the tribe together. And there
was also the influence of 1he clans. There
were seven clans in the Cherokee tribe
(ahhough a long time ago there were 14).
PeOple were born in10 their mother's clan,
and tha1 was 1heir clan for life. The women
kepi crack of the lineages.
Each clan had its own rules and i1s own
taboos. The clans 100k care of 1heir own
(tonhnucd on P•&c 8)
Suni'ttttr, 11992 "" ,
�•
DnWllli by James Rhea
�(continued from p;,gc 6)
members. They specialized life within the
villages somewha1 and k:PI people ~rom
marrying too close 10 theLr own family. A
person could not marry within the same clan.
Incest of any sort, eilher biological incest or
clan incest, was lhe worst crime a person
could commit The clan system kept out
inbreeding. It also helped 10 govern lhings.
Besides lhe family cornfields and lhe
communal aibaJ cornfields, each clan would
also have large clan cornfields. Any excess
com from lhese fields would be given to the
old and the elderly of that clan, if their
families could nor provide for them.
The clans also had somewhat dlfferem
functions. The Wolf Clan was the warrior
clan - the military and the police if that
function was needed. The Wild Poiato Clan
was more into agriculture. The Paints were
interested in crafts. And the Bird Clan was
probably hunters - birds, deer. Each clan had
different rules and different taboos,
depending on their function in lhe
community.
While the clan system did serve to
sepanue things and provi_de some stru~rure
within the village, on a different level tt also
served 10 hold the tribe together as a whole.
Clan members were obligated to care
for each other. This was the basic rule of the
clans. A traveler could go 10 a small outpost
village up in Kcnrucky that he had never seen
before and could find clan relatives who
would take him in and care for him. lt held
the people together. Even though the dialect
they spoke might be different, they would
still be clan relatives. They would still be
Cherokee.
And 1hen there was clan justice. This is
often misunderstood. Any time the rights or
person of a clan member were viol~ted, then
everybody else in that clan was obligated to
make swe retribution was paid for the cnme.
For instance, if someone murdered a member
of another clan, all the other members of that
Xotimfl 1 ~ n l:1,.\ 'hll(Je 8 •
101m,nt ,f
\""l~'T'!m
1,t I ~·1~,1...,
(I i,1111 'lnn:mol 1lrilll \
clan helped 10 hunt that perso~ down and take
his life in return. If the offending person ran
to a sanctuary village. he could stay there, but
if lhe clan members caught him first, it was
au over.
This was not revenge. This was the
clan being responsible for its members based on our reality. The clans kept a balance
between each other. That kept a balance
wilhin the whole aibe.
group - but at the same time they were ~iven
tremendous freedom. There were areas m
which an indjviduttl could get glory and
personal recognition. Someone who was a
great hunter was revered. and a gOO?
provider was sought af1er by the lad1~s.
There was glory for the young males 1n
warfare.
However, if someone did not conduct
him- or herself properly, they did not receive
any approval. People would just ignore them.
In most cases, their behavior would be
modified in a very short time. Native people
wanted at all cost 10 avoid losing face and
being shamed. Depriving someone of
attention or ridiculing him or her was a
powerful way 10 get a deviant person back
into accord with the group.
The ultimate threat of force was
banishment from the village. An action that
serious was carried out by the whole village
council, because it required the support of the
whole community. In that situation,
somebody was put 0111 of the circle instead of
into a jail or prison. The idea of cagin_ up
g
somebody's spirit was a totally alien idea.
The purpose of this village justice was
not 10 punish people, but tO change them.
The Cherokee did believe in vengeance, but
only against other aibes. fn the whi~e.
people's system, people who caus<: mJury are
punished. They are made to suffer m an equal
amount to the harm they have caused - either
by years of imprisonment or by ouaight
execution.
The dominant culture of today is
actually a lot of confused culrural biases
which share very little consensus as to what
is true culture. Within our culture it was
clear. There wasn't anything else. It was
either this or nothing. If you didn't belong. it
was terrible. The urge to belong was so
str0ng, it governed the people's actions.
Our consensus was based on a world
view that was shared throughout the whole
aibe. Because of that the Cherokee needed no
couns, lawyers, judges, or prisons.
We had very few laws. They were
mostly just rational, reasonable rules.based
on observation. There was a law agamst
urinating in the river. There was a Jaw against
defecating around the village. There was a
law against talcing 100 many deer, because
everybody knew thar if they killed too many
deer, there would not be any left the next
year. There were clear and obvious reasons
for laws like that They were based on
common sense rules that nature laid down in
front of us.
One of the biggest barriers between us
and the white people was that we did not
have any concept of privare property.
•
Possession meant that "when you were there
it was yours." But the white people did a
good job of teaching us differently.
The word "fndian-giver" came from the
fact that a white man would give some
Indians a load or goods for their piece of
land and the next day the Indians would be
back. The Indians had not realized they ~ad
sold their land. They had never had any idea
of owning it! They took the presents because
it would be rude to refuse gifts of friendship.
It is hard for white people to understand
our ways and how they worked, because
they do not understand how the old
Cherokees related 10 the aibe. The old culture
was holistic. The tribe was the whole, and
the loyalty toward the whole was very
strong. The desire to contribute to the whole
and to move evenly with the rest of the group
was ingrained by many generations of
cultural reinforcement ll was so much a part
of the culture that it was quite abnonnal to ~
an individual. Cooperation was t~e governing
force within the community, and m the old
days, before we were too muc~ influenced by
the whites. our personal integnty meant a lot
more 10 us.
People were rewnrcted for their
cooperation by approval and love from the
In the Cherokee aibe, spiritual life was
not split a pan from the political l!fe of the
village. It was always there. but It was not
recognized as something separate. Because of
the emphasis on character and personal
integrity, the elders tended to be te~chers and
spiritual leaders as well as leaders m the
council.
At one time there was a religion and a
priest society in the Cherokee aibe. I ~ave
heard stories about this from several different
sources. My own thinking is that in !he
tribe's early history when we first migrated
south, we encountered the late stages of the
deteriorating Mississippian culture. The
Mississippian culture "."as ~ on M_ayan
and Aztec beliefs. Tht1r pracoces, beliefs,
.1l ,'J:n :, 1odcr_ 1..1~
· ~1111o•('to'(Q1
DrawinabvlamuRh~• r.r. ~
:),ill ra~, -..-UJ 1 U
w
•
(Continued on page 30)
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O\.\TnJ'TUrr"", l!J:J~
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'
l )~UHI •
�O,.wing by Rob Messick
© 1992
by Lucinda Flodin
Maybe she's the reason I came to live
in the mountains. I know she's the reason I
swp when I'm near that panicular place.
Sometimes I stop nowhere near that place
because the feeling comes over me, and I
stop. After all this time I still fookfor Elda ...
In 1974 I spent the summer with
friends in Limestone, Tennessee, recovering
from a shattered romance. I would sit on the
porch watching the mountains, but more
often I would drive to the mountains and hike
through long afternoons. On one of these
hikes I became absorbed in following a liule
stream and lost track or time. When r stopped
to rest, I realized that it was getting late.
Night came quickly in the forest and I
found myself unable to negotiate the path, I
finally stopped in a small clearing only to
realize that r was now losr. Around me were
trees and darkness and ever-increasing fear.
A sound sent me into total panic. I had
visions of bears and mountain lions and
snakes and bugs! l tried 10 get a grip. I
smacked a mosquito who was definitely out
for blood. My hean started pounding wildly.
I'd probably have a heart auack before a bear
could even find me.
I was hungry ... so thirsty... but there
was no food anywhere... not a bite 10 be
found! I leaned over to drink from the
stream, but I had no idea where I was or
what the origin of the water was. I knew I
shouldn't drink any water in the wild unless I
was at a spring head. How thirsty I was and I
couldn't even drink the water!
1 sat and cried - no, yelled - at the trees
around me about the unfairness or it all.
Finally I ran out of energy and sat down. Just
then the.moon came shimmering through the
su-mmcr, 1992
ELDA
trees, and I rudn't feel so alone. As I looked
across the clearing, it seemed that if I just
walked around the big tree in front of me, I
could get a clear view of the moon's face. As
I pushed away the low branches to duck
around the tree, the Earth s11dde11/y fell away
beneath me.
There was nothing gradual about this
moment. One second I was on the ground,
the next I was in space - learning gravity as
I'd never learned it before - tumbling, falling,
rolling. It happened so quickly I had no time
10 fear as I bounced through bush and briar. I
tried 10 clutch the Earth, but I wasn't sure
where it was - sometimes above me,
sometimes below, pounding at me wherever
we met. Eternity was caught in a single
moment. Would it ever stop?
At last I became more of the eanh than
the sky, and I rolled into a resiing spot in a
patch or briars. Pain and eanh grJbbcd me
back from space. My last thought was
wondering if the spinning would ever
cease ...
Warm sunlight on my face, my bed felt
so good. The dream had been so real. I'd
never dreamt so vividly. I decided to grab the
journal at my bedstand and write it down .
before the memory faded. It was the reaching
for this journal that brought abrupt physical
pain.
I tried to open my eyes. How I hurt!
Oh, no! This wasn't my bed! This wasn't a
dream! Hope crashing, I opened my eyes to
the canopy of young tree growth above me. It
hun to look ouL lt hun to breathe. The
thought of moving hurt. Maybe I was dead.
lf not. I surely would be soon. A tear burned
down my face. I could feel my fingers. l
could feel my toes. Pain filled them all and
soon a strange sleep enveloped me.
A sense of not being alone brought me
back 10 consciousness. Was this the
mountain lion I'd feared? As l tried to move,
pain seared through my body. A voice like
music. or was it the wind through the trees,
said, "Don't move, young one, and don't be
afraid. I won't hurt you."
As I struggled tO tum toward the
sound, r felt movement around me until a
woman came into my sighL First I saw her
hands, veined like the gnarly roots of an oak,
yet wonderfuJJy supple. My eyes moved up
to a face which surprised me with itS
ancientness; somehow it didn't match those
capable hands. The face was an intricate mnzc
of lines and wrinkles - there were no flat
planes. Then our eyes met and I felt myself
falling int0 an ocean of blue clarity. Never
had I experienced eyes like those - clearer,
yet deeper, than a child's. Suddenly those
eyes and her whole incredible face broke into
a smile with more facets than a prism in
sunlighL And that music - no, it was her
voice. "You arc amazed, young one. Good,
that amazement will help you to heal
yourself."
"Are you an angel? Am I dead?"
Again that smile, followed by a laugh
that would have made me laugh, too, except
for how much it would have hun.
"No, young one. I walk an Eanh path.
Some call me Elda. I answered your
frightened call in the moonlighL"
I realiz.ed that I no longer was lying in
briars. Hadn't I landed in briars? My eye
caught a thiclcet of them a little way from
when: I lay.
(continued on ow page)
)(.Qtimh JoUf'tlat PQIJI'- 9
�(CQitinued f'rom pego 9)
"Briars don't make for sweet dreams;
soft pine needles and grass make for more
comfon. You'll rest easy in this baby forest,
and the Eanh will help your healing. You
have strong bones, none are broken. Your
muscles are strained. Only a few of your cuts
are deep. This gash is deep for it bleeds stil1,
but it has bled enough. Feel it closing and
healing in your thoughts, little one."
She reached into a pouch at her side and
took a pinch of some powder and blew it into
the CUI.
"What's that stuff?"
"A pinch of puffball to stop the blood.
It has bled enough now. You are curious?
That is good. I like curiosity. I will teJJ you
of the plants."
I grew anxious at all these answers to
unasked, sometimes uninfonned questions.
"And you are afraid. Are you always
afraid, little one? Breathe or hum a song. It
will help."
She took a bowl -1 think it was a bowl,
though it may have been a hollowed-out tree
gnarl - and with a feathery leaf began to wash
my cuts.
"This is yarrow, cooked in water in the
sunlight. It will numb your pain and let us
work on your injuries."
As she gently washed them. I could feel
the pain numbing, lessening.
"Th.is will allow us to bathe them
again."
With the numbness, I was able to move
to see myself. Everywhere I could see my
skin, it was covered like a roadmap with
scratches. The skin around the scratches was
deepening as bruises formed. I wanted to
throw up, but that would have required
movement.
"Skin mends, young one."
"I'm not that young, and my name is
Lucinda."
"To me you are very young, Lucinda."
As I looked at her ancientness, f felt
silly at having snapped at her.
Throughout the day as I moved in and
out of sleep. I felt her near me. Her words
wafted through my consciousness as she
washed my legs with chickweed, little star
woman, comfrey, burdock, more yarrow.
She helped me sip red clover from a bowl. It
all was like a confused dream. Sometimes r
would hear her talking. Actually, it seemed
that she was having two-way conversations
with the plants. / must be mad' And then I'd
doze again.
"Are you magic?" I asked in a moment
of lucidity.
"No, child... Lucinda. I am a child of
the Earth, like yourself. I've tended this
forest garden, and it has tended me, for
longer than 1 can even remember. We take
care of each other."
At dusk, a drink with a strong taste...
"Skullcap, 10 mke the pain for a deeper
sleep."
I did sleep - deeply - and without fear. I
could hear her voice as I drifted.
"You are safe under the trees, on the
Eanh, with the stars. Sleep sweetly. Dream
wellness."
I awoke to the twittering of birds. I stiU
hun, but I could move. Again I wondered a1
~~~ J?~~~. p~!Z ,10
~e.reality of Elda. then she stepped into my
v1s1on. Yes, she was really here. It was like
she was invisible one moment and there the
nexL Yet I knew she had really been there.
She was real. I was overcome by the wisdom
I sensed in her presence.
"Today you might feel hungry. I've
brought you food."
She opened a giant leaf which I later
learned was burdock filled with violets,
clover blossoms and sweet-tasting leaves and
berries. She would name them.
"It's so much. I'll never remember
them."
"You don't learn them all at once, dear
one. You learn one plant at a time. Each is
your teacher."
I contemed myself with the
nourishment I felt pervading my body. AU
that day Elda fed me and I told her of my
journey. She only laughed when 1 got to the
part of being so hungry and so far from food.
She found that delightfully funny, and I felt
foolish. But then r looked around, and I, too,
was struck with the humor of it. Somehow it
seemed that all the plants around us also
laughed, but I wouldn't swear to that.
Moving became easier as the day went
on and I was amazed at how much better all
my scratches were. Elda made a poultice (I
remember her using that word) of plantain
and elder for my bruises. I could feel the
soothing relief and the healing begin.
'Tomorrow you will be able 10 travel,"
she said as the sun was gold in the west. We
sat with a bowl of salve which tasted full and
thick as soup. "I will show you a shoner
route."
I didn't want 10 go, but suddenly I
thought of my friends, Dan and Ruby, and I
knew they must be panicking by now.
"I would like to know more about
plants, Elda."
"Well, talk to them, dear. They like to
be remembered."
I went to sleep imagining myself in
conversation with a fem and wondering
about my sani1y.
Walking down the mountain \l.ith Elda
in the morning was an adventure. It was a
completely different path, I think. I wasn't
really payiog much auention on the way. She
pointed out plants, talked to them as friends.
and treated them with re:;pect. Before I knew
it, we were at my car
She laughed, "Ah, just the friend you
need now." And she told me to pick the
sticky flowers growing around my car.
"Calendula. Make them into a tea to soothe
your wounds."
"How do I thank you, Elda?"
"You don't, dear one. You pick the
flowers and make yourself strong."
It seemed like just a moment later when
a state trOOper stanled me. I looked toward
Elda, but she was gone. My friends had
reported me missing. He had been looking
for me and had found my car.
"Did you see that woman?"
"No, miss. Just you here. No one Jives
up in these pans. I'll drive you."
I went home and healed up, though one
scar remained on my leg as a reminder of the
adventure. But 1 still thought about Elda and
wanted to see her again. Several times that
summer I returned to that area, but I could
never again find that exact spot where I had
met Elda. l asked campers and hikers, and I
stopped at every house in the area. No one
had heard of anyone sounding like Elda.
They sent me up 10 Granny Pierson
who was the oldest person around and who
reponedly became confused at rimes. We
talked. She drifted in and out of memory, a
sharp contrast to the clearity of Elda's mind.
She couldn't recollect much at first, but
finally she began, "There was this old
woman. What was here name? Something
like that, but, Lord, hooey, hit's bin since l
was a girl An old 'erb woman. She was old
when I was a child. Lord, she'd be in the
grave more'n seventy year now. J remember
her, though, but my mind's leavin' me."
My friends listened patiently, trying to
be supponive, but occasionally suggesting
that maybe I'd dreamed it. Maybe I'd made
her up to keep myself alive. I don't know.
Could I have made up the richness that
was Elda? Her wiseness? I couldn't have
made up her eyes!
Thar was sixteen years ago. I live in the
mountains now, in the same county tlwugh
miles from where I met Elda. I dan't ask
abolll her now, excepi when I meet old
people. But as I walk tliroughfields and
woods, gathering plants and learning abolll
them, Ida think of her. In fields where
flowers seem to be laughing, I sense her
presence. I feel tit.at if I could just turn more
qt~ickly, I'd see her there ware/ting me - her
wise face full oflife, giving nouris/unent. .
After all this time I still look for Elda.
#
P'
There are stories from cullurcs around the
world and from ns far back ns the Stone Ages about
lhc elderberry. UsWllly lhey involve o woman who
lives in the tree and ha~ powerful medicine 10 heal Iler
children. (I created the feminine fonn Elda for !hi.~
cho.roclCJ'.) But she con be dangerous at times when
she is not shown re,.c;pcct. Old supcn;lilions maimain
lhat cuumg elder without pennission or the plant
brings illnes,~ nnd/or death.
Lucinda Flodin lives with her family in Katuah
Province near Hampton, TN and is. among other
things, an herbalist and a Mory!Alllcr. The story "Elda"
is included oo a new audio tape cnlled Mountain
Spirits available for SI0.00 ppd. from: Lucincm
Flodin: Rt. I, Box 726; Hampton. TN 37658.
�THE STATE OF FRANKLIN
Land, Liberty... and Mastery
by David Wheeler
"A beautiful valley and the
almost boundless West lay before
them, beckoning all to adventure
themselves. The thing most worthy of
remark is the far reach and wide range
of the vision and the plans of the
people of Franklin, and the projective
power that gave them and their
descendants a very considerable
mastery of men and measures
througlwut the generations that /rave
followed."
- Samuel Cole Williams
in The Lost State of Franklin
they could hunt. They built their own log
homes, provided their own clothing, and
made their own whiskey. Work parties of
neighbors built and maintained what roads
!here were.
The presence of the tax collectors was
!he main evidence of the Norlh Carolina state
government. The settlers were poorly
represented in the state legislature. They had
to cross the mountains to find a court in
(1933)
In the years immediately following the
Revolutionary War the runnoil of the war
years continued almost unabated in the
former colonies. These were heady times the imperial power of England had been
defeated, new theories of government were
materializing, and a new continent lay open
for the taking. In !he new nation, talk of
politics was on everyone's lips, and "libeny"
was the watchword. But in the minds of
many people was the thought of land - land to
be the material basis for their hard-won right
to "the pursuit of happiness."
In spite of such lofty hopes and dreams
among the European settlers, however, the
new country was in a shambles. The
government of the State of North Carolina, in
particular, was pauperized. The war had
taken a heavy toll on !he personal resources
of the former colonists, and !here had been
much destruction and ill-feeling. The central
government was weak: and in debt for
promises made during the pressing struggle
for independence. By its original charter, the
jurisdiction of North Carolina extended west
10 the sea, but under the prevailing conditions
it was lit lie wonder that those closest to the
capital at Hillsborough received the most
attention.
The mountains of the Blue Ridge were
still a formidable barrier at that time. Settlers
following the Great Valley of !he Tennessee
River had established a bastion in what is
now the northeast comer of Tennessee.
During the war they had shown themselves to
be stalwan pattiotS, pro<ecting North
Carolina's rear from hostile attacks by the
Cherokee and Chiclcasaw tribes and turning
the tide of the war in the South by surging
over the mountains to play a decisive role in
the battle of Kings Mountain,
But now, not only were the wartime
claims of these soldiers being ignored, but
Nonh Carolina was levying heavy taxes on
au its citizens to rebuild itS shattered
infrastructure and restore its government. To
the settlers in the west, this was blatant
"taxation without representation" - just what
they had fought 10 end!
This feeling was justified. The lands
west of the mountains were self-supponing,
living off the crops they raised and the game
summer, 1092
which to setlle their differences. Although
constantly threatened by hostile natives, their
state government would send no ll'OOpS
across the mountains for their protection.
But the worst blow came in 1783. In
order to capitalize its recovery, the State of
North Carolina passed a law offering land
west of the mountains for sale to setllers and
speculators. The bill put up for sale the land
from 20 miles south of the town of
Jonesborough 10 the French Broad and the
Big Pigeon Rivers, conveniently ignoring the
fact that this land had been guaranteed to the
Cherokee in the Avery Treaty of 1777.
This made the natives understandably
restless, and in 1784, largely to avoid the
expense of sending a military force to defend
the western settlers from angry Cherokees,
North Carolina passed a bill giving up its
claim to the lands west of the mountains and
ceding !hem to the newly-formed national
Confederation Congress.
Congress was too weak and 100 far
away to protect the settlers over the
mountains. Nonh Carolina had reneged on
the task. The seulers were used to protecting
and providing for themselves. A decade
before, earlier settlers had even established
the Watauga Association, the first "free and
independent community on the continent," in
the words of Theodore Roosevelt On August
23, 1784 delegates from the counties west of
the Blue Ridge gathered and declared their
area a free and independent state.
Their declaration was immediately
challenged. Norlh Carolinians were surprised
and angered at this tum of events, and when
a new legislature convened that autumn,
North Carolina rescinded the C.ession Act and
restated itS cl.aim to the western lands.
It was a vain attempt. On December 14,
1784 a second convention at Jonesborough
decided to name the new state after Benjamin
Franklin and set about the work of drawing
up a constitution. The following March, that
work was continued, and John Sevier was
elected governor of the State of Franklin and
David Campbell was chosen as its chief
justice and given the task of setting up a court
system.
John Sevier (pronounced se-VEER)
had been at first reluctant 10 become involved
with the movement for independence, but
from 1784 he was a moving force in the
history of the State of Franklin. By all
accounts he was brave, charming, and
handsome · a charismatic leader. He was a
hero of the battle of Kings Mountain and was
a renowned "lndian fighter."
Instinctively, Sevier was a consummate
politician. He knew the value of diplomacy
and the power of force. In his dealings wilh
whites he could use a winning smile and
charming words to win his way; with the
native people he was rulhlessly violent
Although he was educated and
articulate, Sevier's strongest support was
always among the rough settlers on the
frontiers of the whites' territory. These were
his comrades in arms, the mythologized
pioneers. It was moslly from these people
that Sevier drew the militia for his campaigns
against the natives. The backwoods whites
loved and trusted Sevier. They counted on
him for their defense, and he never let them
down.
For three years Sevier led the State of
Franklin. In that turbulent era the exact
powers and role of a state was unclear.
Whether the states were to be
semi-autonomous republics or divisions of a
strong central government was as yet
undecided. One thing was certain: "Liberty,"
meaning self-government, was the overriding
ideal. During the three years that the State of
Franklin existed, it set up its own
govemrncntal scructure, electing delegates
and appointing commissioners. It established
a judiciary; minted coins; provided for
schools; and, of course, designed a "great
seal" and a flag. The frontiersmen were
already organized as a de/aero militia, but
that arrangement was officializcd. The State
also began collecting taxes - frontier Style.
"Be it enacted," decreed the state's first
General Assembly, "that it shall and may be
lawful for the aforesaid land tax, and all free
polls, to be paid in the following manner:
Good flax linen,... woolen and cotton
linsey,...good, clean beaver skins,...cased
otter sk.ins, ... rackoon (sic) and fox
skins, ... bacon, well curcd,...good, clean
tallow,...good, clean beeswax,... good
distilled rye whiskey,...good peach or apple
brandy,...good, country made (maple)
(eontinucd on nc:ll page)
Xati4af1 Journal: page 11
�(continued from page 11)
sugar,...deer skins, ...good, neat and well
managed tobacco, fit to be prized, that may
pass inspection,..."
In certain instances, Franklin also acted
like a national power. The state made treaties
wilh the native tribes, which in those times
with the central government so weak and ~
id~ of self-government so strong in the
mrnds of the people, was not unusual But in
1788, when the effort to maintain their
ind~~dcn~ was falling apart, Sevier began
a ~non wtth the government of Spain.
w~ch held the mouth of the Mississippi
River. To the Spanish representative
Oardoqui, Sevier hinted that the citiuns of
Frank.I.in might ally themselves with Spain in
exchange for protection, money, and
weapons. It was almost assuredly a bluff,
but. even in those times, it was a bold bluff
indeed.
•
The foundation of the "Liberty~ of the
white immigrants was the very material
~sidcration of land. From the beginning of
its history, the acquisition of land was the
other driving force in the remarkable story of
the State of Franklin. That the native
inhabitants had clear tide to their lands that
o~ten went back 1,000 years made no
~erence. The p~ure of the migration of
whit.e Europeans from over the mountains
was irresistible. Also, disagreements over the
authority of the different states, the
Confederation Congress, and the State of
Franklin to sign treaties and ma.kc agreements
added 10 the confusion (which was no doubt
exploited when convenient).
. Always ready 10 make agreements., the
whites did not prove so willing to keep them,
and the Cherokee in vain pointed to tteaty
)CQtuQn )oumQC PQ<Je 12
after broken treaty. On the Cherokee side the
Chickamauga villages, under the leadership
of the war chief Dragging Canoe, believed in
no treaties made with the whjtes and honored
none. Their disbelief was quite correct but
their actions gave the Europeans ample'
reasons for reprisals.
It was a war, 10 be sure, and each side
could point 10 outrages and depredations
committed by the other. But in this war the
treaties were meaningless; the real power was
in the superior numbers and weapons of the
European occupiers, and they would take
whatever their military strength could win.
A fine tract of land in the Great Bend of
the Tennessee (or "the Bent of the
Tennessee"), near the present-day city of
Muscle Shoals, Alabama was a lodestone to
white investors. In 1784, a company of
speculators, including John Sevier and
prominent men in Nonh Carolina, arranged a
"purchase" of the land from some of the
native residents, although the area was deep
in the territory guaranteed to the red people.
Fro~ then on Sevier's eyes were always
looking toward the south. It is felt that his
initial opposition 10 the establishment of the
State of Franklin stemmed from concern
about the future of his investment in the Great
Bend. When he came around 10 favor the
s~ssion, he began to think that the new
state could help his venture, and under his
leadership the policies of the State of Franklin
were always expansionist and pointed toward
the south.
Franklin encouraged immigration by
whites, even when the government knew that
the only available lands lay in Cherokee
country. ~igration meant profits, yes.
land speculanon was a booming industry in
the ne.wly-opened lands to the west. But,
more unportantly, immigration was crucial to
the very survival of the fledgling state across
the mountains. Cleared lands and dense
settlements were the best protections against
anacks by the natives.
The Nonh Carolina Act of 1783 had
violated the terms of the earlier Avery Treaty
by !f!OVing the boundary claimed by the
whnes down to the French Broad River.
However. the act strictly prohibited entry or
surveys by whites south of that line. But as
soon as the State of Franklin was formed,
settlers began 10 move south of the French
Broad. They were encouraged by the state
government. In fact, the State of Franklin had
a land office in Jonesborough that raised
revenue by taking purchase money for land
claims granted south of the French Broad.
Sevier felt that this siruation needed
formal recognition, so he called together a
meeting of Cherokee chiefs in May of 1785
and laid out the Treaty of Dumplin Creek,
~h~c~ moved .the ~undary south 10 the ridge
diVJd1ng the Little River and the Little
Tennessee River watersheds.
However, it was only six months later
that the United States' Confederation
Congress felt that the central government
should assert its authority and negotiated the
Treaty of Hopewell with the Cherokee. This
treaty moved the line back 10 the north . so
far nonh that the town of Greeneville, which
had just been named the capital of the State of
Franklin, was made pan of the native
territories! The treaty specifically repudiated
the Dumplin Creek agreement and the Great
Bend land purchase. It was intentionally
vague about the status of the settlers
occupying the lands north of the French
Broad River, but it clearly stated that all other
trespassers would have to leave in six months
or lose the protection of the central
government.
lt appears that the State of Franklin
simply ignored the Hopewell treaty. Certainly
their defense of the settlers south of the
French Broad was no less diligent. After
fruitless appeals to the national government,
the Cherokee took matters into their own
hands and in the spring of 1786 began attacks
on the settlements in ll)eir rightful territory.
The FrankJinites responded by burning the
Cherokee towns in the Hiwassee River
Valley. Later in July, Sevier and 250 men
revenged the killing of two other white men
by b.uming another town. They then camped
outs1de the central Cherokee village of P.chota
and called the peaceful chiefs Hanging Maw
and Tassel (Com Tassel) to make another
treaty.
Sevier minced no words. He told the
chiefs that the whole country nonh of the
Tennessee River as far west as the
Cumberland Mountains would be setded by
the whites who would take it "by the sword,
which is the best right to all countries."
Though the treaty contained ample references
to peace, love, and brotherly friendship, it
was obvious it was obtained under duress.
Wiuh such a large armed force outside their
gates, the chiefs had little choice but to sign.
The historian Williams says in his book: The
Los1 State of Franklin, "No act of the State of
Franklin is Jess creditable to her than this
Treaty ofCoyatee."
During this time, the Franklin
government was constantly pressing its case
Summu, 1992
�;
I I
for recognition as a s1a1e before the
Confederation Congress. Champion for the
cause was William Cocke, a backwoodsman,
marksman, and a fierce fighter, who had put
himself through law school and had found a
gift for inspired oratory. By all accountS he
gave brilliant. impassioned presentations on
behalf of 1he Sta1e of Franklin, bu1 it was no1
enough to shake the political support
mustered by North Carolina to block
Franklin's recognition.
By 1786 the strain of carrying on the
border wars single-handedly had begun to
tell, and the firm resolve of the Franklinites
began to waver. North Carolina cleverly
exploited this shif1 in sentimenL Under the
leadership of John Sevier's archrival, John
Tipton, North Carolina attempted to hold an
election 10 send representatives from "the
western counties" to the state legislature. The
Franklin government answered the move by
holding their own elections for the North
Carolina legislative seats. The Franklinites
won overwhelmingly, but this recognition of
North Carolina's authority proved 10 be the
first stroke of the wedge that split open the
Franklin government.
Tipton also sponsored North Carolina
couns, which operated parallel 10 Franklin
courts, often in the same county. Vigilantes
from both sides broke up court sessions and
took valuable papers. There were angry
public meetings, and some brawling took
place, involving Tipton and Sevier
themselves in one instance. The situation was
fast deteriorating into civil violence..
John Sevier made several valiant
attempts to save the faltering State of
Franklin. Knowing the unifying value of war
against the native people, he proposed one
idea that would hopefully save his
government, win the coveted Great Bend area
for the_whites (and his investment company),
and gain some respite for the settlers on the
southwest frontier.
At the time, the State of Georgia was
continually at war with the Creeks. Sevier
proposed 1ha1 in the spring of 1787 soldiers
from Georgia and Franklin join together in a
punitive campaign against th111 tribe, which
jus1 happened to control the Great Bend are-a.
Instead of cash payments, the soldiers who
undertook the expedition would be rewarded
with land grants in the Great Bend, which
they would afterward help 10 retain. The plan
never materialized, as Georgia made a
temporary peace with the natives.
Early in 1788 the sporadic hostilities
between the two factions in Franklin flared
up. John Tipton seized several of John
Sevier's slaves under a Stale of Nonh
Carolina court judgment and transported them
10 his home for safekeeping. Sevier was in
the las1 few days of his governorship and
was tired and discouraged, bu1 rhis was a
slap in 1he face that could not be ignored. The
separationists surrounded Tip1on's house in
force and, although Sevier urged restraint, a
melee erupted. Two men were killed and
Sevier's two sons were capiured. Tipton
wanted 10 hang the young men, but was
persuaded to release 1hem. Sevier
subsequently lef1 for the border wars on the
frontier, "where no writs ran and lhe rough
seulers were devoted to him," as John
summer, 1992
VIRGINIA
--------~.~~.r~ttf)lfWl~if1}r-------------..:::~-,.R-... 1-&KLiN·:·,::"' ..
NORTH
.-,::.\(}iY:.:\~f{/· CAROLINA
_, ~,-- - - - ·- -.,,
- - - - - - ------7,....
'
,
'------,...
'
',,
'
',
\
' ',
11SS Map
Preston Arthur commented. This is generally
marked as the end of the State of Franklin.
It was in 1790, with more wars with
the Cherokees looming, that North Carolina
finally gave up and ceded control of Franklin
to the United Srates Congress as part of the
"Southwest Territory." Franklin was finally
admitted to the Union as pan of the State of
Tennessee in 1796. The first elected governor
of the Staie of Tennessee was, no1
surprisingly, John Sevier, and he la1er served
as a congressman as well.
appeared as I.he stubborn independence so
admired in the Appalachian mountaineers. At
other times, however, it appeared as 1he will
for mastery, whether over the land, events,
or those who would oppose them. Even
today, we still see traces of this, the tangled
legacy left by the early while seulers of the
mountain region.
Special thanks to Barbara Wickersham
for the valuable research work she
contributed to this article.
Resources:
The wild Appalachian lands brought out
both the best and the worst in the firs1
Europeans to inhabit the Katuah Province.
They were fiercely devoted 10 ideals of
freedom and justice; they were at the same
1ime greedy and ruthless. A deep-seated
detennination drove them. Sometimes this
Gerson, Noel B.; Franklin: Atrurica·:r Lost
State: Crowell-Collier Press (New York, 1968)
Williams, Samuel Cole; Ilistory of the Lost
State of Franlclin; The Press of the PiollCCIS (New
York. 1933)
Cornstalk Dreams
Poverty is living in a shotgun house
with chimney bookends
Listening to rain tapping on a cheap tin roof
Huddling around the fireplace
like a dark medieval clan.
Poverty is running barefoot
through a maze of corn fields
Splitting open a watermelon just for its heart
Worrying until payday if we would be fed
at least with butter beans and cornbread
- Sandra McClinton
-
..
X.Otimh )ournnt page 13
�WHERE THE TREES OUTNUMBER THE PEOPLE:
I<atuah's Regional Rainbow Gatherings
In the Mtigical U1nd of the Rainbow, a neo-tribal culture is teacl1ing and learning the
arts of Cooperation and Commu,1ity
by Stephen Wing
"Welcome Home!"
The implications arc enormous.
Somewhere back in the mythical mists
of the Scvenries, a tribe of multicolored folJc
called the Rainbow Family began to hold a
"Gathering of the Tribes" every summer deep
in the wilderness, where the trees oumumber
the people. They were "Family" because they
considered all people brothers and sisters;
they were ''Rninbow" for the harmony of
their many colors; and they called out
"Welcome Home!" because wherever they
gathered on the Mother Earth they were home
again. Every Fourth of July lhey observed a
silence, praying for Peace and Healing, each
in their own way. They fasted and prayed
and danced and drummed, and many magical
stories have come down 10 us.
In the nco-Plcistocene Eighties, our
tribal ancestors founded the Katuah Rainbow
clan and began to bold a solstice gathering
every summer in the meadow below Sam's
Knob. Because pan of their inspiration was
lhe 1980 Rainbow Galhering in West
Virginia, it became one of the first of many
regional Rainbow gatherings. It carried on
the Family consensus to be free and
non-commen:ial, open to everyone, dedicated
to cooperative, ecological living, without
leaders or rules. It grew and flourished, and
Xatuah Journal Pac.Je 14
was known as one of the strongest and most
spiritual in the land of the Rainbow.
Now at age 21, the Rainbow Family
has grown into a large-scale, long-term,
worldwide experiment in living out the ideals
of the mythical Sixties: a full-fledged
al temative culture, woven of many different
spiritual, political, and philosophical strands.
Outwardly. perhaps it imitates the Nntive
American tribes; mwardly, it taps the
biological vestiges of one million years of
oi baJ ancestry.
Everyone involved in Rainbow has
their own vision of what it is and what it
could be. The vision that is crystallizing for
me lately is of a school.
Everyone has something 10 teach in the
magical land of Rainbow. And somcLhing to
learn. Many of us are teachers of something
already, perhaps, or know a special craft or
skill or even a livelihood worth passing on.
You learned your first rai chi step or
bcadworlcing stitch from someone. Why not
bring it 10 the gathering _and offer a free,.
informal workshop? Think of the gathenng
as a kindcrganen, not as a university. Even if
you feel you have nothing 10 learn there, each
of us has something 10 pass along to those
following in our footsteps.
But there's a deeper level of learning.
0..wUl&J by Rhea Ormond
Running away like a bunch of kids playing
hooky in the woods is like school turned
inside out - a space in which we can a.U enter
a kind of second childhood and re~ate
ourselves. We heal ourselves instinctively by
re-imagining society in a sane way, becoming
each other's long-lost extended family,
learning how to love and accept each other,
and feel loved and accepted in turn • some
for the first time our lives. It is incredibly
therapeutic just to be in a place where it is
okay to love.
But in order 10 maintain this magical
healing space, we have to work together 10
feed everyone, deal with sanitation, medical
needs, children, authorities, parking,
drinking water, and camp security. We have
10 make decisions that acknowledge
everyone's poinl of view, including the trees,
the streams, the wildlife, the genemtions 10
come. This is a yet deeper learning. We are
learning to come together as a community, a
circle, a tribe - rather than a collection of
self-centered individuals - and act for the best
interest of the whole instead of our little part.
Few of us had the benefit of a tribal
upbringing. Ninety percent or more of the
ordinary families out there arc dysfunctional,
studies now say, producing dysfunctional
people. Our tribe is made up of refugees from
that world; we cannot create World Peace
without some healing. Most of the problems
that plague the "national" Rainbow Gathering
are problems of scale. But a few stubbornly
show up al regionals, too. They are the
chronic dysfunctions of the dominant culture,
"Babylon": abuse of alcohol and drugs,
scamming, inflated egos, male-female
imbalance. These arc the things that we
cannot leave behind when we leave our cities
and cars.
l ust4 to worry about them. But then l
realized that it is okay. Rainbow is a school.
These are our assignmenrs. That is why we
leave all the civilized disu-actions behind: to
focus on what counts.
At the scale of a regional gathering we
can do that - but not without a conscious
commitmcnL I have seen miracles happen
when the wisdom and the will of the people
have been summoned to a serious council.
Through the magical ans of passing a feather
in a circle and listening, of communication
and compromise, I believe we can learn 10
resolve any conflicL But we have to practice.
And the presence nnd guidance of people
who have done some of the inner work
themselves is invaluable to those who might
otherwise stumble over the same mistakes.
Becoming a Tribe may not be an
idealistic fantasy from the mythical Sixties
forever. We are learning how to live without
money, lawyers, governments, police· even
gasoline - because it may soon be necessary.
We arc learning it, 1 believe, because the
future of our families down 10 the seventh
generation depends on our learning 10 live
together as a functional Family.
I hope we are learning it in time.
For dirtetioM to tM Ka11,ah Rainbows-,
Solstiu Ga1hviltg, JUM 12-22, son~p/ace where the
trees OUIIIUl1IMT IM people, coll the A1/a111a Rainbow
Ughllillc: (404) 662--6112 or write 10 /IOI. address
below.
To help out In adllOIICe, contact Katu.ah
Roillbow direc1/1 clo l.ulit Wagenheim: 996 Yellow
Breeches Rd.; Cosby, TN 3m2 (615) 428-4633.
Summu, l!IN
�warp ancl
"We Call It a Gathering..."
At first sight, it seems to be pure
magical anarchy in the woods. But there are
levels you learn to see.
Just under the swface is a layer of hard
wolk: people who are not immediately vi~ble
because they are in the kitchens, out hunnng
firewood, al the parking lot, on a supply run.
They carry lhe whole thing literally on their
shoulders, often to the point of straining. As
soon as we realize we are the tribe and
volunteer, the whole thing is easy.
Underlying everything we do is the
consensus of the council, a periodic circle to
pass a feather and listen 10 each person's
perspective in turn. Daily councils are a
chance to share what makes us different and
what we have in common. When something
comes up that requires a decision, we enter
that siate of unified undersianding called
consensus much more easily if we have been
practicing. (If ~ere is no co~~cil,just ~u.t up
a sign. "Main crrcle at noon 1s the tradit,ion.)
Invisible everywhere are the Shann
Sena - all of us who are conscious of health
and safety and alen for trouble, who have
learned to keep the peace in loving ways, deal
with emergencies, communicate with
authorities - and anyone willing to learn. You
can pretend the gathering is a free ride or a
carefree utopia; you can avoid the problems
and still have a wonderful time. But "sister"
and "brother" really begin to mean something
when you accept responsibility for the
well-being of the folks around you.
Then there are the people who are
praying. Our circles before meals, sweat
lodges and Sufi dances, ceremonies at
equinoxes and solstices, etc., carry the
natural sense of community one step higher.
Participating in the Divinity of each moment
helps focus the natural srate of awareness
called a tribe.
Underneath it all is the root-system of
our friendships. Slogans of peace and love
do not make us brothers and sisters; a Family
forms out of time spent together, real time.
Year after year we work, eat, council, and
celebrate together, between gatherings we live
and travel together. We gather in the parks
back home. Travelers come through. We
grow 10 know and to trust each other. The
Rainbow Family is a vast network of
relations. a fabric woven by the physical
s,unmcr , 1992
..
, 1 ,
~pfrhtlal ~efi-of our•~n& tOgethet.
.
ruo ~!1-nrr . .-.- {·n· ~ rr·,77-,v.z
We have over a generation of history
between us now. We are much more than just
a "counterculture.'' Traditions have
developed, a slow evolution of consensus
agreements, along with a tendency to keep
evolving. Naturally we have our elders of the
tribe - but in this tribe each one of us chooses
our elders. Listen for the voice of experience.
But don't take anybody's word for iL Look
under the swface, and watch who's doing the
work.
People will be noticing the same about
you. To some of us baby-boorners it's news,
but work is necessary to survive anywhere.
Babylon sacrifices the daily labor of millions
to feed a privileged few; a tribe shares the
work equally out of Jove for one another, so
no one has to do too much.
The people who created this magical
village in the woods are working hard,
making sure you will be safe, warm, and fed.
But many of us grew up in middle c~s
households where that much was a given we were the privileged few. Don't take it for
granted in the woods. Join the dinner circle,
pay attention to announcemenrs, spread the
word! Go to council; remember to listen
before you speak. Say your peace. And if
you want to join the tribe, just find a place 10
piteh in and help.
As for the panhandlers at our gate, the
ego-wrestling and ripoffs, the truckloads of
rrash, the bliss-ninnies and rainbozos - it's
helpful to remember that compared to most
tribes we're still in our awkward
adolescence. Most of us weren't born in the
Rainbow Family. We were,bom in Babylon.
A lot of us got pretty messed up out there
before we found our way Home. A lot of
Babylon's mess got tracked in on o~r heels.
Much of our effort to heal the Eanh 1s an
ongoing struggle to heal ourselves and our
relationships - to learn how to really be a
"Family" - and to raise truly.healthy ki~~Meanwhile for better or worse, Its our
Family. As Einst~in's mother put it,
"Everyone is a relative." Getting to know o n ~
another over twenty-one years of gatherings ,,:
has tended to substantiate the theory.
Council Fire
Pilgrimage to the old
power spot, our abandoned
council circle I meet all
the pilgrims packing out
their tents and trash-bags
I find
a giant fire-pit dug here
since we counciled
hard for three hours in the sun
to move the council closer
to the center of camp
Three pilgrims
rest here on a log:
they too casually join
the council of all vanished
tribes around the coals
of the original fire
- Stephen Wing
(E.xurp1ed. with "visions by the awhor.from
110!. a ~wsllove /mer to the Rainbow Tribes of the
Southeast, Spring 1992 iss~. Contact llO! at Box
5455; At/0/lla, GA 30307)
Sun, evening shadows, mist
that drifts to rain:
the food is ready and we join hands.
It's only the clear day's light
refracted through the wet nights
that makes this Rainbow on the
ground.
Our circle makes a hole in the
ground spirit rising like water in a well,
falling like the light on a po11d,
the round earth and the rolling sky
joined
in a circular kiss ...
The Circle makes us Whole.
Oraw,ng• b)I Ray Ramcs
Poems wriuen by Stephen Willg at tire
16th a111111ol Rainbow Garhering, Nanw/,a/a
National Forest, Kataoh Province, J11/y,
1987.
~ti1nfl )durnat pnqe IS
�In Council With All Beings
;,· , -,r,~ :: •. 3TE
by Lee Barnes
Human(un)kind's ability to council
with All Beings is limited by our human
egos, our historical fall from Oneness-WithAJJ. Several "en-Lighten-ments" have aided
my personal path towards council with All
Beings, including accumulated personal
experiences and insights from several books.
Council comes to me when I rest my
active brain and allow thoughts from All
Beings to enter my mind. (Term this as you
may - telepathy, insight, second-sight, etc.)
We humans have not evolved in limbo from
All Beings; rather, we have become
insensitive and unconnected from our
relations with the great Webs of Life which
sustain us.
From long experience, I realize that my
thoughts (and deeds) do not remain restricted
within my bony skull - we can and do touch
other Beings with our thoughts. managing to
interconnect, apparently without regard to
time or distance. Time, mauer, and space
appear to be complex illusions created by our
physical and spiritual perceptions, historical
and modem cultures, mammalian senses, and
personal experiences.
l totally accept the iraditional beliefs
that all things (All Beings) a.re alive and
interconnected. We can relate to the other
Beings of the world with either an expansive
or contractive "attitude." With an expansive
"attitude," we can expand our consciousness
and encompass All Beings within ourselves.
A series of physical and spiritual
experiences while hiking over 4000 miles in
Katuah forests (and in other regions) has
auuned my personal council with All Beings.
Usually after about three days in the forest,
away from modem "civilized" life, I find
myself more in tune with the "real" world. l
more closely follow changing day-lengths;
more carefully realize the moonlight's effect
on animals; better understand the words in
the wind; hear the many voices in falling
waters; feel the energy of metamorphic and
igneous boulders; and recognize the
individual tree within the con1ex1 of the
forest.
I am an unashamed tree-hugger, for
trees, especially the forest giants ("wooden
Grandfathers") do share energies, and focus
Earth energies (although l have felt
"indifference" from some trees... ).
I have (infrequently) attuned with
animal energies by watching hawks soar
above, and suddenly becoming "one" with
them, glicling over the valley. This was not
empathetic daydreaming, but rather I was
there in the sky, soaring on wings! I have
shared the scene of the land through the eyes
of another, equal Being!
A specific experience that occurred
within a guided group workshop influenced
my insight into council with All Beings.
During an early morning circle and council
based on guidelines from the book Thi11king
Like a Mountain: Towards a Cou,rcil of All
Befogs (by John Seed and Joanna Macy,
1988, New Society Publishers), I was
Xatuah Journnt pnge 16
greatly moved and led 10 a greater
appreciation and communication with All
Beings.
Tllillking Like a Mountain is an
inspiring collection of meditations, readings,
and most imponan1ly, a guide 10 interspecies
communications, which has led humans to
greater empathy and union with All Beings.
The workshop is usually led by a facili1a1or
who guides individual participants 10 "voice"
their (telepathic/etc.) thoughts from
whichever Beings enter their minds.
Typkally in these guided workshops,
specific Beings are allowed to voice their
cries and frusira1ions wilh human destrUction
of their environment and 1be lack of human
care about their council. In this particular
circle, a "Talking Stick" (brought by a
reacher and missionary from African cultures)
was passed and used 10 designate each
individual speaker. ln council, we heard from
several Beings · circling hawks, lowly slugs.
and even the voice of the Mountain bcnemh
us. 111ese Beings were in anguish, voicing
their ~uffcring at the hand of modem human
"civilizations" - spoiled waters, fouled air,
and their pained existence due 10
human(un)kind's actions.
This council would have aroused great
disgust towards our human selves, except for
the positive counsel offered as 10 how to
rcconnec1 with All Beings. While each
instance of this method is unique, depending
upon the specific seuing and the different
panicipants, it remains a powerful personal
experience.
We two-lcggcds muse seek better
council with the universe and with All
Beings. We must open our hearts to council,
reduce our wasteful over-consumption, and
halt the destruction of our fragile planet.
Live simply; use only what you need;
recycl~ and in all decisions think how the
next seven generations of All Beings will be
affected. Give thanks 10 the water spirit.~:
thanks to green spirits; thanks to the living
soil spirits! Give prayer and thanks to All!
And then you may learn through council witl1
AH Beings.
I encourage all of the two-leggeds,
especially the city-shocked brothers and
sisters, 10 go simply into the the depths of
your existence, leaving your egos (and every
restrictive training) behind. and 10 seek open
and unrestrictt.'<I council with All Beings. Be
open 10 new insights and experiences: be
rcspec1ful of all other Beings (whether,
stone, fire, water, air...); and offer thanks for
council with the rest of Creation.
Voice prayers, offer thanks, and
continue 10 seek council with All Beings.j - '
#
Drawing by Mich11CI Thompson
Ho.
Sum,ncr, J 992
�STEVE MOON
·1
,
"
SHELL ENGRAVINGS"
The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, a distinctive
culture of the native First People, flourished from the east
coast to Texas between 500 and 1600 AD. The culture was
marked by mound building and elaborate rituals and
ornamentation. Among the primary items produced were
carved ceremonial drinking vessels and gorgets (chest
ornaments hung around the neck) made of shell. Designs
were often engraved on the concave or inner side of the
shell, which is naturally smooth and glossy. They were
sometimes rose tinted. These anifacts are now highly
prized by collectors and many of the old mounds have
been looted by avaricious grave robbers.
Steve Moon is an artist and a defender of the native
grave siteS. Descended from a Cherokee-Shawnee
great-grandmother, he is proud of the native branch of his
bloodline and works in the spirit of the ancient native
artisans. He creates museum-quality reproductions of the
old shell engravings and also creates original designs
based on traditional motifs.
"I just sit around and things come to me sometimes,"
says Steve. "I don't know why, but things pop into my
mind, and 1 draw them on the shell and carve them.
"It's like closing your eyes and letting the tool do the
work. There's really no way to explain it. I just go down
into the shell until the color looks right, and r don't go any
further. Sometimes rcan control the color all the way
around.
"I may pick up a shell and it will look like an
ordinary mussel shell; another time I will be able to
acruaJly feel with my mind down into the shell.
The shell gorgets and drinking bowls found in old
grave sites were ceremonial objects carefully placed by the
body during burial.
'They are sacred objects,'' says Steve, "and it's
wrong for people to dig into graves to go after them. The
old people were put in their graves to rest. They were not
put there to be excavated.
"On my father's side, 1 had some ancestors who
served in the Civil War. I would be real mad if someone
went to Flat Shoals Baptist Church and staned digging
them up 10 get the buttons off their coats or something.
"In Spiro, Oklahoma during the l 930's, grave
robbers dug up a burial site. They were taking stuff out by
the wheelbarrow-load to sell to the private collectors.
When they found out that the State of Oklahoma was going
to stop them, they packed the central burial chamber full of
powder and blew it up. The chamber was made of cedar
logs, and it had preserved cane mauing, textiles, even
textiles made from woven rabbit fur. All of it was blown 10
smithereens.
"I've talked 10 looters who went in with burlap bags,
and I've talked to looters with doctor's degrees. What's
the difference? They arc doing the same thing.
'The bowls and ornaments from the ancient mounds
were grave goods. They were not lying around in a
plowed field. TI1ey were taken off a skeleton. I think they
should be left alone."
For Steve, this is a hean-felt commitment. Ile offers
10 donate his work 10 collec1ors who will acc~pt
reproductions in return for replacing shell artifacts in their
original burial silcs.
Steve Moon's reproductions and original carvings
arc things ofhl!auty. They shine with a luster and a depth
that photographs cannot convey. Their varying textures
satisfy the hand that touches them. They truly are
representations in tangible form of the spirit that moves
Steve Moon 10 his creative work. the spirit that inspires his
sense of mission.
Stev,· Moo11 can /,c co11tacte,J at
Rt. 1, Box 256; Cm,011, CA 30520.
-DWA'
~
Original from Moundville,
Alabama.
Carved in the shell of a lightning
whelk.
Originals with this design were
found in Tennessee, Missouri
Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Carved
in the shell of lightning whelk.
Original from Carthage, TN.
Carved in the shell of a lightning
whelk
Orig111al from Spiro, OK. (The
design y, as also found at sites
across Tennessee, Alabama. and
north Georgia ) Carved in Mankillcr
pearl shell.
�visiting my grandparents occasionally.
"MEDICINE TRAINING"
(PARTII)
These are the words of a traditional
Cherokee medicine person.
My gr.mdfather would direcl my
training by saying, "You need 10 go spend
some rime with this guy. You need to go see
him."
I would go sec that person. and he
wouldn't even know I was going 10 show
up. would have no idea at all why I was
supposed to be there. I would show up, and I
would jusl stay 1here for awhile. I would
learn just by being there. It w~n·l at all
structured, like lhis guy had Course Three for
me or something, but after awhile l could tell
when they were aclually going out of their
way to teach me something. Some people
were more theatrical than others, and they'd
make me do crazy things.
The strangest one was lhe chicken
house. J had gotten 10 where I thought I was
real special. I felt that I was really imponant,
thal everyone ought to bow and scrape and
just be honored lhat I was near them. J was
making an ass oul of myself, and. ahhough I
never recognized il, everyone else did. And
my grandpa 1old me il was time 10 go stay
with a man named George. He said that l
would have to stay there for awhile.
When I got to George's, I asked him,
"Where am I going 10 stay?" and headed
toward the house.
He said, "Hey! C'mere."
And I looked and said, "What d'ya
want?"
He said," You can't stay in the house.
We've got lots of guests, and lots of people
come by, and we need room for them. We
should give 'em the best we have. You stay
there."
Xatuah Journat page
to
And he pointed toward a funky old
sway-backed chicken house that had a
patched-up roof and was about to fall down.
r just looked on past it. All f could see was
lhc rhododendron thickel behind it, but I
thought maybe he had ano1her cabin or a
building back there.
He said, "Righi there. Goddamn
chicken house. Yeah,"
"Chicken house?"
He said. "Yeah. Lislen. that's all I can
do."
We walked over there. ll was about l5
feet long and about 10 feel wide, with big
cracks between lhe boards, and chickens
running all about
He said, "These chickens are renl
1mponant lo us, we get eggs and meat from
them, so I want you 10 use that pile of old
lumber out in back, put up a partition, and fix
up a room for yourself in the chicken house."
I just couldn't believe it. A person of
my caliber, my standing, in these conditions!
Then I thoughl to myself, "They're trying 10
teach me something," but it was nol until a
couple of months Inter that I actually realized
what it was.
Nobody lold me I was egotistical. I
found out myself that I was egotistical. r
found out after r had dug tons of chicken shit
out of there, put up a wall, split shingles,
fixed the roof, got lice. I was absolutely
inundated by lice. Sol made lye and covered
the whole chicken house with it to kill all the
lice. I fixed that chicken house up beuer than
it had ever been before. Heck, I didn't have
anything else to do.
In lhe process of fixing up the chicken
house, I became the world's greatest expert
on chicken conversation and habits. No one
knows chickens any beuer than I do. I spent
more than a year in that chicken house,
I did chores and helped out, and rhat
was the way I paid for my keep. Then people
started asking me 10 doctor - small things like
wounds and scrapes. After awhile, though,
they would ask me questions like, "Johnny,
he's off someplace, do you think he's okay?''
And I'd say, "Well, I need to think
about this.'' And J staned to give them
advice.
I had seen the other men do it. 1 had
seen Owl do it. I had seen how lhey lalked lO
people and consoled them.
I soon learned to separate true
knowledge from knowledge that you pick up
just by hearing things. True knowledge is
something that you intuitively know from
inside. My grandfather would call it "true
knowledge magic."
Knowledge that you hear on lhe side like you might have heard some other people
lalking about how Johnny was al some
whorehouse or in the county jail - thal klnd of
knowledge I call "side knowledge." And I
knew how Owl took that information and
used it to make himself more powerful. He
said that he only used medicine in one percent
of his work. He said information is much
easier to come by. He said that the more
knowledge, lhe more magic, and the more
power you have, lhe less you use it.
When the elden; who had been training
me thought I was prepared, they sem me out
10 spend time alone in lhe woods. When I
relurned, they beld another nnming ceremony
and gave me my true name, my medicine
name, my spiritual name, that l never have
told anybody.
It was done at a campfire way out in the
mountains, at sunrise on the new moon, a
beginning time.
We rook the black drink, vomited, and
then we plunged in the creek. They collecled
the woods and set the fire, smoked
everybody who was 1here, then they sang
songs and did different things.
Then my true name was whispered in
my ear, and I walked to each corner and the
elder called the relatives. They would come 10
me, and I uttered my new name in my mind.
It was hard lo remember, and I had to get
used 10 it.
These were men who had hand-raised
me. They were all of lhe same generation.
They were all old. I think the youngest
Sumrm:r, 1992
�pi:rson of th:it group was .50, and he was ai
I think that in anybody's hfe there is a
the bouom in the pecking order t)f age. I le
~en!ie that things arc se1 out for you. The
\\ns a fc1d1er and .i carrier.
people who raise you have cenain
They were very spiritual in the sense
expec1a1ions of you, and if you have a
that they followed the t.rndition. They lived
loving, caring. nurturing, mutual son of
everything that they believed. They had their
relationship. you want 10 do everything in
own son of reality, like they would leave
your power 10 meet their expcc1a1ions.
food for the Little People here and there, and
You might have long fingers, so mama
they talked 10 the spirits regularly. They
thinks you ought co be a piano player, so she
would all be holy people compared 10 the
drives you to the piano. If she goes about it
Cherokees of today, but they weren't like our
in a good way, you might end up to be a
Hollywood concept of a medicine man at au.
concen pianist. But you may have been belier
They were not what the anthropologists
suited 10 be a plumber than to be a pianist.
called "priests." They were a different group.
You could go on until you are 50 years old
The "priests" and famous medicine men lived
and srill playing in honky-tonks before you
closer 10 town. But these old people were all
realize that the piano is not your calling.
members of the Katuah Medicine Society. I
received a lot of my understandings about
Katuah from them, things that l am not ever
at liberty to talk about.
Because they were in the society, they
considered themselves better than most
people. They were actually arrogant about
tha1. They considered themselves the true
Ka1uahs, and there's probably pans of me
that still feel a lirtle smug, because I grew up
,-: - with that cenainty.
They had signs. Back then, everybody
~
wore a little feather in their hat. But the
\ \
~ )
Karoah people would take the marrow out of
1'
::,J\..... '•
the feather, so that when they walked, the
(
.r,,.,
feather would make a fluttering motion. That
-\.
was a sign.
\.,
\\~.
Another sign was a linle silver snake.
Owl said his snake was made by Sequoyah.
It could have been. Several 01hers had little
\.
silver snakes. They frequently wore old suit
coaLS, welfare clothes donated by white
people, and would carry the snake under the
lapel. When Karuah Society people from
Olclahoma would come, I would see old Owl
lift his lapel for the briefest second and let ii
fall back. And the other people would make
an acknowledgment with their eyes without
winking or doing anything obvious. I can't
tell you how they did it, it just was
I
acknowledged.
'
Then, without any other invitation, we
would go back to the creek. and soon four or
five of these people from Oklahoma would
just show up I.here. They'd talk and smoke
pipe and do Katuah ceremonies together.
This would go on all night. I would
usually fall asleep, because I was young
then. But l am amazed about how much I
learned by just hanging out.
"Be invisible," grandpa would say. "Be
invisible."
When I look back at the good and the
bad in my life, I always feel incredibly
fonunate and content. Despite the pains and
sufferings that everybody goes through in
Life, I have aJways believed that I have
affected my own destiny more than most
people do. Sometimes l interfered in the
process, and other times I just let the process
happen to me. 1 give credit for that to the fact
of my growing up experiences, all the things
I learned from that strong circle of elders.
If the spiriLS had not had another
intention for me, I probably would srill be
living near my childhood home among the
offspring of those old people who raised me.
I would either have been an alcoholic or
struggling inside the system.
'-I ·)
i''\,-,
~mmcr, 1992
Drawing:, by Troy Sc,ILlc:r
Jn my case, my grandfather saw ~omc
physic.11 signs and m:1de an interpretation
based on the sign5 and his knowledge. But it
was still someone else's in1erprc1.1rion.
Back when r was 10 years old, my
grandfather taught me how 10 carve little
animals out of soft basswood. I can
remember that l was fascinated with that for a
year or so. Then I went on to other things.
That was the extent of my early carving
career. The figures I made were crude, but a
seed was set for something 10 come.
The seed lay donnant until a few years
ago when ! saw a carving on a shelf in a
house I was visiting. I picked it up and held
it. It didn't feel right. It seemed
disproponionate and out of shape.
The man said. "Can you carve
anything?"
I said, "I used to fool with it when I
was a kid."
After I left the house, I said to myself,
"I can make something better than that."
And so I made a bear. It was 001 very
good, but it still was a little bener than the
figure I had seen. I fooled around making
different kinds of animals for a year,
experimenting with different styles and
expressions. The animals I made then aren't
anything like the animals I carve now. They
were somewhat similar in design, but not in
quality.
I went through the whole process. A lot
of the techniques I learned were already
known by people all over the world. I
probably reinvented the wheel several times
over. But I also developed a couple of ideas
that, as far as I know, no one else has
thought of.
And when J finally made an animal that
looked like it was alive, it just blew my mind.
I said, "Look at this!"
The next one I made came alive in my
hands, 100. ! said, "Look at this! 1 did this!
Mc! No one else! No one set me down and
taught me 10 do this. No one told me."
Now I am staning 10 get thunder from
my carving. Thunder is when other people
acknowledge your ability, and it's absolutely
wonderful.
But what has made all the difference is
that r feel an inward drive and detcnninarion
10 do this that I have never felt about doing
anything else. I have been detennined 10
accomplish other goals before, but this is
purely an expression of myself. II is a force
coming from inside of me. This was not/
preordained by anyone; this is the real
-:
person.
Xatuah Journat JIOIJC 19
�BAD NEWS AND GOOD NEWS
The j9b of t ~ government o(ficials is to
protect the health or citiuns and or the environmenL
At best. they have displayed an attitude or unconcern
about their responsibilities. Al worst, they have
wilfully misled lhe public about a matter of grave
danger. Such disregard or Ille lives lhey arc supposed
10 protccl is unconscionable. This 1s a Sillllltion thnt
needs to be thoroughly investigated at both the state
and county level. Such flagrant irresponsibility must
not be allowed to conunue.
Nanni World New, Service
The Burlington Industries CIIIJlCI plant at the
hClldwaa.ers of lhe Little Tennessee River in Rabun
County, GA is closing iis doors. That is bad news
and good news.
The plant employs about 425 people in Rabun
and Macon Counties. The plant closing is bad news
for~ people who will be summarily dismissed
and left wi 1h no means of li vclihood in an
increasingly competitive job marlccL
However, &ho Burlington pbnl has long been a
major polluter of lhe Liu.le Tennessee River, and Ille
factory's demise will mean beuer heallh foc lhe river's
aquatic ecosystem.
'"The plant has been a severe, but not an acute,
polluter," said aquatic biologist Dr. William
Mcl.amey. '"There have been no fish kills, foe
111s1811CC, but cit tensive sampling of both fish and
insect populations have shown that the plant has
definitely had a negative effect on the river."
If another company buys lhc Burlington plant,
it will be regulated by stricter environmental laws
than lhosc in effect when Burlingion staned
diacharging into the river. Also, a newly-initiated
citiun's monitoring group will be traclcing lhe wat.er
quality al lhe planL
"We will continue to lake samples above and
below lhe Burlington plam until there is no
noticeable difference between them.· said Mcl.amey.
As long as our industrial system operates
environmentally destructive means of production, Ille
closing of worlcplaces will be at once bad news and
good news.
RAPE PREVENTION
Natural World Newi Scrv,cc
For the first time in the Southern
Appalacluans, a federal lawsuit has been filed on
behalf of biological diversity, challenging the Land
and Resou= Manngerncnt Plan proposed for the
Cherokee National forest by lhc US Forest Service.
Representing a blood coalition of conservation
groups. the lawsuit nled by the Southern
Environmenl3l Legal Center (SELC) contcstS the
Forest Service practice of below-cost timber sales.
The suit also contends that Ille Jogging progrnm
outlined in the pbn would do urepruablc domagc to
native habitat and result an a corresponding loss of
biolog,ical diversity in the Cherokee.
D:ivid Carr or the SELC rcporis that the
CWTCnt plan opens up 60% of lhe national forest to
logging and ro:ld construction • much of it on steep
slopes and mac=iblc terrain. By FOfCSI Service
estimates, there arc presently 80,000 acres of
potential wilderness in the forest; more than half of
this vital lnnd b:lsc is open to desccr.mon under the
plnn.
By promoting rood building and cle:ucuumg,
the Forest Service 1s practicing t.hc ecooom1cs or
extinction. Peter Kub)', regional director of the
Wildcrnc!..s Society, note~ lhat the Chcrolcc Plan
threatens the extraO(dinary natur.il diversity or the
foreM. Kirby points out that tl1e Cherokee Nauonal
forest 1s home to 1,000 ~pccie., or flowering plants,
400 species or vcnebr-.uc,, and appl'oxm1atdy 13.S
sp<lC IC$ of (hh,
"[Ilic fore:,1 plan) calls for the logging of over
one-hair of the cove h:lrdwood forcsis. an ccol<'lg1cal
treasure trove in the Southern Appalachrnn,; he said.
The new Fore.,t Plan wuuld also va.,tly
mcn:..1~ rood density (which already exceeds lc(:111
guidelines) providing OC.CC.'i.~ for o greatly mclC:l.<cd
amount of commcrci.il and recn:;itional :ict1vi1y - not
to mention illegal poaching.
Th~ Asheville Citizen-Tunes and Green Line
- ~ r s provitkd ,nfor""11ion for this ortk~
USFS TO STOP APPEALS
Nanni World News Service
BUNCOMBE LANDFILL SCANDAL
Nanni World News
Environmental sleuihs from lhe Blue Ridge
Environmental Defense League blew the cover olT
what was apparently a conspiracy of silence among
Sl8tc and local governmental officials about leaking
contamination from the Buncombe County landfill.
In October. 1991, investiga10rs from the
Environmental Protection Agency sent a rcpon io
Buncombe County saying th:11 u:st results showed
"elevated coneentmtions or numerous volntile organic
compounds and metals" in lhe groundwater around the
Buncombe 1.nndflll.
TheAshcvll/c Citiun-Timu reponed that
monitoring wells showed six to 3S times Ille legal
limit of live indUStrial solvenis - tnchlorcthylcne,
benzene, dichlorelhane. methylene chloride, and
dichloropropane. Water quality cxpen Richard Maas
of the University of North Carolina Asheville told the
newspaper lhat the contamination levels were "higher
than several Supcrfund sites in the area. In my
experience the.~ levels are surprisingly high."
An estimated l,125 people living within four
miles of the landfill site drink wnter from wells. Yet
neither the State nor the county government made any
public announcement about lhe landfull lenk or
possible hazards to residents' drinking water.
At an April 10, 1992 press conference,
BREDL activistS dlSJ)layed papers they had dug out or
state liles 1n Raleigh that proved that the l:mdlill wns
leaking. This W$ the first word given to the public
that anything wa~ amiss.
Why did government officials not inform
residents about the groundwater conUlmination1
County Manager Steve Metcalf blamed 11 on
M.uvin Waddey, who w:is Director of County
Engineering Service:. al the time. MclCOlf srud that he
ju.~t pas.scd on Waddcy's assurance that there were no
problems at the l:andlill. W:lddey has conveniently
moved out or ~cue.
Stale hydrologc.t Bob Lufty said that the ,utc
h.id not informed anybody of lhc trouble< because of
undcNtnffing. He wW Grun Line ncwspapcr that 1hc
st.1tc hrul a two-person hydrology \taff to monitor 150
landlills, Half or thc.sc on: leaking wor;c than
Buncombe's. he said, and the re.,idcnts of those
commumues do not know nbout the danger.;. either.
Now the ch~rn1cals arc moving toward the
Fn:nch Broad R111i;r. 'The C,11:en-lim,•., stated lh:n
l.ulty s:ud lh:11 lhe subl,unccs would reach the nvcr,
· 1,c diluted and evcntually dcSU'oycd."
llle solvents 111110l11cd are deailly and per:;islCIIL
It may be hundreds of yc;tr.; before they nre
·eventually de.woyed."
The US Forest Service has chosen to sell more
and more of the last remaining virgin and old-growth
fOl'CSIS to the timber industry. But concerned citizens
have bad the right to challenge lhese sales through an
adminis11'8ti..e appeals process.
Many people have fe:irs that to continue
ovctCUlting our forests will mean irreparable
ecological harm. The appeols process has helped to
bring some measure of accountability to the
management policies and practices of the Forest
Service.
However. on Morch 20. 1992, Agriculture
Secretary Edwnrd Madigan announced that the Forest
Service was proposing to eliminate the appeals
process. In ltne with the Bush administration's
announced plruls to eliminate "unnc.cded" federal
regulations, these appeals were deemed too time
-cor.swning and costly, and it was decided that lhey
would be replaced wilh a toothless •30 day
pre-decisional notice and comment period.·
The Forest Service is trying to ignore the fact
that most of the appeals filed have resulted in
improved dccisons, better management or the fOtcSts.
and often citposc inodequat.e environmcnllll analyses.
TI1e agency seems to think that any decisions it
makes should go unchallenged, and the public should
have little or no voice in how Ille Mlional foresis arc
managed.
ForesL~ arc more than vettical logs. It is insane
to continue to cut our last few old-growth stands of
timber and destroy native habitat communitlcs to feed
the ever-hungry saw mills. The Forc.,;t Service often
needs IO be remanded or this.
PROTECTING
AQUATIC HABITATS
Nmural World News Service
April 23. 1992, the Nonh Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission (NC WRC) held a public
hearing in Boone, NC to consider a proposal
origill3ting within the agency to dc.~ignatc 33
wawrshcds m IO of Nonh Carohnn's miuor river
ba.~in.~ as critical habitat for species of mollusks and
fish endangered m the Slate.
The plan would offer protection a.s "High
Quality Waters" 10 portions or the New. Watauga.
Little Tenncs,;ce, Johns. and Linville nvcrs and the
Warrior Forl; 111 the mounlaln area of the si;uc.
Env1ronmcnt:1I acti'lsts present at the hc:iring
IO support the mca~urc, commented that 11 was a
pl~surc IO appear at a hC'..mng to compbmcnt the
m1ua11vc of a ,1a1c ngcncy tn\lC.'ld or nJ1P(Xing iL
llic comment J);nod on tl11! WIIJhfe
Comm1ss1on's proposal extends until July I. Lener.;
of suppon may be sent m:
North CtJro/1fld ll'i/dlife RcJo:,ru; Commimon
512 N Salisbury .St.
Raleigh. NC 2760-I
..
.
S11111111cr, lll!IZ
a
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I
I
8
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• WOLF' FLUNKS PILOT TEST
Na.tural World News Service
One of the four led wolves (Canis rufus)
released in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park
in November, 1991 was recaptured and penned,
according to Park spokesperson Bob Miller.
Red wolf Male (#219) was recapwrcd in
JanWIJ')' because he showed undue tameness towards
humans, and because he caught and killed a chicken in
Cades Cove and several domestic turkeys just north of
the Park. The livestock owners were reimbursed for
their losses from an indemnity fund created
specifically for such contingencies.
Male #219 may have been a poor choic.e for
release s:inc.e he had spent seven years in zoos, where
he had become unnaturally tame. He was selected
because he was sterile 10 ensure that a bl'eeding
population was not established in the Park prior to
the completion of the iniual study. He w :J most
likely spend the rest of his life in captivi•y.
Two new adult wolf pairs arc cum:ntly being
acclimated to the area by being held in large pens for
the next six months, and may be released in the Park
in November.
Members of the IVesttr11 North Carolina Alfiance gagged by the US
Forest Service. The Alliance prot,:sted removal qJ the Forest Service's appeals
process at a press conference held outside the USFS Ashevitte offices on April
Phoio Laura Dcaton/WNCA
17.1992.
ONE H O NEST MAN
N.i1ural World Ncv,,s Sen ice
When Dr.William Reid signed on as
oncolog1st (cancer specialist) at tlic Mcthodi!il
Medical Center in Oak Ridge. 1N early in 1991, he
knew little about the production procc.-.scs al the
Department of Energy\ nuclear weapons plants and
less about the nuclear politics of Oak Ridge.
But he did know a sick p:iticm when he saw
one, and he saw four Cll'iC.'> of a rare kidney c:inccr, an
unusual concentration for such a small popul3tion
sampling. I le also saw a ~ignificant number of people
exhibiting auto-immune system disorders. Exh of the
p:mcnts wilh kidney disease h:id ~n exposed to
·major radiauon." Dr. Reid rcponcd. and the p:itients
with auto-immune deficiencies showed "n consistent
p.,ucm of blood irregularities."
In August, 1991 Reid approached Dr. Daniel
Conrad, the medical director for Martin-r-.1:uiCU3
Energy Systems, the priw1c conlJ'3clor for virtually
all the opcrauons at the Oak Ridge Rc.'iervauon,
1uking for access to c.lal.l about pos.~ible metal toxicity
al the Oak Ridge plants.
"Th<.,rc are no problems wuh Mattin-Marictl3
employee~." Reid was told 1111d 11,~1~ ahruptly shown
out of the olfice.
The young doctCII' wa~ surpnsed ut the
brush-ofr he n:cc1ved from Conrad, t>t11 he was more
surpnsc-d ,;everal months btcr m December, 1991
when he w1Ls called before a medical review board at
his 1nsu1uuon for "treuung pauent~ 100
aggressively," •spending too much money in the
treatment of cancer patients." and :illcgcd complaints
of incompetency.
A<; a rcsult of the review, Dr. Reid WIL~ served
ummcr, 1992
an ultimawm: either to pack up and leave Oak Ridge
or have his name entered on the national medical
black list known as the "National Pr'.icutioncr Data
Bank for Adverse Information of Physicians and Other
Health Pracutione11>."
Since the review hearing. the hospital has p:iid
to have another physician monuor all of Dr. Reid's
cancer ueatments.
Instead of caving in lO this blatant blackmail,
Dr. Reid filed a lawsuit challenging the allegations
agamst him and comc.~ting the consmutionaluy of
the National Pr'dctitioner Dalll Bank.
"Tilesc actions arc a ~ham," said Lewis Lcvm,
Reid's attorney, of the hospu.1J's measure.~. "The)'
were perpetrated again.,1 Dr. Reid only aft.er he refused
to be intimidated by threats."
And in the te.lt of I.he lawsuit, Levan st:ucd,
"He (Reid) opposes the prcvuilmg lct-them-d,e
attitude toward cancer puticnts. lie oppo5es dcni.31 of
treatment even when 11 1s nOt fully covered by
insurance payments. He oppose.~ those who refuse to
seek the c.auscs of bi7.arrc patterns in the quality and
quantity or cancer seen in Oak Ridge.•
The lawsull goc, on to say, "The physicians
and hospi111I who benefit from 1he generosity of tlJC
Martin-Marietw health c:irc pl.ln 11.ant him to lc:ivc.
1hs p31icnts want him to st:ly. •
Reid reports that he has nxc1ved many
fate-night pl1one tj1lh from anon>mous supporters.
Other caller.; have offered mfonn:iuon lo help llllCk
down people suffcnng from health problems clue to
radiation and heavy metals tox1C1l)·, His work· and
the late-night lips. have shown results. Dr. Reid has
found pockets of 1mmuno-supp,cs~ive disorders in the
Oak Ridge area and even downstream as far as
Kingston. TN.
A NOTHER ONE
FOR THE GOOD OL' BOYS
NawnJ World News Service
Yet another example of govcrnmenrav
bureaucratic arrogance and insensitivity: the North
Carolina Dcpanmem ofTranspocuuion (NC DOT)
decided in May to postpOne public hearings scbcdulcd
in May on the 1 Transponation Improvement
992
Program (TIP).
While this mecis the leuer of the law requiring
public hearings, it keeps citizens from having any
input on 1992 transponation priorities - in effect
canceling any value the hearings mighl have.
Without public hearings, citiuns arc
effectively blocked out of the decision-malcing
process. This becomes even more dist.urbing when
one realius that lhe Board ofTransponation iS
appointed by Governor Jim Martin on the basis of
political favors. It is the plum of state political
appointments. Noticeably missing from the Board of
Transpoltlltion arc tranSit advocateS, individuals with
rail background. environmentalists, and
reprc.senrativcs from communiLy groups,
neighborhood associauons, and minorities.
Perhaps the reason lhe DOT has decided to
dispense with public hearings is that the importanl
decisions have already been made. Journalist Barry
Yeoman has produced a thoroughly researched s1udy
publi.shed in the lndependem thal shows a close
relationship belween the sources of large political
contributions and where highway construction
projects are built in the Srate of North Carolina
Do you want the NC Department of
Transportation to hold public Juuuings? Write to:
Larry Goode: ChiefEngiuer (Programs); NC DOT;
Box 25201; Raleigh. NC 27611.
Reid ha.~ nlso received support from the 03k
Ridge Envll"Ollmcntal and Peace Alliance (OREPA),
which has accumulated experience in dealing with the
authorities and tmcl.ing tOxiC emissions nt the Oak 1
Ridge Rc...crvntion.
Stc,·e Smith ofOREPA and the Foundation
for Global Sustain1bili1y. said, "This is the first lime
a medical doctor within Oak Ridge ha.~ stepped
forward 311d begun to identify :idvcrsc h~th cffCC1S in
and around the Oak Ridge facilities.
"When Dr. Reid first saw these pntu:ms
emerging, he was acompletely di~inten:.stcd observer.
He had no axe to grind with the DOE. He had no
conccpuon of what he was getting mto when hc
~tarted work 111 Oak Ridge."
Under pressure from the St:ltc of Tennessee,
the DOE 113.S funded a panel of health e.\J)CttS to study
cxpo:;urc to radiation among people Ii ,·ing around the
Oak Ridge facilities. Dr. Reid has been appointed to
that P3ncl, and will reveal hi~ tull fi11ding.q in the
cour:.c of that invcsllgnti()n.
Hiscao;e i, also under scrutiny by Sen. John
Glenn's Government Affairs Commmcc and Rep.
John Dingle's lnvcsugauon Subcommlltcc m the US
I louse of Rcprc.'iCntJllvc.~. A rccC11t anicle in 1,me
magazme c•uvmg H11ppdy ~eat a NuclearTr.ish
Hc.ip," 5/l lfl2) ten1'ring on Dr. Reid nlso called
aucnt.ion to the situation al Oak Ridge.
Now thai the hd of secrecy 1s orr I.ht\ lode
history 01 the Oak Ridge Reservation, 11 seems likely
that dccJ)CI' probing will n:~ cal more c:uimplcs of
abu!iC of the health of hum:ins 11ml the envllQnmcnL II
L~ startling lO think that tl1is whole furor began
because one person v. 1th true compa..sion entered
unawwes mro the heart of the sordid nuclCJr we.1pons
industry. It shows the pov.er ol one honcsl man.
XGtuoh Jounmt pnqe 2 1
�REGION O'RAGIN' ,:
,. ..
•,
Nanni World News ServiClC
April 21st brought not only a healthy dose or
rain io 1.he region, but also a healthy dose of reality people in K:m1ah are outraged with the US Forest
Sc,vice! As p:in of a national Earth Firsll effort
honoring John Muir's birthday. protCStS organiz.cd by
the environmental grollP SoulhPAW and il.S cohorts
in Asheville, NC, Atlanlll. GA. and Oevel:md. TN
were among lhe more than 30 prou:sts held
ruitionwidc.
Activists at the Forest Service Regionnl
Hcadquaners m Allant.a mllied behind a 4S f00t banner
that read: "Environmenlol Assessment of the US
Forest Service- Finding of No Significant lnl.Cgrity."
Twenty-five dcmonstraoors gathered outside lhc
Cherokee National Forest HeadqumterS in Cleveland.
while in Asheville 50 people chanted and hollered
ouLSide the Pisgah/Nanlllhala National Forest offices.
In each city, the message rang ou1. loud and clear:
decision-making proc:essc$ which destroy thousands of
aaes of habitat come from little cubicles inside
concreie and Slecl office buildings.
//'you'd liu to wim your frusuaJions with IM
Fores, Service in a concerted effort, conJJJcl
SowhPAW: Box 3/4/; Asheville, NC 28802.
SENATOR WAFFLES
Nau,,al World News Scrvia
SenalOI' Terry Sanford is threatening lO give in
the mauer of
the Fontana road, the famous "Road IO Nowhere" in
the Great Smoky Mountains National Palk in Swain
County.NC.
Sanford bas ptOp0.5td legislation I.hat would
include aSl6 million payment to Swain County and
allow consuuction of the comrovcrslal road. The road
would destt0y the possibility of wilderness
design:11ion for the southern end of the Parle and open
the isolated area up IO possible (ulllrC developmenL
Sanford stalTer Alan Thornbwg said 1h31. the
Senat0r "just wanLS to pol lhis ITlllller behind us. He
is willing lO do w~ver lhe county commissioners
dcs1te in lh is local issue.•
Sanford apparently does llOl undel'Sland that it
is not jost a local issue any more. The s111tus of
several thousand acres of h3biw and an imp0Clllllt
wildlife migration routc are at stalce, and there are
many visilOrS co the Parle who each year apprcciatc
the qmet and rcl:ll.ive isolation of the north shore of
Lake Foruana.
Sanrord's move seems LO be an election year
ploy to brcalc Helms' enclave or powct in Swain
County. That he would scll out I.he future of a critical
habitat area for a palll}' handful of VOies shows a
skewed sense of values.
lO Senator Jesse Helms' inll'BllSigcnce in
To con1ac1 Stlllltor Ttrry SOft[ord abou, his
proposal, write him QI 716 llart Senate Office
Building: Washington. DC 20510.
WE PAY FOR CLEARCUTS!
Nlllnl World New• Serv~
Once again the U.S. Forest Servicc has issued
a report stating the amount trutpaycrs pay tO subsidize
timber sales on North Carolina na11onal foresLS. In
1991 U.S. citi7.ens paid $2.4 milhon ID order lO have
roads buih and plOIS of national forest land clcrucut to
the state. Even though less limber was harve.~ted in
1991 l.h:m m 1990 (there was a loss or S2 million in
1990), we paid even more to keep Congress nnd the
timber IDlcrestS happy.
Xnt(iari lournnt ,.,- r, l Z2
nmm lf ll
f •
If •r 6
t
=
• ~-WHEELERS ~AT POR&ST
Nanni World New, S<tvicc
All-terrain vehicles (ATV's) are a pcoblem in
lhe region's national forcsLS. In lhc view of the US
Forest Service. the desires of different human inteteSt
groups lake precedence over protcetion of the rorcs1
ecosysiem. Thus, ATV joyriding is seen as a
legitimate "mulitple use· of the forest, and the little
bull-bouncers are permitted whetc no mot0ri2cd
vehicles should be allowed co chum.
Case in point: lhe Wayehutta (locally
pronounced •worry-hut") Creek watershed or the
Nanlllhala National Forest in Jackson County, NC is
riddlcd witlt A TV irails. Sixtccn miles of old logging
roads have been given over t0 the mud-slingers for
their fun.
But that is not cnoogh for the wheel jockeys.
Now the Forest Service is considering a plan to add
20 more miles of ATV trails, pcneuating two more
water.iheds.
Internal combUSlion engines, especially
obno11iously loud ones over four knobby-treaded tires,
are incompatible witlt deep forest habiw needs. The
acres that woold be impacted by the noise, debris. and
massive erosion from ATV's are needed much IIIQle
desperalCly by wild animal and plant life as
homespace.
or
However, Uie ltanquillily lhis JX)rtion of
wild land is tltrca1encd. Adjnce.n1 lO the city uact is
the CliITs of Gla.\sie development, a 1,000 acre golf
rcson. The Cliffs wants to buy 134 acres of 1bcciLy's
propeny 10 expand their domain. The Greenville City
Council was agreeable to the sale. but when local
conservation groups he:lrd of the proposed transaction,
tltey unilCd in vehement opposition. The local
Bartram Group of the Sierra Club described the
property and revealed the details of the sale in a
televised press conference. The land had never been
inventoried, said the group, and lhey insisted 1h31. a
sludy of lhc area be done before any sale was
considerod to dcterminc if it was habilat for any rare
or endangered species.
The TV broadcast provoked a flood of letterS
from local citizens apposing the proposed sale. Under
I.hat pressure, the city council bacud off. TI1ey agreed
to inventory the 134 acres proposed for sale.
Moreover, they have decided to study the biology of
the whole watershed to consider a mnnagemcnt plan
for the entire traeL The city might still try to sell tho
area when the study is completed, but public pressure
has proved co be a powerful LOOI.
The Highlands Ranger District is scliciting
commurls on the proposed A7V trail expansion.
Write them 01: Rt. I, Box 247; Highlands. NC
28741.
BUYING BAD AIR
Namral World New. Scrvice
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is
baying 10,000 cons of coxic nitrate and sulfaie
compounds rrom the W l ~ Power and Li&hl
Company co release inlO lhe air over the Tennessee
Valley and the Soulhcrn Appalachians.
Docs that sound LOO bimrre to be true? Not at
all. Under a clause or the much-toulCd Clean Air Act
or 1990, companies that are in •over.compliance"
(companies that exceed the minimum smndnrds for air
cleanliness set forth in the act) can seU "pollution
credits" to polluting companies who don't want to
clean up their operations. This provision is a
safeguard bw11. into the law ID see that the air does
not get cleaned up beyond a minimal level apparently on the theory lhal if air geLS too clean iL is
bad for business.
Money can buy off the legal system, but it
cannot bring dead lJ'eeS back to life. nor can it make
polluted air any hcallhicr for those organisms who
have lO breathe u. "Pollution crcdiLS" may make TV A
think that it has license tO pollute, but 11 will only
worsen lite situation in the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park where 96 plant species ore already in
doclinc from niuogen•gcnerrucd owne and other
atmospheric pollutanl.S.
The grealeSl irony may be that rai.epaycrs
puchasing power from TV A will now know tltn.t,
instead of investing in air pollution controls, they ore
buying themselves an extra helping of air IO~ichy.
Comnu!nls may be stnt 10 the Ttnntssu
Valley Aulhoriry; Norris. TN 37818.
GOLF DESERT OR WILD WOODS?
Nanni World New. Service
The City of Greenville. SC own.~ 25,000 acre.\
of land in nonh Greenville County. The ll'3cl is a
rugged and beauuful alC.'.l at the foot or the Blue Ridge
CSClllplll(nL Bought bad ID lhe l 920·~. lhe land has
not~ a bulldo1,er or a chain saw in 60 years.
i4
D
ACTIVISTS RALLY FOR CLEAN
AIR
N11unl World News Service
A raucous crowd of about 50 people and one
coswmed bear demonstralCd beforc the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park's Suga.rlands VisilO( Center
in GatJjnburg, TN on May 18. 1992. This time the
activists or the group SolllhPA W were not protesting
government actions, but ~ galhcrcd IO support lhc
Dep:inmcnt of the Interior's policy of opposing any
new insl.allations within 120 miles of the Great
Smokies lluu would add lO air pollution -particularly
low-level ozone - in the Park.
Signs welcomed curious visitors lO the "Great
Smoggy Mouniains" and decl3rcd "We Support the
No-zone!• The dancing beat grophically demonslt3llld
what happens when wildlife take on overlo:ids of air
pollution. Atlanl.8 folksinger Robert Hoyt serenaded
the Monday morning crowd with copical songs about
the state of the environment and our society.
The Soul.hPAW ac11v1s1.S wcce JOined by 20
eighth grade s1udcn1.S in the KARE (Kids Agamst
'Recking lhe Environment) Club at Bridgepon School
m Newport, TN. The studcnl.S, who live in the
watcrShed of Ilic Pigeon River, knew lin;tband about
lite effects of waler pollution, but came 10 learn what
air pollution docs co C(()~i.tems. They m:ide tl1c
connections quickly and were soon parudpat mi;
cntltus1asucally in 1.hc dcmonst.111tion.
Su mm.er,
){192 uu
�The first building constructed at
Sycamore Branch was the community center.
It had a large kitchen and dining/meeting area
upstairs and ample bathing and laundry
facilities downstairs. The next project was a
complex that came to be called "the
apanments." These were twelve good-sized
rooms, each with a couple of sleeping lofts,
arranged in two tiers going up the hill above
the river. Many families lived for several
years in the apartmenrs while they worked on
their houses. Today the community rents
them out to young couples, the elderly, and
visitors.
The people decided that most of the
houses were to be built in a cluster near the
community center. These houses were built
by the homeowners who organized
themselves into a masonry crew and a
carpentry crew. Some homeowners hired
replacements for themselves because they had
jobs that would not allow for the necessary
rime off. These clustered homes were
connected by a common water, electrical, and
sewer system. They were arranged and
landscaped for maximum privacy, set into the
hillside, and turned a little this way or that so
that each home could have a small private
garden. There were many outdoor decks and
patios. Another eight homes were built in
various places around the property. These
homes were simple and designed to be
low-impact, most of them lacking in
conveniences.
There was widespread unemployment
as the old international economy collapsed.
Many families who lived at Sycamore Branch
lost their livelihood and the community
started businesses to help. Soon after
forming, the village started a cooperative that
owned and ran a sawmill, a woodworking
shop, and managed the community's garden
and kitchen. People could belong to the
cooperative that ran the garden and kitchen or
they could buy meal tickets. Many people
from outside the immediate community
bought tickets and some joined the
cooperative. Members of the cooperative are
currently required to work 14 hours each
week. In practice, about one fourth of the
people chose to work these hours
themselves, one fourth chose to pay, and half
chose a combination, doing farmwork during
the planting and harvest seasons. This
arrangement allowed some people to make a
liveli.hood almost entirely from farm or
kitchen work.
The Village Cooperative kept a small
herd of cows and ran a small dairy that also
A LOOK BACK
by Will Ashe Bason
processed milk from local farmers. A village
bakery supplied fresh bread that was sold
locally. Tofu and tempeh were made from
beans that were obtained in trade from a
community in a neighboring county that had a
better season because of lower elevation.
Twelve acres of blueberries were cultivated
and most of the berries were dried and sold.
There is a blueberry festival at harvest rime,
and the entire community helps with the
picking. One hundred fifty acres were planted
to a mixture Lhal included chestnuts, black
walnuts, black locust, and bramble fruits,
and this has proved to be a very valuable
asset over the years, with chestnut flour
becoming a major source of income. Many
local farmers and landowners planted blight
resistant chestnuts that were supplied by the
village and brought tons of dried chestnuts to
the sheller and mill.
Toe village woodworking shop
produces drums, harps, dulcimers, guitars,
and flutes. These products have gradually
gathered a fine reputation among musicians
far and wide, and the shop employs about
one third of the people in the village.
Sycamore Branch was of vital
imponance to Floyd County during the
economically unstable rimes of the late '90's
and the primary years of this century. It
helped formulate the plan for the
decentralization of the county's schools and
social services. The community has set up
four small band saw mills in various parts of
the county and organized a crafts collective
that markets area crafts on a mail order basis
through the satellite communication network.
The community has provided blueberry
plants, nut trees, shiitake mushroom spawn,
and vegetable StartS at low cost (and
sometimes free) to local farmers.
Sycamore Branch gave technical
assistance to many local communities that
were creating their own power systems after
the breakdowns of the late '90's. They
powered several other villages directly and
gave assistance 10 many more. There were
many economic refugees in the late '90's,
and Sycamore Branch offered a plan by
which these folks could mostly house and
feed themselves. They were influential in
Habitat for Humanity's decision to build
ecovillages with their own economics instead
of isolated homes. The community produced
a video series tilled "The Owner-Built
Village" which was used by thousands of
new cormnunities.
The goals of Sycamore Branch, as
stated in their by-laws, included not only
being of service to the larger community in
Floyd County but also reaching out on an
international scale. This was accomplished
through a sister community program that
linked the village to other small communities
around the world. Especially close tics were
made with the Mayan village of Yonin.
Young people from the communities were
exchanged every year and sometimes older
folk would go down for a year or so.
Sycamore Branch marketed xylophones,
weavings, and dried fruit from Yonin.
Sycamore Branch has cooperated from
the beginning with the UN's efforts lo set up
international community-to-community
trading and cultural contacts. The village has
for years sponsored a team ofteehnicians
who work to help upgrade poor communities
by providing better water sources, waste
treatment, and health care. Villagers from
these communities are trained to run the solar
satellite link and to access weather, health,
and technical information in their own
language. This gives them access to world
markets within the limitations of the
distribution system. There is an emphasis on
self-sufficiency and the development of a few
trade items that can be transponed to the
nearest world irading center for shipment to
irs ultimate destination through the UNPS
network of freight dirigibles, trains, vans,
and donkeys.
The village of Sycamore Branch was a
leader in the move by small communities to
take over the economic role of the
corporations. We now take it for granted thar
small communities work together
economically for their common betrermcnt.
and we forget that there was a rime when this
was an unusual pattern. The breakup of the
corporate economy in the '90's left a vacuum
that was naturally filled by small
communities. The pauems developed in
Sycamore Branch and similarcommuniti~#
were a vital part of this process.
fr
Reprinted/rem Tek:iah newsleuer,
which is available from the ln.sritwe for
Sustainable Living; Windswept Fann; Rt. 1,
Box 35; Check.VA 24072.
Will Ashe Bason is a farmer and
visionary who lives in the Floyd County,
Virginia community.
Mountain Counsel
Blackberry bushes, heavily leaved,
Bow as I approach;
Offer bounteous gifts
Deep black, soft and sweet.
Yet remind me of the need
To pick with gentle care
Or else be pricked by thorns
That spring from everywhere.
And so it is with friends.
- Taylor Reese
DnlWUl& by Rob Mcs11ck
Summa- , t 992
Xatoofl Journa!
JIQ9C 23
�BUlTERFLY
In a lazy larval state
I ate
Everything
Fresh and green
That lay before me
Until I could consume
No more
DRUMMING
Dear KaJuah,
This is the sound of Nonh Carolina. ll
is the voice of Kilmer Forest - it is the New
River Gorge - it is the Haw River - it is ML
Mitchell and the Black Range. Little
Santeetlah Creek and the French Broad River
also speak here.
I am Native Choctaw-Scot-Nonh
Carolinian and l dare speak in their names.
From the mountains to the coast, I see areas
rendered unrecognizable due to overdevelopment and misuse. It huns - the street
lightS that ruin night vision, the litter, the
washed out sides of previously pristine lakes
due LO motor-boating. This is not the state I
grew up in. What was attractive then is now
the money maker of the day.
Why do those who come here to "get
away from it all" need LO "bring it all" with
them?
Back LO Nature? My family raised me
that way - my grandfathers and greatgrandfathers fanned • a Choctaw greatgrandfather was a proud man in his
community here in the Piedmont I still have
the land he farmed.
At age 37, I still practice what my
ancestors left to me - a guardianship of
property and the knowledge or how to do it.
I love this state, but not what it is
becoming. It needs help, and l feel we are
losing.
Last year I was a volunteer for the
Kituwah Festival here in Asheville and will
be there agnin this year. I would also like to
work wherever possible for your staff on
representing Katuah Journal - it has a place!
Thank you,
Nancy Odell
Dear KaJuah,
While I have enjoyed the Journal more
than I can say, I have not sent in my
subscription renewal because J feel you could
help me a bit more than you have tried lO in
the past.
My Llfe's goal is to help re-establish
the American Chestnut in the mountains, and
to that end I've been trying to locate acreage
on which to do this. I wortc with devotion on
anything undertaken, but my problem is lack
of money for purehasing the size acreage or
farm needed to plant, nunurc, and monitor
these seedlings to maturity. I sincerely felt
there must be, among your readers, someone
intersted in seeing this tree again reclaim our
forests: some who may not have the time or
inclination to do the work needed, but who
may be financially more able and who would
be willing to help. I would gladly give full
accountability for any funding offered.
I looked at Land last Saturday near
Spruce Pine. Bui I would need some
$26,500 to acquire it. along with giving some
inherited fine jewelry 10 make up the
difference. I'm willing to give everything I
have, bu1 cash is something I don't have,
unfonunately, and tha1 is what sellers wanL
Truely. l felt your interest in this was as
deep as mine. l am not some scam artist,
simply a person with a limited amount of
assets that will gladly give for the finacial
help l need. Some of these assets are quite
exciting, for instance, r have an original
printing of the very first meeting of the
Continental Congress (authenticated by the
old books department of UNCC); an original
copy of Washington's Farwell Address and
many very old deeds, etc. l'm not wanting
something for nothing, you see. I have quite
endless energy and much determination. This
determination would go into the raising or the
chestnut If you do wish to help me get
started (I'm looking at land from the Spruce
Pine area west through Madison Counry),
you will be proud of what l'II accomplish.
Fat and sleepy
I slep1 deeply
Safe from a hungry world
Alone in my own
Silk cocoon bed
That trembled and twirled
Suspended by threads
From slender limbs
Overhead
Waiting
Until the warm suns
Of summer come
And I summon the courage
To emerge
Transformed and renewed
Wings brightly-hued
To carry me
Free
• Rebecca Wilson Hicks
Sincerely yours,
Dorothy Dickson
113 Autumn Lane
Harrisburg, NC 28075
!f\ "he. 5UMe Y-
-th e -fiowe.YS
b\,oOM f- he beo.Y"
w i 11 'rOMe
VJ ; f\
'f"'e 5qVi1TelS
1 e ()\ t WQ'f K
°'WO\ifi "~
Wi "t e r
Cold
+or
C\
T\d
We+her
l'llolobyR.-lyBall
tre r 5
P\ in re~ Of
Jee cl ".f'or
the bi ue
TS v\ nJ
--fo'( -r~e
crow
-t~erf
Cor Y\ Pl , n teu
0-f +1'.o.-1-·
J
(poem by Tiyo)
age 9
Dear Karuah,
I'd like to subscribe to your journal,
finally. We love it most abundantly cover to
cover. Couldn't bear to slash the graphics on
#34, so I send this sheel of paper wilh this
message.
Beyond the garden, consensus decision
making, and bioregionalism, my interest and
vocation arc renewable energy systems and
sheller. Our house is off the grid and soon
our income will be, tOO. Please conac1 me if
you ever do an issue on renewable energy in
Ka1uah.
Blessings 10 ya'II Star and Otter
Summer. 1992
�Dear Kanwli,
Thank you for the flood of pleasant
!Demories evoked by your Spring, 1992
issue. As I pored through your pages, I could
see my father pointing out things as we
walked through the woods. I learned of wild
onions, greens, mushrooms, persimmons,
and beechnutS. Berries grew abundantly
where I was raised - strawberries,
blackberries, raspberries, and gooseberries. I
was fortunate enough to live close to a small
wooded area, an ecosystem all its own. To
this day, I can tell an Oak from a Maple from
a Birch from a Willow, etc.
'
I'm still fascinated by the life forms in
even a small creek. The fish, crawdads,
leeches - I even learned to make suckers into
a very fine substitue for salmon/mackerel
patties.
Thank you for bringing it back when
I'm ready to see the deeper meanings of the
Earth's give-and-take relationship with man.
Keep up the good works, Mr. Messick.
Stay on the Path,
Jeff R. Zachary
Dear KaullJh,
This is still the best bioregional rag I've
seen! Thanks for keeping me in touch with all
the real news from home.
Gene Dilwonh
Dear Friends,
I send to you all my thoughts of peace
and well being... I hope that this Jen.er finds
you all enjoying happiness and good health!
I appreciate all your hard work in
producing Ka1uali Journal and including
Stil-Llght in your calendar of events. ll helps
to keep us before the public eye. Thank you!!
I am writing to comment on your
recycle logo on the Spring, 1992 issue:
"Recycle or Die." Recycling in and of itself
and one hundred percent population will not
solve our problems and create a sustainable
economy. Recycling is at best a stop gap
measure, something easily understood and
do-able by the masses. Until we stop
consuming and u111il we stop having so 1111Jny
babies (especially in the more afj111e111
countries) we will continue 011 our collision
course with exrinc1io11 as a species as we use
up all our nomral resources.
I agree that we should continue to
reri:ind people to n;cycle because it helps, but
crying wolf and usmg scare tactics hns never
wo~ked. people only do that which is in
their own selfish best interest. .. a sad
commentary on human nature, but the truth.
Just a few thoughts ...
Your Friend and Brolher,
Leon Frankel
Summcr, 1992
Dear Ka11W1,
Well, they've done it to us again! Praise
be to the "Gcxl Squad" for overiding the
couns and sentencing more forests out west
10 lhe saw? The sponed owl may be
protected, but only by the edict of loggers
and the Almighty Gospel of the U.S.
Congress. r thought there was supposed to
be a balance of power between the three (to
name but a few) branches of our government.
Where is the justice in taking a case to coun
and then have the "Gcxl Squat" (sic) come
and say "Praise the Lord. we gonna Lord it
over every forest we can"?
Constance Birch
From the Groun d Up
"You gotta start from the ground up ... "
- That's what they've always said
- and lhat's it in a nutshell
- where civilization's gone wrong
"If you don't have yo~ feet on the
ground...
Then where are you?
How do you get sustenance without roots?
"We're all going so fast we're gonna crash"
- where?
- on the ground?
The Ground?
We've put that in the hands of
MEGA CONGLOMERATE
ii-?tJ~~Wo.MILLIONAIRE,
20TH FLOOR HEADQUARTERED farmers
- Who probably won't touch the
ground
even when they die
But are buried up to lheir necks
in their financial statementS
- the only thing they care about
And speaking of lhe ground...
From the Earlh's point of view
it must think we're made of rubber
for that's all that touches it when we move.
We're Gods of power...
We have bulldozers to move
mountains.
A river can't flow
without our permission
We've gOL landfill expens
- like our mission is to fill the land
"Landfill"
- like a free lunch for the Eanh!
(ns if it liked the encrees)
Many of the Earth's peoples
worship Jesus, a man's
creation of the universe
(or Gcxl, if you will...)
Who gave unceasingly
of beauty and healing...
even as he died slowly and painfully
in the hands of the Earlh's people.
If such as he were still alive
would we try 10 save him?
Or, would we treat him
as we do her, lhe Earth?
Dear Karuah,
I read awhile back the article on the
!-,ETS sy~tem and sent for the preliminary
mformanon. lam real interested in seeing one
get sra.rted in the Karuah region in rural
mountain areas. At this time I have not the
time, energy, and resources 10 start one by
!11YSClf - l wonder if you know of other
interested persons you could put me in touch
~th who have the whole study course who
might let me borrow it.
In the meantime I am starting a simple
bancr networking newsletter in this local area
(Bryso~ City, Sylva, Franklin). Perhaps you
would like a ,~·rue:-up for the summer journal.
The Spnng issue of Kauiuh Journal is
by far the most interesting one to me in a long
time - great articles intended for the already
some~hat informed. Erbin Crow's pissing
poem 1s a real gem.
Airin Green
P.O. Box 382
Whittier, NC 28789
Dear Karuah,
I have enjoyed recieviog your paper,
but there is one matter of deep concern l
have. I have noticed several times in recent
years the theories of Buckminster Fuller have
been mentioned in a positive light, as if he
were a worthy mentor for ecology-minded
people (see John Ingress in Spring 1992).
I recently went back and looked a1
Fuller's opus Critical Path (St Martins,
N.Y., 1981), and was alanned to find it was
even worse than I had remembered. In the
preface he introduces lhe notion that human
beings are so smart we can easily provide
an "unprecedented higher standard of living
for all Eanhians," and claims that "four
billion billionaires" would be a worthwhile
and admirable goal. Can you imagine how
shredded to ribbons the Earth's ecosystems
would with "billions of billionaires," a
concept Fuller warmly endorses throughout
his book?!
The rest of Fuller's thesis is well
known. High technology is the savior we
have been waiting for. lo the future, humans
will live packed in floating cities, space
platforms, nnd so on, in fully automaied,
controlled environments. On page 297 he
claims "lhe power of the Amaz.on warershed
will be harnessed and considered by
designers as an integrated moving assembly
line."
On page 251 he gets so carried away
he proclaims that man has now taken on "lhe
competence of Gcxl."
I could go on with such examples, but
perhaps the point is made. I disagreed with
the late Ed Abbey on some things, but in his
evaluation of Buckminster Fuller, l lhink he
was right on lhe money. ln the meantime
there are lOLs of other writ tings on technology
out lhere worth reading, such as Lewis
Mumford, Jacques Ellul, or Jerry Mandcr's
new book.
Best Wishes.
Bill McConnick
• Breeze Burns
Xorunfi Jottn«i( p09c 27
�Jury Nullification:
Democracy at Work
M ost of us have noticed that our rights
arc being whittled and chopped away as
surely and relentlessly as our foresis. But
there is a little known right which can be a
defense against an offensive government.
II is a right we have because we are
entilled to a jury trial. The Fourth Circuit
Coun of Appeals in U.S. v. Moylan (1969)
put it this way: '1f the jury feels the law is
unjust, we recognize the undisputed power of
the jury to acquit, even if its verdict is
contrary co the law as given by a judge, and
contrary 10 the evidence."
People on a jury have the right to free
people from laws they wouldn't want
imposed on themselves. The right and the
responsibility.
Jury nullification, as this almost-secret
right is known, goes way back. Back to
ordinary men. Some of the ordinary men
were the 12 who served on William Penn's
jury in 1670. The British king proved beyond
a doubt that Penn was "guilty." He had
broken the law against preaching a religion
other than that of the Anglican church in a
public place.
But the jury didn't wane to punish
William Penn. They thought it would be a
beuer idea to punish the law itself.
The king's agent was furious and tried
co convince them that the law was more
imponant than their conscience. The judge
did his convincing by imprisoning the jurors
in the Tower of London until they agreed to
convict Penn.
But pubUc opinion - possibly related to
the expense of imprisoning the jurors - forced
the judge to let them go, and to admit that a
jury had the right to decide not only whether
someone has broken a law, but whether the
law is just.
The right of jury nullification bas
consistently been upheld in British and
American courts. According to Alan Sheflin
and Jon Van Dyke in law and Concempory
Problems 43, No. 4 (1980), 'The repeal of
(prohibition] laws is traceable 10 the refusal
of the juries 10 convict those accused of
alcohol traffic."
And Hagbard Celine points out in
Trajecl()ries newsletter that "the anti-pot law,
the silliest of all our drug laws, could not
survive in a nation with at least 70 million
pot-heads, if juries knew that they had the
right of nullification."
So what's happened?
Back in the 1890's, the U.S. Supreme
Court was about as freedom-loving as our
current robes. They upheld Lhe right of jury
nullification - but simultaneously ruled that
Lhe judge not only doesn't have to tell the jury
Lhey have this right - but can prevent the
defense attorney from telling them that they
have ii!
power.
Only Maryland has a state constitution
which requires a judge to inform the jury that
they may acquit if the facts prove a defendant
technically guilty but the jury believes the law
is wrong. (Lots of states, though, have
elected judges.)
There is a movement in many states to
pass Fully Informed Jury (FU) Amendments
to state constitutions. For more information,
you can write to FUA; Box 59; Helmsville,
MT 58843.
Jury nullification is a secret that needs
to be told. I asked my son if he knew his
rights as a citizen. He looked at me and
exclaimed, "Mom, I'm in school."
Isn't the power of juries a fundamental
part of how democratic government - of the
people - works?
I wonder what would happen even
without an amendment if people knew that
juries have the right to judge not only people,
but laws? If the people knew the power of
juries, and the power we would have a
grassrootS movement - towards democracy?
I am indebted to Robert Anton Wilson
and Trajectories newsleuer (Vol. /, No. 8;
Awwnn /990)/or m11cli of the infonnation in
1/iis article. Trajectories covers many spheres
of interest. Write to them clo The Pennanenc
Press; Box 700305; San Jose, CA 95170.
- by Karen F/etc71er
All juries have the power 10 nullify any
law, but any government judge can do
everything in her or his power to prevent
them from knowing that they have this
I:
Reprintulfrom IM AuJumn, 1991 ,ssue of /.
green light, Mwsleuer of the Cumberland-Grel!II
Bioregional Counril; 2513 Essex Place; Nashville
TN 37212.
The Story of the Man Who Wanted to Become Moss
He tried very hard
he wore himself like French lace
and went to the core of cells
where the green lives
and pulled out chlorophyll
trying to reinvent his structure
to take in the sun
When he kissed his mother
that lay in the moss
When he washed his belly
that lay in the moss
When he sat outside himself
that lay in the moss
lay in the moss
lay in the moss
in the moss
in the moss
the moss
moss
moss
- Jenny Bitner
Sumtm:r, 1992
�BOOK REVIEW
BEYOND THE LIMITS:
Confronting Global Collapse
Envisioning a Sustainable Future
In I971 , a book was published called
The Limits 10 Growth by Donella and Dennis
Meadows and J(lrgen Randers. It was a
landmark in ecological thinking in many
ways, causing many people 10 debate and
question the whole idea of unlimited growth
in industrialized societies. The notion of
growth as a cure for economic problems is
deeply ingrained in many people, and this
book questioned the very basis of such an
assumption al its root.
By using the Systems Approach to
problem solving and taking a long look at
trends in escalating human numbers and the
subsequent pressures put on the Earth's
resources, these three scientists proclaimed
that if present trends continued within the
next one hundred years there would be a
steep decline in lhe ability of human societies
to sustain themselves. This catastrophe could
be changed, they argued, by creating a kind
of steady-state where human populations and
material needs would level off and a new
balance achieved between binh and mortality
and between extremes of wealth.
It's twenty years later, and these same
three folks have been working on the
Systems Approach regarding the choices we
have in creating a future that does not depend
on growth as a means of propping up our
economies. Their new book, Beyond the
Limits, states clearly that human societies
have already moved beyond the limits of
what ecosystems of the Eanh can handle. Il
does not make excuses in order to go lightly
on industrialized countries. It radiates respect
for the diversity of life in the world and
offers some much-needed perspective about
the human place in it. The authors are deeply
moved by the severity of the problems we
face, and yet in many ways they offer hope
by providing paths we can follow to ease
away from the trend toward collapse and
simmer down into a mode of human
economy that actS within the limits of Eanh's
sustainability.
I find that it is much clearer to use a
Systems Approach with thorough
explainations of feedback, exponential
growth, overshoot and collapse, and
planetary sources, throughputs, and sinks
than the ambiguous notions surrounding
human carrying capacity (as seen for instance
in Issue #28 of Kat(wh Journal). Human
beings are not exempt from limitS to material
growth or the perils of overpopulation by any
means, yet it is high time we recognized that
we have exceeded many of the regulatory
limits 1hat exist for other mammals and that
we clearly have the capacity to overshoot this
carrying capacity at any time.
Cultural knowledge may not be enough
to restrain our frenzied pace, but it can offer
us some of the wisdom necessary co pull
back and keep from overstressing life support
systems. Whether we will paractice this
wisdom remains to be seen. yet Beyond The
limits offers some hard-earned distilled
knowledge and should be read by those
interested in learning how we can panem
human societies within limits. We humans do
have the potential to be effective problem
solvers. Unfortunately we rarely choose the
right problems to solve.
Beyond The Limits is pub/is~ by Ch,!lsea
Green Publishing Company: R1. I 13, Box 130: Posl
Mill.f. Vf 05058. Please ccn1ae11km aboui ~
,P"
informtUion on the book.
Rob Messick
B~byJll!OIITucllct
"I
told
the
Prograns to encourage
self and Earth awareness.
celeblollon. kinship ond hope.
• Youlh Camps • &;hool Programs
• Family Campa· Tead!o, Training
• Community Programs
• Camp StaIf Tra111lng
• Ouldoof Program Conwtt,ng
Look. Y1111 Ill ill l ltld ISklnQ mt ti help kAI
• Oonch ot Pffllll down tlltlt I don I k"°"
Md I"m 11n ~ I did kMw u..m 1-lclnt
wt/I ti ~1111 ti their dNIJII forgd l l
TIii
an,_ 11 no
F«av11 no•··
-'Naly~lbon ..,_
Don ·t Pay Taxes for War
Fo ntnrm11.1on ,if'ld o, ,1 c.;i,
PO. Bo• 1300
Gotti'lburg. T
e<Y'lessee 3n38
615-436-6203
National War Tax R
esistance
C
oordinating Committee
PO Bo~ 774 Munroe, ME 04951
1
2071525-7774
Summer , 1992
la'O!\: •nrr 1 ,t -
REGIONAL RADIO
Featuring Crossroads music, NPR news and music
programs, regional news and information
concerning health, education, government,
recreation, and the environment.
WNCW • FM P 0. Bo" 804 Spind.ik•, NC 28160
(704) 287-8000
�(cootinuo,d from P"&C SJ
and decorations were very sunilar. They
carried out the same kind of sun worship. I
think they were priest-ruled.
The Louisiana nibes showed that
influence strongly, and there is much
evidence of that among the Creeks and
Cherokees, probably more among the
Cherokees. Because of that influence, we had
a priest society for awhile. We became more
sophisticated and more warlike and gathered
up more territory and more people.
But the priest society among the
Cherokees became so arrogant and so
barbaric that the people rose up against them.
I think it must have been about the time
when the clans dwindled from 14 to seven.
The revolt centered in the Katuah village. The
priest society was ovenhrown.
After that episode, the spiritual
functions of the nibe became more
decentralir.cd. There were ceremonial
medicine people, song keepers, and the
chiefs of the ceremonial grounds. There was
a medicine man who could give hunting
formulas, and that's all he could do. Another
one who could give fishing formulas. And
women who lcoew how ro deliver babies, and
soon.
The medicine people still had influence.
but they were not almighty. There were
,
definitely people who shone among those
groups, and they gathered some degree of
power, but that was because of ability, not
because of their office.
The people also gave more power 10 the
village councils and balanced the influence of
the clans within the villages. so that no one
clan became dominant. Thus, it came about
that when the white people came, they found
us to be a loose federation of villages, more
lroquoian in our government than most of the
tribes around us. But our power was
growing. I think that if the white people had
waited 100 or 200 years they would have
dealt with one or two governments in the
Southeast. We were definitely influenced by
the Iroquois.
As it was, we were eventually forced
by bitter expenence to adopt the white man's
system of choosing one civil leader who had
ultimate power. Then we got chiefs like John
Ross, who passed a law saying no Cherokee
could sell land. Until that time. each village
acted on its own, and we were overwhelmed.
/
In spite of his droll pen 11ame. Bear
Wirh Runs is a full-blooded member of the
Cherokee cribe. He Jives in quiet a,umymity
offthe Cherokee Indian ReservaJion.
FREE CHEROKEE
from Ahwi Brown
What is a Free Cherokee? That's an
honest question, and ru try ro give an honest
answer. Most often a Free Cherokee is a
person with a family legend about an
"Indian" grandmother or grandfather. While
these legends persist in famiUes throughout
the land, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
has made it virtually impossible to enroll
these Free Cherokees on federal rolls. The
Free Cherokees are seen by many of these
Xotuah JPurnat page ao
people as a way to go "home." We do not
seek BIA recognition or any other benefit not
available to other citizens. We do appeal to
our BIA "approved" cousins to join with us
in keeping our heritage strong and in
resurrecting Tsalagi as a spoken language.
It is the hope of this Free Cherokee that
the more affluent of the Free Cherokee people
talce advantage of the current recession and
low interest rates to acquire land parcels in
the Cherokee homeland, Katuah, with the
intention of establishing Tsalagi kibb1uzim
within the borders of the homeland.
To explain the meaning of the liebrew
word kibbwzim: the Jewish people used this
same method to reacquire their ancestral
homeland. It took them about 100 years to do
it. I hope we can beat that!
. . This idea may sound crazy, but so did
Z1on1Sm 100 years ago. J reel that this is an
idea whose time has come. I release it to the
Ancient Red.
Allw18rown
Chic.kamaugan Band of Fru C~ro/cus
19/SBudleySt
Clialtunoogo. TN 37404
Summer, l 992
�:BUN M-OU'.NTA.'L'.N
(b. 1979 • d. l 992)
It was over a dozen years ago that a
man named Jerry staned cooking small
batches of tofu in the back of a food co-op in
downtown Boone, NC and distributing it
around town. This effort was passed on to
others who tried to expand the tofu, tempeh,
and sprout market to the rest of the state. The
soy dairy was small, but it had a wide
distribution within North Carolina. A series
of owners found it difficult to manage, and it
was passed along until John Swan bought the
business in 1987. He sought to make Bean
Mountain into a viable business by moving it
from the slowly dilapidating building it had
been housed in for years to a new building in
Weaverville, NC.
The hope was that with bcner access to
distribution routes and better facilities, larger
contracts could be gained and the business
would nourish. We have recently learned,
however, that Bean Mountain could not
make enough money to survive in today's
market.
Bean Mountain tofu and tempeh have
been legendary not only in the southern
mountains but also in many towns in the
piedmont. h will be sorely missed by many
people.
Hats off 10 you, John Swan, for your
gal/am effons to revive this most useful of
services to the community. Thanks also to the
men and women who put in their sweat and
blood 10 keep it going. May the memory of
all that good food linger in our hearts forever.
- Rob Messick
SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN
BLACK BEAR
REHABILITATION AND
RELEASE CENTER
Or. Michael Pelton, a wildlife biologist
from the University of Tennessee who
specializes in black bear research, frequently
receives calls from people who have found
orphaned bear cubs. Panicularly in the spring
when cubs are young and inexperienced, they
are at risk if they are separated from their
mother by poachers, free-ranging dogs, a
flood in their den, or any of a number of
other causes.
Until now, there have not been
adequate solutions for this situation. But a
dream long held by Dr. Pelton seems about 10
mnterial ize.
Under the auspices of the Dragonette
Society for the Preservation of Endangered
Animals, work is proceeding on the Southern
Appalachian Black Bear Rehabilitation and
Release Center. a facility specifically
designed to renccustom and relocate
orphaned, injured, or starving black bears
into the wild. The Center is certified as a
non-profit organization and has established a
board of directors. Backers have donated a
site for the project in Townsend, TN near the
Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Architect Tom Caldwell volunteered his skills
to draw up a plan for the facility, and the
Oragoneue Society is now preparing for a
fund-raising effon toward a $350,000
construction budget.
The institution's primary focus would
be 10 temporarily house and r.reat bears in
order to re-establish 1hem in the wild as
quickly as possible. "We want to do what we
can in a confined situation to enhance the
possibility of survival in the wild," said Dr.
Pellon.
Bears would be held for their protection
only with as little contact with humans as
possible. When they become strong, healthy,
and acclimated enough to function in their
natural habitat (a maximum of six to eight
months), they would then be released 10
remote areas of the mountains or possibly in
black bear reintroduction projects, like the
one proposed for the Big South Fork area in
Kentucky.
The Dragonettt: Society
for the Preservation ofEndangered Animals
Box669606
Mariella, GA 30066
to"'°'ifka. IOO'U
~t\~S
\ I
,-o &c>~ , a04
by Rob M,
..
0$.icl;
v
( 7041 69~1
Q.8"118"
An Alternative
NATURAL MARKET
WHOLE rooos • OULK
FOODS • VITAMINF..S • Hf:R!lS
• FAT FREE FOODS • TAKE
OUT FOODS• SNACKS• NO
SALT, NO CHOLESTEROL
265-2700
823 Blowing Rock Ad
Boone NC 28607
~
»
speaking fpr fhe earfh.
--,
Union Acres
Rob Messick
Rt. 8, Box 323
Lenoir, NC 28645
't
lllll • &.234
t1<nc1enonw,..,..c;ie1)!1
C~t\b~~, M.C.
Get a set of 10 assorted
folding cards with
artwork as seen in
Katuah Journal.
Send $11.25 ppd to:
/•j
i
- - Acreage for Sale - Smol.y Mountain Living
with a focus on spiritual and
ecologie11I values
For more informalio11:
Contad C. Grant at
Route 1. Box 61/
Whittier, NC 28789
(704) 497-4964
whole earth
gro~ery
.
·.
.;·,:
..
,,
r,..
~
NATURAL
ALTERNATIVES
FOR HEALTHFUL
LIVING
146 !.'.parkway craft .:<'ntcr • suit<' 11
gatlinburg, tcnncss"<' 37'738
615-436-6967
�JUNE
12-22
AMONG THE TREES
Katuah Rainbow Tribe Solstice
Gathering. Somewhere in the national forest.
sisters and brothers will gather 10 create a
magical village of love and light. Location to
be announced. For information, write to HO!
Newsletter; Box 5455; Atlanta, GA 30307; or
call Atlanta Rainbow Light Linc at (404)
662-6112.
€V€0t'S
BLACKSBURG, VA
Soc1e1y for Conservation Biology Annual
Meeting. Symposia on biodiversity issues. Contact
DepL or Fisheries and Wildlife: VPI & SU;
Blacksburg, VA 2A061
27-7/1
HOT SPRII-.GS, NC
"Jndcpcndcncc Week 7.en Holiday." wilh
Genlci Snndy Stewart. Medi1ation rcU'C3t held in
s1lcnce, culminating ma walk up lhe moum.am.
Pre-register: S225 includes lodging and vegan meals.
For info on lhi.~ and other rctreais, contact Soulhcm
Dharma Retreat Center: RL I. Box 34-H; Hot
Springs, NC28743. (704) 622-7112.
27,7/4
IS
FULL MOON/
STRAWBERRY MOON
19
ASHEVILLE, NC
• AFSEEE's Vision for N:lllon:il Foresis in
the Southeast," a public meeting with Jeff DeBonis,
founder of the Associalion or Fo~, Service
Employees for EnvironmcnU!I Ethics.
7 pm at Humanities Lccwre Hall, Univers11y of
North Cnrolinll • Asheville. For info, C31I Dr. Gary
Miller, UNCA. (704) 221-6441.
28
BLACK MOUNTAIN, NC
"Sunday m the Park," a moveable reast of
emenninmcnl, will be at Lake Tomahawk today at 2
p.m. Performers will include Jerry Read Smith, Lisa
Smilh, and Bonnie Blue's puppcis. For info on this
and other Sunday evcnis, call Quali1y f-orward. (704)
254-1776.
JULY
(INTER)NATIONAL
Day of Action for the 07.one layer. Don a
"radiation suit" and demand a ban on CFC's and
HCFC's NOW! Picket your nearest EPA office.
Local eoniacc John Johnson (615) 26S-67t3
ContincnUII comacc Rhys Roth (206) 943-7259
l
3.9
19-21
WILLIS, VA
"The New Dance." an exploration of
changing sexual identities with Dan Chesbro. Friday •
workshop for men and women IO hcal old wounds,
restore Ille balance of power and shnre our spiritwll
oneness. SaL, Sun.• a l'CIICal for men wilh music,
bodywon:, ceremony. Indian Val~y Rctrcat: RL 2.
Box 58; Willis, VA 24380. (704) 789-4295.
ASHEVILLE, NC
·wise Woman Tradition: Apprentice
W~." will explore herbal knowledge and women's
wisdom. For info, contact WhHewolf; Box 576:
Asheville, NC 28802.
LINVILLE, NC
371h Annual Highland Games and
Galhering or the Sc«lish Clans 01 MacRae Field
beneath Ornndfalher Mo11ntain. Scottish games,
dancing, uilidh, bagpipes, more. For information.
call Orandfalher Mountain Highland Carnes 01 (704)
898-5286 or write to Box 356; Banner Elk, NC
WASHINGTON, DC
First National Carrying Capacity
Issues Conference. Discuss the basic issues
underlying the CWTCnt environmental crisis
with leading thinkers such as Gaylord
Nelson, Herman Daly, Anne Ehrlich, Garrett
Hardin, Hazel Henderson, and others. $100.
Carrying Capacity Network; 1325 G St. NW
(Suite 1003); Washington, DC 20005 (202)
879-3044.
20
SUMMER SOLSTICE
GREAT SMOKIES PARK
Naturali51. nnd Educa1or Week is for
anyone who wanis 10 team more abou1 lhc outdoors
nnd pass lhc knowledge along. Hiking, natural
h1~tory, music, swunming... and Free Tune! Spce111I
gucs1 will be Doug ElboU, storyu:ller/ naturalisL
Prc-rcgisu:r: S200 includes lodging and meals. For
more info about this and other programs, contact
On::11 Smoky Mounlllins lns111111e at Tremont; R1. t,
Box 700; Townsend, TN 37882. (615) 448-6709.
22,27
"'1tt'1afi JournnC. pa9(" 32
18-19
GREAT SMOKIES PARK
"Great Pandas in Chma and Wildlife in the
Smokies" wilt use field lrips in lhc Park lllld group
discussions to mnlcc ecological, cultural and
conservation comparisons be1wccn Chinn and lhc
Smokies. For info about lh1s nnd olher courses,
con13e1 Smoky Mounlllin Field School: 600 Henley
Su-eel, Suite 105; Knoxville, Tn 37902.
1-800.284-8885.
18-19
SWANNANOA, 1'C
Anciem Sw Walke.rs" class led by Page
BryanL Included will be 1hc m:iking or a stnr bundle,
a Stnr Dance, 111lditional Native American siories nnd
sky watching. Pre-register. $85. For info about lhis
and other programs, eon1.1c1 The Earth Center. See
7/11.
19-25
SWANNANOA, NC
"Old-Time Music nnd Dance Week" of the
Swannnnoa Onlhcring 01 Wnrrcn Wilson College.
Weck-tong instructional workshops on old-time liddle
and guitnr, clogging and conu:i dancing, siorytelling,
and more. Ralph BliZ7..ard and lhc New Solllhem
Ramblers, David Holt, Don Pedi, and others. S220 +
Sl40 meals 311d lodging. Sec 7/12-18.
20
ASHEVILLE, NC
"Planetary Acupuncture: Power
Points and Sacred Sites and the Healing of
the Earth." Breath-taking sUdes and spirirual
insights by anthropologist/photographer
Martin Gray. 7 pm at Laurel Auditorium,
Asheville-Buncombe Technical College. $10.
9-12
28604.
19-21
W-ESSER, 11.C
ACA Open Canoe Nolionnl
Championsb.ips will feature racers from nll over the
U.S. in slnlom and wildwau:r courses on the
Nanlllh3!3 River. For info on these and other
whitewater evcnis. eoniact Nam.ahala Ou1door Cenu:r;
41 Hwy 19 West; Bryson City, NC 28713. (704)
488-2175.
15-17
10
BLACK MOUNTAJN, NC
Robert Hoyt, a radical voice for a New
Soulh, and The Billies, rhythmic harbingers or
post-mdusuial living, play 31 McDibbs; I 19 ChClT)'.
For more info, call (704) 669-2456.
MARSUALL, NC
"Toolmaking for Woodwoiters" is a class
for lhosc intuesled in u-aditional woodwor1cing
lechniques requiring IOOls no longer commercially
available. SIUdcnts will team IO mnke and modify
IOOls, including forge work, uiught by blacksmith
Frank Turley. Pre-register. S390 includes meals and
camping. with donn aceomodalion available. For info
on lhis and olhcr woodworking workshops, conU1c1
Counuy Workshops; 90 Mlll Cree.le Road: Marshall,
NC 28753. (704) 656-2280.
20-24
SWANNANOA, NC
Full Moon Lodge is a monlhly eveni;
begins 111 noon. Fo, info abou1 panic1pa1ing m
the sweat. conU1C1 The Earth Cenier. 302 Old
Fellowship Rood: Swannanoa, NC 2377g_
(704) 298-3935.
11
12-18
SWANNANOA,NC
"Scouish/Bluegrass Week" oflhc
Swannanoa Orubcring 01 Warren Wilson College.
Week-long instructional workshop on Scottish and
bluegrass music styles with Brian McNcill, Z;in
McLocd, the Lynn Moms Band, olhcrs. $220 + $140
meals and lodging. Wnu: The Swannano:i Gntbcring;
WWC: Box 5299: Swannanoa, NC 28778.
14
PULL MOON/UUCK MOON
Summer, t!l92
�.:!0-:!6 WILLIS, VA
Seventh Annual Women's Wellness
Weck. Sacred spat:c and mual, movement.
sound, storytelling. more with Jane
20
Avery-Grubel, Katherine Chantal, Louise
Kessel, Ise Williams. and mhcrs. Conmct
Indian Valley Retreat; Rt. 2, Box 58; Willis,
VA 24380_ (703) 789-4295.
-pericarp
--seedcoal
UUNCO\IBE COU:O,.TY. NC
Organic SmaU Farm Tour w1fl provulc an
orponunity to soc orgnnic producuon technique,,
green m.murcs and pc$! control~ on working farm, m
the al'l!a. Sponsored by Carolina Farm S1t:w:udship
Ass«ia11on. For info, call Allison Arnold :it (704)
255-5522.
FRANKLIN, NC
Cnmping. canoeing. rafting. hiking. first
aid instruction with a small group of bomcscboolcrs
in the Nnntaha13 Mountains wilh the Hcadwntcrs
Homcschoolcrs Outdoor Camp. S275. For more info.
contact He.id waters at (704)369-6491 or write lO 68
Lakey Creek Rd.; Franklin. NC 28734.
23-29
ASU1'; \'ILLE, NC
Broom Making Workshop. Go tic one
on with instructor Cnrt~n Tuule. For info on this
and other craft workshops, contact Folk An Center:
Box' 9545; Asheville, NC 28815. (704) 298-7928.
21-23
CULLOWII EE, NC
•1..nndscaping with Nauve Plants"
conference will offer lcc1urcs Md worbhops by
landscapers and horticulturists. Pre-register: S50
+ meals and lodging; rcgislCt separately for optional
field trips on 7(22. For info, call Sue DcBord at
West.em Carolina University. (704) 227-7397.
23-2S
23-8/2
SEPTEMBER
Fmuru: 2. -Cn•lot1rn dc11tato, Amoricnn ch•olnul: lonld·
ludinol ~ectlnn throu~h " nut, I.H x.
WF,STERN NC
Folkmoo1 USA brings folk dancers and
mus,cinns from Hungary, Jamaica, Belgium. MCllico.
Moldova, Panama. Sardinia. Ponugnl, Taiwan and
Uzbcldst:111 to perform m various locauons in Kauiah.
For schedule and price information, contact Folkmoot
USA; Box 523: Waynesville, NC 28786. (704)
457-2997.
CELO COMMUNITY, NC
RSVP Summer Celebration. Picnics,
tubing, hiking, dancing with Katuah's homegrown
pc:icc networking journal. For trove! directions or
more info, call Joseph Heflin a1 Rural Southern
Voice for Peace. (704) 675-5933.
7-8
ELIZABETHTON, TN
Appalachian Folk Medicine Symposium
will include lcc1urcs held al Sycamore Shoals Staie
Historic Sile in Elizabethton, lllld demonsr.rations and
hikes at Roan Mounlllin Siate Parle. For info. contact
Jeff Wardeska. Roan Mountain Society;
4 Bingham Court; Johnson City. TN 37604.
(615) 929-4453.
FULL MOON/HARVFSf MOON
12-20
AUGUST
12
WESTERN NC
River Week celebrates the French
Broad River in four WNC counties.
Community events will include a canoe trip,
raft race, hotdog kayaking, river safety
course, and riverside concert. To avoid- being
left high and dry, get a schedule from the
French Broad River Foundation. (704)
252-1097.
25-26
13
FULL MOON/
GREEN CORN MOON
The nrc.1'5 oldest
and targc..t natural
foods grocery "
Kalmia Center, Inc.
FRENCH BROAD Fooo Co,op
Sylva, NC
(704) 293-3015
Custom tilling, organic fertilizers, kelp meal,
colloidal phosphate & many more products
and services for abundant gardening and
healthful living.
(JOI)
.........
..
255-7650
your comnru1'1ly
groury,1ou
._.,., ...,.,., ......... .... .. ,,,...
,... ,...,
"'-
811/k Herl>s, Spices, & Grains
Vitamins & Supphwents
W11eat, Salt & Yeast-Fn•e Foods
Dairy S11bstit11ti:s
Hair & Skin Care Products
Beer (.-f Wine Making S11J1plies
200 W. King St, Boone, NC 28607
(7(») 26-1-5220
r;f diu
W
WHOLE FOODS
VITAMINS
ORGANIC PRODUCE
160 Broadway
Asheville, North Carolina
Open 7 Days a Week
Monday - Friday 9 am - 8 pm
Saturday 9 am - 6:30 pm
Sunday 12 pm - 5 pm
Summer, 1992
t
·,.
~
NATIVE FLUTES
Two styles mode of cedar or walnut
woods in the traditional manner
Hawk Littlejohn
Sourwood Farm
Rt. 1, Box 172-L
Prospect Hill, NC 27314
(919) 562-3073
Sam!JMush
Herb Nurse.~
WREATHS •POTPOURRJ
• HERBS • TOPIARY
Complete Herb Catalog - $4
Describes more than 800 plm1ts from
Aloe to Yarraw
Rt 2, Surrett Cove Road
Leicester, North Carolina 28748
Phone for appointment to visit
(704) 683-2014
�HJGHLANDER CENTER is a communily-bascd
educational orgnnization whose purpose is 10
provide space for people 10 learn from each olher,
and lO develop solutions 10 environmenllll
problems based on lhcir values, experiences, and
aspirations. They also pul oul a quarterly newsletter
called Highlantkr RtportS. For more info contacl
Highlander Center. 1959 Highlnnder Way; New
Mankct, TN 37820 (615) 933-3443.
FAMll.IES LEARNING TOGETHER exisls in
North Carolina as a ne1work or homeschooling
families who offer infonn:n.ion, experience, and
encouragemcnl 10 each olher. &nelilS of FLT
membership include a quarterly newslcllCI, fumily
di.roclory, fnmily galhcrings twice a year, media
resource file, and much more. If you would like 10
learn more about Ibis o~n group please contacl
Tnsh Sc11Cnn or Doug Woodward :ll (704)
369-6491 or write 10 68 Wey Creek Rd.;
Frank Im, NC 28734.
PIEDMONT BIOREGIONAL INSTITUTE· For
those who live m lhe Piedmonl area, there's a
b10reg1onal cffOfl well underway. Join Us! We
would appreciate any donation or time or money 10
help mee1 opera1ing expenses. For a gift or S25.00
or more, we will send )'OU a copy or John Lawson's
journal, A New \foyage to Carolina. Also come
fmd out about the Lnwson ProjccL PBl; 412 W
Rosemary S=t: Chapel Hill, NC 27516;
Uwha.nia Province. (919) 942-2581
THE ALTERNATIVE READING ROOM is an
unconventional library; free and open 10 lhc public.
Our coltecuon intereslS include the environment,
social :ind political issues, the media ond peace. We
have.over 200 mag3.1.ine substripiioos. The book
and video collccuo~ also emphasii.e the
cnvlltlllment and political concems. Books and
videos can be checked OUL A video player i~
available for watching films in the ~ng room.
Localed UJ 2 Wall SL (#114): Asheville, NC
28801 (704) 252-2501. MoQ/Wed/Fri 6-Spm.
Tuesffhur I-Rpm · Sal/Sun 1-6pm
A VIDEO ABOUT LAND TRUSTS has been
produced by lhe umd Trus1 Alliance 10 explain in
lay 1erms whal a land lfUSI is. 2.7 million acres of
land have been saved by non-profit land 1rus1
organi7.ntions in America This video docurnenlS
lb.is movemcm's successes. Cost is 521.00 for
individual and Sl4.50 for LTA members (include
S4.50 for posmgc). Con!3CI: The Land Trust
Alliance: 900 171h SL NW (Suite410);
Washing10n, DC 20006 (202) 785-1410.
~Jli,~ J~~'[.'IOL P0:9.': ~
HAWKWlND EARTH Rl:.NEW AL COOPERATIVE
is a 77 acre wilderness retreat located on Loolcou1
Mounmin Parkway in northern Alabama. Easy
access. safe family camping, year round weclc:end
programs featuring Native American cldc:G and
Eanh teachers from around lhe world. S1r0ng
spiritual foundation wilh Earth Renewal emphasis,
membership discount co-op. There is no chnrge for
Native American ceremonies; reservations required
for all vis11S, please. Childcnre o(lell avnilllble.
Write: P.O. Box 11: Valley Head, AL 35989 (205)
635-6304. For qU3flerly newsleuer and program
updates send S 10.00.
NATIVE AMERICAN CEREMONlALS - including
handcrafted Native American ceremonial supplies.
Drums, cuslOm pipes, medicine bags, swee1grass,
sage, fcalhcrs. rawhide raules, IObnccos. pipe ~ .
native flutes, and more! For free calalog send 10:
Box 1062-K; Cherokee, NC 28719.
GOOD EARTH ORGANICS in Asheville has a
network-mruketing plan which can provide a
substantial prut·time income. (Full time in 18-24
months). This is needed in any area, no !raining
required. We provide !raining and all assistance
needed to get you slllrted in your own business.
Contact Good Earth at (704) 252-7169.
UFETIMES .re AGES· a new release from Bob
Avery-Grubel, full of new age vocal music
exploring I.he mystery of life . lyrics included. On
casseue only: send SI0.00 plus Sl.00 for shipping
and handling 10: Bob Avery Grubel; RI. I, Box
735; Floyd. VA 24091.
BEGINNING CHEROKEE LANGUAGE BOOK·
supplemcnuxl wilh 1wo casscues. Sll'CSSCS alphabet
& proper pronunciation. The first textbook written
for use in teaching and learning 1he Cherokee
language. (346 pages). S39.95 plus $5.00
shipping. analog also available wilh mpes, books,
pipes, dance slicks. drums. feathers. furs, buffalo
products and more. Crafl supplies also available
(please specify). Send S2.00 10 the Muskrat Trader,
Box 20033; Roanoke, VA 24018.
COHOUSING COMMUNlTY being formed in lhe
Asheville area. ResideoJS organu.e, plan, and design
a coopc:rntive community where individual homes
cluster around n common house wilh shnred
facilities-· laundry, workshops. children's room,
dining room, etc. Opportunities ror energy
efficient, ecologically sound land use. Inquiries
inviled. Coouict: John Senechal: P.O. Box 1176:
Weaverville, NC 28787 (704) 658-3740.
LAND SURVEYOR seeks land conscrvW1Cy,
community land trust. and other alternative
community and green proJccts. Licensed in LA,
ME, NC, NH, TN. Contact Rantbll Orr. RI . 3,
Boit 345; Sneedville, TN 37869 (615) 2n-0416.
HEADWATERS helps both individu:ils ond families
dcvcl0p their outdoor ~kills wilh an awurcness of
lhc value or our nmural world. We offer a diver.ily
of experiences, rncluding family advcnwrcs,
Homc!ilChoolcrs Outdoor Camp, mstruclion m
kayaking, canoeing, backpacking. bicycle touring,
nmwc ph01ogrophy, and wilderness rafung. For
program mformalion, COlllllCt Trish Severin and
Doug Woodward nt (704) 369~91 or wntc 10 68
Lakey Creek Rd.; Franklin, NC 28734.
ETHER IC ANALYSIS • most complete rcpon on
chak.ras and emouons as Ibey an:: effecung your
being. Include.~ pcrsooalii:cd Gem Elixer 10 balance
Auric Body. Mail five hai~ (plucked from your
head), name, address, and S55.00 10: Dawn: Rt. 3.
Box 9; Llncsvillc, PA 16424.
MAGICAL HERBS • planlS, books, and fTCC
newsletter. Send 10 Wi7.ard's Way; 75 Broadway;
Asheville, NC 28801.
Alternatives ...
The Dir«1 of ln1enrional Communities is lhc prodory
uct or two years of intenS"ive research, and is lhe most
comJ]fdlensive and accura1e dircc10ry available. fl documenlS lhc vision and lhc daily life of more lhan 350
communities in Nonh America, and more lhan 50 on
olher continents. Each community's listing includes
name, address, phone, ond a description of the group.
Extensive cross-rercrencmg and indexing male.es themfonnation easy 10 access for a wide variety or users. Includes maps. over 250 additional Resource listings. and
40 related aruclcs.
328 pages
8-1/2xl I
Perfcclbound
October 1990
ISBN Number:
0-9602714- 1-4
$16.00
Add $2.00 postage
& hnndling for first
book, $.50 for each
additionnl; 40%
discount on orders
of 10 or more.
Alpha Fann. Deadwood. OR
(503) 964-6102
RSVP SUMMER CELEBRATION - July 25-26th at
I.he home of Rum! Southern Voice for Peace in lhe
Cclo Comrnuruty. Picnics, 1ubmg, fishing, hilang,
dancing, fine food and music! Fnmily Cun for
childn:n or all ages. Mark lhe date on your calendar
now! Call Joseph Heflin at RSVP ror information
and schedule or weekend even is (704) 675-5933.
• Webworking costs: There is a
charge of $2.50 (pre-paid) for each
Webworking entry of 50 words or
less. Submit entries for Issue #36 by
August, 15th 1992 to: Rob Messick;
Rt. 8, Box 323; Lenoir, NC 28645.
(704) 754-6097.
.
Summer, 1992
�BACK ISSUES OF KATUAH JOURNAL AVAILABLE
t
ISSUE FOUR-SUMMER 1984
Water Orum • Water Quality· Kudzu - Solar Eclipse
- Clearcu1ting - Trout - Going 10 Water - Ram
Pumps - Microhydro - Poems: Bennie lee Sinclair,
Jim Wayne Miller
ISSUE FIVE· FALL 1984
Harvest· Old Ways in Cherokee- Ginseng· Nuclear
Waste - Our Celtic Heritage - Bioregion:ilism: Past,
Present. and Future - John Wilnoty - Healing
Darkness - Politics or Parucipa1ion
ISSUE SIX· WINTER 1984·85
Winter Solstice Earth Ceremony - Horsepasture
River - Coming or lhe Light - Log Cabin Roots·
Mountain Agriculture: The Right Crop - Willirun
Taylor - The Future or lhe Forest
ISSUE SEVEN - SPRlNG 1985
Susia.inable Economics - Hot Springs - Worker
Ownership - The Great Economy - Self Help Credit
Union • Wild Turkey - Responsible Investing Working m Ille Web of Life
ISSUE EIGHT· SUMMER 1985
Celebration: A Way of Life- Ko1uah 18.000 Years
Ago - Sacred Sites - f'olk Arts m lhc Schools· Sun
Cycle/Moon Cycle - Poems: Hilda Downer •
Cherokee Heritage Center - Who Owns Appalochia?
lSSUE NINE· PALL 1985
The Waldcc Forest - The Trees Speak • Migrating
Forests - Horse Logging - Starting a Tree Crop Urban Trees - Acom Bread • Mylll Time
ISSUE TEN - WlNTER 1985·86
Ka1e Rogers· Circles of S10ne • Internal
Mylhmaking - Holistic Healing on Trial • Poems:
Steve Knauth - Mythic Places · 111e Ukterui's Talc Crystal Magic - "Dreamspcuking"
ISSUE THIRTEEN· FALL 1986
Center For Awakening· Elizabeth Callari - A
Gentle Death - Hospice - Ernest Morgan· Ocaling
Creatively with Death· Home Burial Box - The
Wake. The Raven Mocker - Woodslore & Wild·
woods Wisdom· Good Medicine: The Sweat Lodge
ISSUE FOURTEEN· WlNTER 1986-87
Lloyd Carl Owle • Boogers and Mummers - All
Species Day - Cabin Fever UniVCISi1y • Homeless
in Katuah - Homemade Hot Waw • S1
ovemaker's
Narmtive - Good Medicine: Jnu:rspecies Communication
The Chalice and the Blade
ISSUE TWENTY-SIX· WINTER, 1989-90
The Ecozoic Era - Kids S:iving Rainforest - Kids
Treccycling Company· Connict Resolution -
,
~UA~OURNAL
35
PO Box 638 Leicester, NC Katuah Province 28748
For more info: call Rob Messick at (704) 754-6097
Name
Regular Membership........$] 0/yr.
Sponsor.........................$20/yr.
Contnbutor .....................$50/yr.
Address
State
City
Summer, 1992
If
ISSUE FIFTEEN· SPRING 1987
Coverlets· Woman Forester - Susie McMahan:
Midwife - Alternative Contraception - Biosexuality •
Biorcgionalism and Women • Good Medicine:
Malrinrchal Cul111re - Ptarl
ISSUE SIXTEEN· SUMMER 1987
Helen Waite - Poem: Visions in a Garden - Vision
Qucsl - First Flow - lni1iaLion - Leaming in the
Wilderness - Cherokee Challenge - "Valuing Trees"
ISSUE EIGHTEEN· WINTER 1987-88
Vemncular Architccture - Dreams in Wood and S10ne
- Mountain Hoene • Earth Energies • Earlll-Shehcred
Livmg • Membrane Houses - Brush Shcltcr.
Poems: October Dusi,; • Good Medicine: "Shell.Cr"
ISSUE NINETEEN - SPRING 1988
Pcrelandra Garden· Spring Tonics· Blueberries·
Wildflower Gardens - Granny I lcrbalist . Flower
Essences - "The Origin of lhe Animals:• Story •
Good Medicine: "Poww-" - Be A Tree
ISSUE TWENTY· SUMMER 1988
Prc.c;crvc AppamchiAII Wilderness. Highlands of
Roan - Celo Community - L'llld Trust • Arthur
Morgan School - ZOning Issue - "The Ridge· •
Farmers and lhe Farm Bill - Good Medicine: "Land"
• Acid Rain - Duke's Power Play - Cherokee
Microhydro Project
ISSUE TWENTY-TWO· WINTER 1988·89
Global Warming - Fire This Time. Thomas Berry
on "Bioregions" - Earlll Exercise - Kor~ Loy
McWhirtcr. An Abundance or Empuness - LETS·
Chronicles or Floyd. Darry Wood - The Bear Clan
ISSUE TWENTY-THREE· SPRING 1989
Pisgah Village. Planet An. Green City. Poplar
Appeal· "Clear Sky"·" A New Earlll" - Black Swnn
- Wild lovely Days· Reviews: Sacred lond Sacred
Sex. Ice Age - Poem: "Sudden Tendrils"
ISSUE TWENTY-FOUR· SUMMER 1989
Deep Listening - Life in A10mic City - Direct
Action! - Tree of Peace - Community Building Peacemakers - Ethnic Survival· Pairing Project·
"Baulesong" - Growing Pc:icc in Cultures - Review:
I
Phone Number
Zip
Enclosed is$._ _ _ _ 10 give
this effort an extra boost
Developing Creative Spirit - Birth Power - Magic of
Puppetry - Home Schooling· Naming Ceremony.
Mother Earth's Classroom - Gardening for Children
ISSUE TWENTY-SEVEN - SPRING. 1990
Transformation. Healing Power - Peace to Their
Ashes - Healing in Kauiah - Poem: "When Left to
Grow" - Poems: Stephen Wing • The Belly • Food
from the Ancient Forest
ISSUE TWENTY-NINE - FALl./WlNTER 1990
From !he Mountains 10 the Sea - Profile of The
L1ule Tennessee River - Headwaters Ecology· "II
All Comes Down Lo Water Quality" • Water Power.
Action for Aquatic Habitats· Dawn Watche:s • Good
Medicine: The Long Humnn Being - The North
Shore Road - Katu:lh Sells Ou1 • WatcrShcd Mop or
Ille KlllWlh Province
ISSUE THIRTY - SPRING 1991
Economy/Ecology - Ways 10 a Rcgencrauve
Economy - "Money is the Lowest Form of Weallll"
• Clarksville Miracle - TI1c Village • Food Movers Lifework - Good Medicine: "Village Economy"·
Shellon Laurel • LETS
ISSUE THIRTY-ONE - SUMMER 1991
Dowsing - Responsibilities of Dowsing· Electrical
Life or the Earth • Kaluah and the Earlll Grid - Call
of 1he Ancient Ones - Good Medicine: "On
Aggression" - Time 10 Take the Time to Take the
Time. Whole Science. Tuning Tn
ISSUE THIRTY-TWO - FALL 1991
Bringing back the Fire - A Bi1 or Mountain Levity Climax Never Came - "Talking Leaves": Sequoyah·
Walking Disianec - Good Mc.dicinc: "Serving lhe
Great Life" · The Granola Journal • Paintings:
"Mountain Stories" - Songs of the Wilderness
ISSUE THIRTY-TiiREE- WINTER 1991-92
Fire's Power - What Is Natural • Fire and Forge The First Fire • Hearth and Fire in Ille Mountains ·
Good Medicine: "The Ancient Red" - Midwinter
Fires: poems by Jeffery Beam - Litmus Lichens
ISSUE TI-URTY-FOUR • SPRlNG 1992
Pnradisc Gardening - CommuniLy Sponsoccd
Agricut111rc • Eluting Close to Home· Native Foods
• Cover Crops· Kou1ah Cultivars • The Web of
Life: A Kaniah Almanx - Good Medicine "Med_icinc
Training" • Poems by Allison Sutherland
Back Issues:
Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __
Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __
Issue# _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __
Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $,_ __
Issue # _ _@ $2.50 = $._ __
postage paid $_ __
,
Complete Set:
(3- 10, 13-16, 18-20, 22-24, 26-27, 29-34)
postage paid @ $50.00 = $._ __
Xntuoh )otimitt
page'35
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 35, Summer 1992
Description
An account of the resource
The thirty-fifth issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on councils and consensus in governance and making decisions for the future. Authors and artists in this issue include: Caroline Estes, Joyce Johnson, Rob Messick, Bear With Runs, Lucinda Flodin, David Wheeler, Stephen Wing, Lee Barnes, Will Ashe Bason, Clear Marks, Karen Fletcher, James Rhea, Rhea Ormond, Ray Barnes, Michael Thompson, Troy Setzler, Taylor Reese, Rebecca Wilson Hicks, Jenny Bitner, and Ahwi Brown. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1992
Table Of Contents
A list of subunits of the resource.
Consensus by Caroline Estes.......1<br /><br />Decision-Making Process by Joyce Johnson.......4<br /><br />Problems with Consensus by Rob Messick.......5<br /><br />Tribal Council by Bear With Runs........6<br /><br />Elda by Lucinda Flodin.......9<br /><br />The State of Franklin by David Wheeler.......11<br /><br />Where the Trees Outnumber the People by Stephen Wing.......14<br /><br />In Council with All Beings by Lee Barnes.......16<br /><br />Steve Moon: Shell Engravings.......17<br /><br />Good Medicine.......18<br /><br />Natural World News.......20<br /><br />A Look Back by Will Ashe Bason.......23<br /><br />Are Bioregions Too Big? by Rob Messick.......24<br /><br />Practices for Full Self-Rule by Clear Marks.......25<br /><br />Drumming.......26<br /><br />Jury Nullification by Karen Fletcher.......28<br /><br />Review: Beyond the Limits by Rob Messick.......29<br /><br />Events........32<br /><br />Webworking.......34<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Cherokee Indians--Social life and customs--History
Consensus (Social Sciences)
Tennessee, East--History
Folklore--Appalachian Region, Southern
Cooperation--Virginia--Floyd County--History
Human ecology--Religious aspects
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Acid Deposition
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Definitions
Black Bears
Book Reviews
Cherokees
Community
Earth Energies
Economic Alternatives
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest Issues
Geography
Good Medicine
Habitat
Hazardous Chemicals
Katúah
Plants and Herbs
Poems
Politics
Radioactive Waste
South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness)
Stories
Transportation Issues
Turtle Island
Villages
Water Quality
Western North Carolina Alliance
Wilderness
-
https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/files/original/8b28bad70c563af988d313aa9367f9f6.pdf
8097a88c117a588a76a65bf9c99a6059
PDF Text
Text
URNAL
ISSUE 38 SPRING 1993
SUSTAINABLE TOURING
$2.00
�������TOURISM DEVELOPMENT:
Mountain Culture, Mountain Lives
by Michal Smith
I am Michal Smith, a writer, editor and
researcher. I presently live and work in the
state of Kentucky. Since the mid- 1980's I
have specialized in workplace studies,
including case studi~ of employee
involvement processes in the manufacturing
sector for the U.S. Department of Labor and
the United Nations, a study of the safety
implications of the petrochemical industry's
growing reliance upon contract workers for
the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, a regional economic
development study for the state of Texas, and
a study of the impact of tourism
development. which I am here today t0
discuss.
Specifically, my testimony is based
upon a study, conducted from 1988 to 1989,
of the impact of t0urism development on local
people, particularly rural women, who
routinely form the backbone of this industry.
The study focused on rural counties in 12
southeastern StalCS, including North
Carolina. h concluded that the presumed
"opportunities" associated with tourism
development are marginal and minimal.
In fact, people who live and work in
JCot.uah ~naL JX!9e 6
1\1 1 u nuoc ,, w,:,Ju
1
tourism economies suffer the ultimate irony,
contributing tax dollars to help promote and
support an industry that has done litde,
possibly nothing to improve their quality of
life. They have watched hotels, restaurants,
highways, shops and amusement parks
consume their communities while "human
infrastructure" -- meaningful jobs, training,
health care and child care - has suffered the
consequences of government neglect and
indifference.
Funded by the Ford Foundation, its
Aspen Institute Rural Economic Policy
Program and the Economic Development
Administration of the U.S. Department of
Commerce, my study included a selected
county-level comparative analysis of Census
data from 1970 and 1980 and a case study of
Sevier County, Tennessee, home of
Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, perhaps the
most successful rural tourism development in
the southeastern United States.
The 84 rural counties examined in the
study were selected based upon 1970 and
1984 employment data reponcd in Colllll)'
Business Patterns as compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Census. These counties were
identified as having experienced high
employment growth in the hotel indusay,
which is clearly associated with the
expansion of a tourism or travel industry.
Twenty-three of the "high-growth" counties
identified experienced hotel industry
employment growth in excess of 500 perccnL
Broadly, I found that beyond the small
pool of management and short-term,
male-dominated construction industry jobs,
tourism economics are sustained by food
servers, maids and retail clerks. Traditionally
held by women, these jobs almost invariably
offer minimum wages, no benefits and
virtually no opportunity for advancemenL
Among the study's findings about these
84 booming rural tourism developments
were:
• Uncmploymentcontinued to rise
steadily from 1970 to 1984 in virtually every
county identified by the study.
- Women continued to experience
higher unemployment rates than men in rural
tourism counties in spite of the indusay's
heavy reliance upon a female labor force.
- While overall poverty rates declined
for families in general in the counties studied.
poor families headed by women increased
������������������������������
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. <br /><br /><span>The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, </span><em>Katúah</em><span>, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant. </span><br /><span><br />The <em>Katúah Journal</em> was co-founded by Marnie Muller, David Wheeler, Thomas Rain Crowe, Martha Tree and others who served as co-publishers and co-editors. Other key team members included Chip Smith, David Reed, Jay Mackey, Rob Messick and many others.</span><br /><br />This digital collection is only a portion of the <em>Katúah</em>-related materials in the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection in Special Collections at Appalachian State University. The items in AC.870 Katúah Journal records cover the production history of the <em>Katúah Journal</em>. Contained within the records are correspondence, publication information, article submissions, and financial information. The editorial layouts for issues 12 through 39 are included as are a full run of the Journal spanning nearly a decade. Also included are photographs of events related to the Journal and a film on the publication.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
This resource is part of the <em>Katúah Journal Records </em>collection. For a description of the entire collection, see <a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Katúah Journal Records (AC. 870)</a>.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
The images and information in this collection are protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U. S. C.) and are intended only for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes, provided proper citation is used – i.e., Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians Records, 1980-2013 (AC.870), W. L. Eury Appalachian Collection, Special Collections, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Researchers are responsible for securing permissions from the copyright holder for any reproduction, publication, or commercial use of these materials.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1983-1993
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journals (periodicals)
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Katúah Journal</em>, Issue 38, Spring 1993
Description
An account of the resource
The thirty-eighth, and final, issue of the <em>Katúah Journal</em> focuses on sustainable tourism and transportation that is environmentally and culturally responsible. Authors and artists in this issue include: Marcus L. Endicott, Michal Smith, Lee Barnes, Patrick Clark, Mark Schimmoeller, Billy Jonas, Renee Binder, Charlotte Homsher, Douglas A. Rossman, Robert H. Rufa, David Cohen, Brownie Newman, Jasper Carlton, Danielle Droitsch, Stephen Wing, Jan Adkins, Elizabeth Howard, Denise K. Simon, EarthStar, Wade Buckholts, and Rob Messick. <br><br><em>Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians</em>, later simplified to <em>Katúah Journal</em>, was published from 1983 to 1993. A quarterly publication, it was focused on the bioregion of former Cherokee land in Appalachia. The early issues of the journal explain the meaning of the Cherokee name, Katúah, and why the editors wanted to view the world through a bioregional lens, rather than political boundaries. A volunteer production, the editors took a holistic view in tackling social, environmental, mental, spiritual, and emotional topics of the day, many of which are still relevant.
Date
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1993
Table Of Contents
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Toward Sustainable Tourism in Southern Appalachia by Marcus L. Endicott.......1<br /><br />A History of Tourism to Southern Appalachia by Marcus L. Endicott.......4<br /><br />Tourism Development: Mountain Culture, Mountain Lives by Michal Smith.......6<br /><br />Camping & Touring Through Katúah Forests by Lee Barnes.......8<br /><br />Bicycle Touring in Katúah by Patrick Clark.......10<br /><br />Unicycle Revolutions by Mark Schimmoeller.......12<br /><br />The Bicycle Band: Appropriate Road Mode by Billy Jonas.......12<br /><br />Poems by Elizabeth Howard and Denise K. Simon.......13<br /><br />Sustainability of Whitewater Recreation by Renee Binder.......14<br /><br />Sacred Lands by Charlotte Homsher.......16<br /><br />Cherokee Mythic Sites by Douglas A. Rossman.......17<br /><br />Napping by Rob Messick.......18<br /><br />Why Travel? by Robert H. Rufa.......20<br /><br />Natural World News.......22<br /><br />Drumming.......24<br /><br />Events.......32<br /><br />Webworking.......33<br /><br /><em>Note: This table of contents corresponds to the original document, not the Document Viewer.</em>
Publisher
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<em>Katúah Journal</em>, printed by The <em>Waynesville Mountaineer</em> Press
Subject
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Bioregionalism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable living--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sustainable tourism--Appalachian Region, Southern
Outdoor recreation industry--Appalachian Region, Southern
Bicycle touring--Appalachian Region, Southern
Sacred space--Appalachian Region, Southern
Tourism--North Carolina, Western--History
North Carolina, Western
Blue Ridge Mountains
Appalachian Region, Southern
North Carolina--Periodicals
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Source
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<a href="https://appstate-speccoll.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/937"> AC.870 Katúah Journal records</a>
Rights
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<a title="In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted" href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/?language=en 8" target="_blank"> In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted </a>
Coverage
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Appalachian Region, Southern
Is Part Of
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<a title="Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians" href="https://omeka.library.appstate.edu/collections/show/79" target="_blank"> Katúah: Bioregional Journal of the Southern Appalachians </a>
Format
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PDF
Journals (Periodicals)
Appalachian History
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Studies
Bioregional Definitions
Book Reviews
Cherokees
Community
Economic Alternatives
Folklore and Ceremony
Forest Issues
Geography
Habitat
Katúah
Katúah Organization
Pigeon River
Poems
Politics
Reading Resources
Sacred Sites
South PAW (Preserve Appalachian Wilderness)
Stories
Transportation Issues
Turtle Island
Water Quality
Western North Carolina Alliance